[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What am I thinking about?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mortgage, debt, money pouring out...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I felt a lump ...I know cancer when I feel it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where is she? What is she up to? Never calling, never saying a word...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stress.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is everyone's inferno,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bedevilling our minds, igniting our nights,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,upending our equilibrium, but it hasn't\Nalways been so.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once, its purpose was to save us.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're a normal mammal, what stress\Nabout
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is three minutes of screaming terror\Non the savannah, after which it's either
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over with you or you are over with.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But everything changed.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What once helped us survive has now\Nbecome the scourge of our lives.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I just burst into tears, and wept, and wept.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientific discoveries, in the field
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the lab,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prove that stress is not a state of mind,\Nbut something measurable
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and dangerous. This is not an abstract\Nconcept. It's not something that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe someday you should do something about.\NYou need to attend to it
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,today. In some of the most unexpected\Nplaces,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists are revealing just how lethal\Nstress can be.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chronic stress could do something as\Nunsubtle
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and grotesque as kill some of your\Nbrain cells.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The impact of stress can be found deep\Nwithin us, shrinking our brains,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adding fat to our bellies, even\Nunraveling our chromosomes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is real this is not just somebody
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whining.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stress... savior, tyrant, plague...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its portrait revealed.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This program was made possible by\Ncontributions to your
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PBS station from viewers like you. Thank\Nyou.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of us have a personal\Nrelationship with stress,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but few of us know how it operates\Nwithin us,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or understand how the onslaught of the\Nmodern world
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can stress us to the point of death.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fewer still know what we can do about\Nit.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But over the last three decades, Stanford\NUniversity neurobiologist
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Robert Sapolsky, has been advancing our\Nunderstanding of stress,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how it impacts our bodies, and how our social standing can make us more
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or less susceptible. Is the aggregate\Nbad news
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more... Most of the time, you can find him teaching and researching in the
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,high-achieving, high-stressed world of\Nbrain science.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The paper is this huge contrast between...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,class... But that's only part of his\Nstory.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For a few weeks every year or so,\NSapolsky shifts his lab to a place more
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than 9,000 miles away
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the plaines of the Masai Mara Reserve,\Nin Kenya, East Africa.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Robert Sapolsky first came to Africa\Nover 30 years ago on a hunch.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He suspected he could find out more\Nabout human stress and disease
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by looking at non-humans, and he knew
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just the non-humans.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You live in a place like this, you are a\Nbaboon, and you only have to spend about
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three hours a day getting your calories.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you only have to work three hours\Na day, you got nine hours of free time
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every day
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to devote to making somebody else just\Nmiserable
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're not being stressed by lions\Nchasing them all the time,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are being stressed by each other. They're\Nbeing stressed by social and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,psychological tumult
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,invented by their own species. They are a perfect model for Westernized
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stress-related disease.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To determine just what toll stress was\Ntaking on their bodies,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sapolsky wanted to look inside these\Nwild baboons at the cellular level
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the very first time. To do this
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he would have to take their blood in the\Nmost unassuming way.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, what you're trying to do is anaesthetize a baboon,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without him knowing it's coming.\NBecause you don't want to have any
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this anticipatory stress,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you can't just, you know, get in your jeep\Nand chase the baboon up and down the field
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for three hours, and finally when he's\Nwinded,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dart him with an anesthetic.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the big advantages of a blow gun
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are that it's pretty much silent, and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hasn't a whole lot of moving parts,\Nbut the big drawback
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it doesn't go very far. So what you\Nspend just
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bizarre amount of time doing, is\Ntrying to figure out
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to look nonchalant around a baboon.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Got him... Time?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, he is wobbling now.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whoop, there he goes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From each baboon blood sample, Robert measured\Nlevels of hormones central to the stress
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,response.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, to make sense of what's happening in\Nyour body, you've got these
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two hormones that are the workhorses of the\Nwhole stress response. One of them we all
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adrenaline, American version, epinephrine,\Nthe other is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a less known hormone called\Nglucocorticoids that comes out of the adrenal gland
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along with adrenaline and these are\Nthe two backbones of the stress response.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That stress response
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those two hormones are critical to\Nour survival.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because what stress is about is that somebody\Nis very intent on eating
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you, or you are very intent on eating\Nsomebody, and there is immediate crisis
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going on.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you run for your life,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basics are all that matter. Lungs work\Novertime to pump mammoth quantities of
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oxygen into the bloodstream.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The heart races to pump that oxygen\Nthroughout the body
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so muscles respond instantly. You need\Nyour blood pressure up to deliver that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,energy.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need to turn off anything that is not\Nessential... growth, reproduction, you know,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're running for your life this is no\Ntime to ovulate,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tissue repair, all that sort of thing... do\Nit later, if there is a later.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the zebra escapes, its stress\Nresponse shuts down.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But human beings can't seem to find\Ntheir
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off switch. We turn on the exact same\Nstress response
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for purely psychological states... thinking\Nabout
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ozone layer, the taxes coming up,\Nmortality,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30-year mortgages... we turn on the\Nsame stress response and the key
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,difference there is,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're not doing it for real\Nphysiological reason and we're doing it
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,non-stop.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By not turning off the stress response\Nwhen reacting to life's traffic jams,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we wallow in a corrosive bath of hormones.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though it's not life or death,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we hyperventilate, our hearts pound,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,muscles tense.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ironically, after a while the stress\Nresponse is more damaging than the
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stressor itself,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the stressor is some psychological\Nnonsense that you're falling for.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No zebra on Earth, running for\Nits life, would understand why...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fear of speaking in public
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would cause you to secrete the same\Nhormones that it's doing at that point
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to save its life.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stress is the the body's way of rising to\Na challenge,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether the challenge is life-threatening,\Ntrivial
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or fun. You get the right amount of stress and we\Ncall it stimulation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The goal in life is not to get rid of stress,\Nthe goal in life is to have the right
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,type of stress,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because when it is the right type, we love it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We jump out of our seats to experience it,\Nwe pay good money to get stressed that way.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It tends to be a moderate stressor, where you've\Ngot a stressor that's transient... it's
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not for nothing roller coaster rides are not\Nthree weeks long.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most of all, what they are about is that you\Nrelinquish a little bit of control
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a setting that overall feels safe.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in real life for so many of us\Nprimates including Roberts baboons
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,control is not an option. Here you have a\Nbig male
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who loses a fight and chases a sub-adult
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who bites on a female who slaps a\Njuvenile that knocks an infant
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of a tree, all in fifteen seconds
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know in so far as a huge component of\Nstress is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lack of control, lack of predictability\Nyou're sitting there and just
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,watching the zebra
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somebody else is having a bad day and it is your rear-end that is going to get slashed
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some tremendously psychologically stressful for
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the folks further down on the hierarchy. One of\NRoberts
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,early revelations was identifying the\Nlink between stress
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hierarchy in baboons. Some baboons troops are over 100 strong
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like us they have evolved large brains\Nto navigate the complexities of large
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,societies
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,survival here requires a kind of
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,baboon political savvy with the most\Ncunning and aggressive males
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gaining top rank and all the perks,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,females for the choosing, all the food\Nthey can eat
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an endless retenue of willing\Ngroomers. Every male knows where he
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stands in society
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who can torture him whom he can torture
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and who in turn the torturee can\Ntorture
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well it sound like a terrible thing to confess\Nafter thirty years but
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't actually like baboons all that much and there\Nhas been individual guys over the years
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I absolutely love
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they are these scheming, back-stabbing
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,machiavellian bastards that hurt each\Nother
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they're great for my science, I mean I'm\Nnot out here to commune with them
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're perfect for what I study. \N22 years ago
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the age of 30 Sapolsky's landmark\Nresearch
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,earned him the MacArthur Foundation's\NGenius fellowship
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his early work
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,measuring stress hormones from extracted\Nblood led to two remarkable discoveries
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a baboon's rank determine the level of\Nstress hormone in his system
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if you're a dominant male you can\Nexpect your stress hormones to be low
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you are submissive
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much higher, but there was an even\Nmore revealing find
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Sapolsky's sample of low rankers
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the have-nots had increased heart rates
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and higher blood pressure. This was the\Nfirst time
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anyone had linked stress to the\Ndeteriorating health
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a primate in the wild. Basically
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're a stressed, unhealthy\Nbaboon in a typical troop
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,high blood pressure. elevated levels of\Nstress hormones, you have an immune
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,system that doesn't work as well
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your reproductive system is more\Nvulnerable to being knocked out of whack
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your brain chemistry is one that has\Nsome similarity to what you see in
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clinically depressed humans
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all that stuff those are not\Npredictors of a hale and hearty old age
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could this also be true for that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other primate as Robert Sapolsky
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was monitoring stress in baboons\Nprofessor Sir Michael Marmot
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was leading a study in Great Britain they\Ntracked the health of more than
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,28,000 people over the course of forty\Nyears
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was named for
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whitehall, citadel of the British civil\Nservice where every job is ranked in a
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,precise hierarchy
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the perfect laboratory to determine\Nwhether in humans
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there might be a link between rank and\Nstress
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean that's the thing about stress I\Nthink you've got to look at it in both
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,acute terms and chronic terms I think\NI've been under chronic stress
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this organization simply because I'm\Na square peg in a round hole
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kevin Brooks is a government lawyer, his\Nrank
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,level 7 means he has little seniority in\Nhis department
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he lives the life of a subordinate
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think what I was most aware of at the\Ntime was the workload and how
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had most of it under control but one of my\Ncases wasn't
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wholly under control I let it slip\Nand it was a bit like
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being in a car hitting an\Nice patch
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and skating but nonetheless I came in
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Monday morning and my immediate\Nmanager
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's call him Ben, then wants a word\Nwith you, so we find a room
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he shuts the door, then he says you know what you have\Ndone
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know what happened while you were away we\Ncouldn't find one of your files
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you know what that meant? He just gave me a
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good kicking, psychologically he did me over
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the end of it it was more threats. It was right\Nthat's maybe a disciplinary matter
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I left the room crossed over the\Ncorridor to my own room
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I just burst into tears and wept and\Nwept
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sarah Woodall also works for the\Ngovernment
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unlike Kevin she is a senior civil\Nservant
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there about a hundred and sixty people\Nreporting to me ultimately
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one way or another within the sector. I do
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really enjoy working with our service\Nit's quite a dynamic
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,environment, it can be quite exciting
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I like working with lots of people
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do really enjoy my job. Such\Ndramatically different reflections
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dramatize one of the most astounding\Nscientific findings in the Whitehall
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,study
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,firstly it showed that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lower you were in the hierarchy the\Nhigher your risk of heart disease
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other diseases, so people second from\Nthe top
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had higher risk than those at the top\Npeople third from the top
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a higher risk than those second from the top and\Nit ran
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the way from top to bottom. We are\Ndealing with people in stable jobs with
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no industrial exposures
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet your position in the hierarchy
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,intimately related to your risk of disease
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lenght of life. I've been very\Nlucky
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have never experienced any problems with\Nmy health
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since I've been in the senior service I haven't had a day off
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with ill health, I've been very\Nfortunate
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my own situation I think that my career is pretty much
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tainted, is pretty much
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arrested because I have had, for instance, for the\Nlast three years at work I've been off
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sick
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for probably half that time. This\Nparticular study is sort of the Rosetta
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stone of a whole field because
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the British civil service system,\Neverybody's got the same medical care
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everybody's got the same universal\Nhealth care system
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like the baboons all the baboons eat\Nthe same thing, they have the same level
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of activity
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not the stuff that oh if you're a\Nlow-ranking baboon you smoke to much and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you drink too much and if you're a\Nlow-ranking british civil service
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,guy you never go to the doctor and you\Ndon't get preventive vaccines both of this
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,studies rule out all this confounds
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they produce virtually identical\Nfindings. On both sides of the primate
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,divide
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are soul wrenching stories and\Nlife-threatening consequences
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For every subordinate like Kevin
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,living a life of baboon uncertainty there\Nis an alpha
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,strutting his stuff, glorying in power
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over someone else someone unsuspecting
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,someone low ranking
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Got him.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,12:46 do either of you see where the\Ndart is?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes. Okay guys who do you think\Nis higher-ranking?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our guy... Yes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much carefully make sure the other guy\Ndoesn't hassle him.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this year Robert brought his family to\NAfrica
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his wife neuropsychologist Lisa\NSapolsky
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has also done extensive research with\Nbaboons
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for the first time they brought\Nalong their kids
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Benjamin and Rachel. As asleep as he looks...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the baboons are perfectly\Nwilling to get very freaked out by
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a human coming over and touching one of \Nthese guys but cover him with a
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,burlap and he doesn't exist anymore
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oh my God he's there, he's... not there\Nanymore
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is not quite like taking your kids to\Nwork day
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's a pretty central feature of
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who I am by now and who my wife and I\Nare
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and kids want to know where we came from
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is pretty fundamental. As in\Nprevious seasons
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Robert measures how individuals at every\Nlevel of the baboon hierarchy
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reacts to and recovers from stress
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we're doing it is, we're now going to\Nchallenge the system
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with increasing doses of epinephrine
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the baboon's response is immediately picked\Nup in its blood
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vital signs that can be deep frozen in\Nperpetuity
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's this storehouse of potential knowledge and I\Ngot 30 years of those blood samples
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,frozen away at this point because
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you never know when some new hormone or some\Nnew something or other pops up
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is the thing to look at and start pulling out this\Nsamples back to when
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know Jimmy Carter was\Npresident. 150... 125...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anticipating the long reach of stress is\Na recent idea,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for one when robert was Rachel's age,\Nscientists believed stress was the cause
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of only one major problem. This is a\Npicture of a major american
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,personnel problem... an ugly sore that\Ndoctors call a peptic ulcer
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eating away at the wall of a man's\Nstomach.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those stomach pains that you talk about,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the gnawing, the burning, those are obvious symptoms of\Ngastric ulcer.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thirty years ago, what's the disease that\Ncomes to everybody's mind when you
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mention stress...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's ulcers, stress\Nand ulcers. And
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was the first stress related disease\Ndiscovered, in fact 70 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I want you to do is to work on your attitude.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My attitude? That's right. Ulcers breed on the wrong kind of feelings.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got to be honest with yourself\Nabout the way you feel about it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finding a new doctor sounds like a better\Nanswer to me.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The connection between stress and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ulcers was mainstream medical gospel\Nuntil the early 1980s.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then Australian researchers identified a\Nbacteria
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the major cause of ulcers.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this overthrew the entire field, this was,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's got nothing to do with stress, it's\Na bacterial disorder.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm willing to bet half the\Ngastroenterologists on Earth when they
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heard about this, went out and celebrated\Nthat night. This was, like, the greatest
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,news... never again were they going to have to sit\Ndown their patients, and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make eye contact and ask them how is it going, so, anything stressful...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's got nothing to do with stress, it's a\Nbacterial disorder... So no longer would the
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solution be stress management,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now it could be something as simple as a\Npill.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a major breakthrough. Stress\Ndidn't cause ulcers.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Case closed.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a few years later,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the research took a new twist. Scientists\Ndiscovered that this
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ulcer-causing bacteria wasn't unique... in\Nfact,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as much as two thirds of the world's\Npopulation has it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why do only a fraction of these\Npeople develop ulcers?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Research revealed that when stressed,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the body begins shutting down all\Nnon-essential systems,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the immune system. And it\Nbecame clear that,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you shut down the immune system,\Nstomach bacteria
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can run amok... Because what the stress\Ndoes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is wipe out the ability of your body to\Nbegin to repair your stomach walls
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they start rotting away from this\Nbacteria... So stress
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can cause ulcers by disrupting our\Nbody's ability to heal itself.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If stress can undermine the immune\Nsystem,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what other havoc can it wreak? One\Nanswer comes from a colony of captive
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,macaque monkeys
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,near Winston-Salem, North Carolina. People\Nthink of stress as something that keeps
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them up at night, or
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something that makes them yell at their\Nkids.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, when you ask me, what is stress, I say
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look at it, it's this huge plaque
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this artery, that's what stress is.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For two decades doctor Carol Shively
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been studying the arteries of macaques.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like baboons and British Civil\NServants,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these primates organize themselves into\Ndistinctly hierarchical groups,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and subject one another to social stress.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stress hormones can trigger an intense\Nnegative cardiovascular response,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a pounding heart, at increased blood\Npressure
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if stress follows rank, would the\Ncardiovascular system of a high-ranking
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,macaque,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,call him a primate CEO, be different from\Nhis subordinate?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Shively looked at the arteries of a\Ndominant monkey,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one with little history of stress, its\Narteries were clean.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a subordinate monkey's arteries
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,told a grim tale... A subordinate artery
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has lots more atherosclerosis build
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up inside it than a dominant artery has.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stress, and the resulting flood of\Nhormones, had
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,increased blood pressure, damaging artery\Nwalls,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making them repositories for plaque.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, when you feel threatened, your arteries\Ndon't expand,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your heart muscle doesn't get more blood, and that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can lead to a heart attack. This is not\Nan abstract concept, it's not something
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe someday you should do something\Nabout, you need to attend to it
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,today, because it's affecting the way\Nyour body functions,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a stress today will affect your\Nhealth tomorrow and for years to come.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Social and psychological stress,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether macaque, human, or baboon, can\Nclog our arteries,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,restrict blood flow, jeopardize the\Nhealth of our heart...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's just the beginning of\Nstress's
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deadly curse.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Robert's early research
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,demonstrated that stress can work on us\Nin an even more frightening way.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, back when I was starting
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this business what I wound up focusing\Non was what
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seemed an utterly implausible idea at\Nthe time,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was chronic stress and chronic\Nexposure to
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,glucocorticoids could do something as unsubtle\Nand grotesque as
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kill some of your brain cells. As a PhD\Ncandidate at Rockefeller University in
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the early 80s,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sapolsky collaborated with his mentor,\Ndoctor Bruce McEwan,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to follow the path of stress into the\Nbrain. They subjected lab rats to chronic
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stress,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then examined their brain cells. The\Nteam made an astonishing find.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While the cells of normal rat brains\Nhave extensive branches,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stressed rats brain cells were\Ndramatically smaller.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what was most interesting in many\Nways was the part of the brain where this
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was happening...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the hippocampus. You take Intro Neurobiology\Nanytime for the last 5000 years and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you learn is:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hippocampus is learning and memory.\NStress in these rats
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shrank the part of their brain\Nresponsible for memory.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stress affects memory in two ways.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chronic stress can actually change
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brain circuits, so that we lose the\Ncapacity
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to remember things as we need to. Very\Nsevere
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,acute stress can have another effect,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is often... we refer to as stress\Nmakes you stupid,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is making it impossible for you in,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over short periods of time to\Nremember things you know perfectly well.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all know that phenomenon, we all know\Nthat one, from back when we stressed
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ourselves by not getting any sleep at\Nall. And
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next morning at nine o'clock, we\Ncouldn't remember a single thing for
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that final exam.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You take a human and stress them\Nbig-time, long time,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're going to have a hippocampus that\Npays the price as well. In addition to
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,undermining our health
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stress can make us feel plain miserable
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carol Shively set out to find out why
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she began not with misery but with\Npleasure
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shively suspected that there was a link\Nbetween stress
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pleasure and where we stand on the\Nsocial hierarchy
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like stress, pleasure is linked to\Nthe chemistry of the brain
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when a neurotransmitter called dopamine\Nis released in the brain
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it binds to receptors signaling pleasure
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shively used a positron emission tomography scanner to\Nexamine the brain of a non-stressed
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,primate
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our primate CEO. What we see
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the brains of dominant monkeys\Nlight up bright with lots of dopamine
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,binding
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this area that is so important to\Nreward and feeling pleasure about life
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shively then looked at the\Nsubordinates brain.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we discovered is that the brains of\Nthe subordinate monkeys
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are very dull because there's
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much less receptor-binding going on in\Nthis area.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is that, what is it about this area\Nof the brain?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you have less dopamine everything
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around you that you would normally take\Npleasure in, is less pleasurable. So the
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sun doesn't shine so bright, the grass is\Nnot so green,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,food doesn't taste as good. It's because of\Nthe way your brain is functioning that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're doing that, and your brain is functioning that\Nway because you are low
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the social status hierarchy. One\Nfeature of low rank is being low
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ranking
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reality, an even stronger feature by\Nthe time you get to humans, is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just being low ranking or poor, it's feeling
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,low ranking or poor and one of the\Nbest ways for society to make you feel
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like one of the have-nots
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to rub your nose over and over and\Nover again
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with what you don't have. Richmond California
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a town where societies extremes can be\Nspotted right from your car
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the regular commute of cardiologist Jeffrey Ritterman
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can learn a lot about the distress\Nand
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,health outcome just from the\Nneighborhoods you visit and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this neighborhood the life\Nexpectancy is quite good and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the people are pretty healthy\Nand as we reach the top of the hill it
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gets to be a little bit less
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,privileged and as we make this\Ntransition
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the social status begins to drop
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and correspondingly in those areas
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the health outcome is much worse\Nand these people are not going to have
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same life expectancy
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the people in that middle class\Narea we started in.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People are on guard, people are vigilant,\Nthey are living a more stressful life
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a community that produces high\Nstress hormones in people
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and overtime it takes its toll. One of\Ndoctor Ritterman's
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,patient is 65-year-old Emanuel Johnson
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his career is guidance counselor in one of\NAmerica's most dangerous neighborhoods
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well last year actually I think we had forty seven\Nhomicides
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the last four days we had\N11 shootings three deaths
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and nine times out of ten it's\Ngoing to be a relative
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or someone I bet the kids know. For Emanuel\NJohnson
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a price for chronic exposure to\Nthis stress
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five years ago I had a heart attack I'm a\Ndiabetic too. I have to work on it
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,constantly
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I've been in this business twenty\Nyears, so just it's stressful
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just working the job, so over the years\Nthat, you know
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cholesterol, the blood pressure, the sugar came on later
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the stress was always in\Nbefore they came on
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Emanuel Johnson's body may be telling\Nyet another story of stress
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Whitehall study in england
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found an incredible link between stress,\Nyour position in the social hierarchy
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how you put on weight. So it may not\Nbe just
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,putting on weight but also the\Ndistribution
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of that weight and the distribution of that\Nweight
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,putting it on around the center is\Nrelated to position in the hierarchy
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that in turn may be related to\Nchronic stress pathways.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we said, does that happen in monkeys
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they organize themselves in a\Nhierarchy too and it turns out that it
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Subordinate monkeys are more likely to\Nhave fat in their abdomen
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then are dominant monkeys. I think the\Nmost amazing
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,observation that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've made in my lab is this idea that\Nstress
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could actually change the way you deposit fat\Non your body
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to me that was a bizarre idea that you\Ncould actually
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alter the way fat is distributed
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sapolsky, Shively and others think stress\Ncould be a critical factor in the global
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,obesity epidemic
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even worse fat brought on by stress
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is dangerous fat. You know that fat\Ncarried on the trunk or actually
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside the abdomen is much worse for you\Nthan fat carried elsewhere in the body
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it behaves differently, it\Nproduces different kinds of
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hormones and chemicals and has different\Neffects on your health
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever it is that works
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for an individual, they need to value
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stress reduction. I think the problem in\Nour society is that we don't
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,value stress reduction we in fact value the opposite
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We admire the person who not only\Nmultitasks and does two things at once
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but does five things at once. We\Nadmire that person. How they manage that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's an incredibly stressful
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,way to live we have to change our values\Nand value people who understand
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a balanced and serene life.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One heartbreaking moment in history\Nreveals that stress may in fact
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,damage us long before we are even aware
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Holland late 1944
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a brutal winter and a merciless army of\Noccupation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conspire to starve a nation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is known as the Dutch hunger winter\Nfor those who survive today
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are haunting memories.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had nothing. I could no longer feed my son.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was so sick.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you have to take care of a child.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I found that terrible.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to the church at the Dam next to the palace,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and asked the priest's wife if she would raise my child as long as the war took place.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because I can't do it anymore.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dutch researcher Tessa Roseboom had\Nheard many of those tragic memories
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she and her team wanted to know if\Nthere were any lingering effects
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roseboom knew
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our bodies respond to famine in\Nmuch the same way they respond to other
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stressors
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so she set out to see if the fetuses of
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women pregnant during these arduous days\Ncould possibly be affected by stress
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of meticulous record-keeping by\Nthe Dutch
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roseboom was able to identify over 2400\Npeople
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who could have been impacted. She and her\Nteam
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,analyzed the data from those born during\Nand after the famine
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and came to a surprising conclusion. I\Nthink that you could say that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these babies were exposed to stress
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fetal life and they're still\Nsuffering the consequences of that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now, sixty years later.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of the Dutch hunger winter\Nchildren live today
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all in their sixties many still bear the\Nscars of war
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found that the babies who were conceived\Nduring the famine
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have an increased risk of cardiovascular\Ndisease they have
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more hypercholesterolemia they are
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more responsive to stress and \Ngenerally are in
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poorer health than people who were born\Nbefore the famine
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or conceived after it
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,researchers think that stress hormones\Nin a mother's blood
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,triggered a change in the nervous system\Nof the fetus as it struggled with
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starvation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was the fetuses first encounter\Nwith stress
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,six decades later the bodies of these\NDutch hunger winter children
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still haven't forgotten. What we now know\Nis that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not just your fat cells that\Nwind up being vulnerable to build up
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards events like this, it's your brain\Nchemistry, it's your capacity to learn
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's your capacity
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to respond to stress adaptively rather\Nthan maladaptively
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how readily you fall into depression, how\Nvulnerable you are to psychiatric
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disorders
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet another realm in which early\Nexperience and early stress can leave a very
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very bad footprint. If I had had an
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,option I would not have opted to be
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bipolar but now that I am bipolar
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll have to live with it. It's hard for me to be flexible.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am very quick to anger.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What the Dutch hunger winter phenomenon\Nis about is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experience, environments start long\Nbefore birth and adverse
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stressful environments can imprint and leave scars
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lasting a whole lifetime.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are taking
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fingerprints because no baboon has the same fingerprints as another one.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we just took Gummibear's and I am hoping to get over to Riff and get his.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During this\Nyears multi-generational research,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Robert who has spent his career\Ndocumenting stresses effects on the
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individual
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on the cell tracks the trail of\Nstress even deeper into our bodies
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most interesting new direction in stress\Nresearch
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is taking the effects of stress down to\Na bolts and nuts level
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how cells work, how genes work, that half\Na dozen years ago nobody could have
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagined.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the once unimaginable genetic structures\Ncalled telomeres
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which protect the ends of our chromosomes\Nfrom fraying
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we age our telomeres shorten. What is\Ninteresting
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is stress, by way of stress hormones
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can accelerate the shortening of\Ntelomeres, so the assumption is for
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the exact same aged guys
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're a low-ranking guy who's just\Nmarinating in stress hormones
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your telomeres are going to be shorter. So\Nhow does this formidable finding apply
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to us
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,San Rafael California
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once a week Janet Lawson keeps a very\Nimportant appointment.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She joined other mothers who share\Ncircumstances that produce chronic
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unremitting stress. So... but she looses her\Nbalance and that's the scary part
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we just went out actually last night\Nand bought a new helmet just for fun
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's getting older and wanting more\Nindependence, it's getting harder.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each of these women is mother to a\Ndisabled child
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For us my son's only 8 and and there's\Nenough I can handle and I don't allow
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,myself to go
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,too much out, i can't. I had a friend recently\Nwho said to me
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know I think you really should\Nconsider putting Lexie at a home and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was really stressful in and of itself\Nto think
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wahou so...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's like how can you
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even say that? She is, you know a little\Ngirlfriend
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she's, even though she can't really\Ncommunicate
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she loves
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she loves
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These remarkable women came to the\Nattention of biologist
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doctor Elizabeth Blackburn. I didn't\Ndirectly know the individuals
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I know the stories and I am a mother\Nmyself and so when I heard about this
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cohort
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really thought it was worthwhile\Nfinding out
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what really is happening at the heart of\Nthe cells in
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these mothers who are doing such a difficult\Nthing for such a long time.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Doctor Blackburn is a leader in the\Nfield of telomere research.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have 46 chromosomes and they are capped off
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at each end by telomeres. Nobody knew in\Nhumans
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wether telomeres and their fraying down over\Nlife
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be affected by chronic stress, and\Nso,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we decided we would look at this cohort\Nof
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chronically stressed mothers. And we\Ndecided to ask what's happening to their
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telomeres and to the maintenance of their telomeres.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we found was the length of the telomeres
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,directly relates to the amount of stress
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somebody is under, and the number of years
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they've been under the stress. Such\Nstressed mothers became the focus of a
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,study by doctor Blackburn's colleague,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,psychologist Elissa Epel.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mothers of young children are a highly\Nstressed group.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are often balancing competing demands\Nlike work
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and child rearing, and often don't\Nhave time to take care of themselves.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you add on top of that, the extra\Nburden of caring
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a child with special needs, it can be\Noverwhelming.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can tax the very reserves that sustain\Npeople,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if they're stressed, if they report\Nstress, they tend to die earlier.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These women have shortened telomeres,\Ndecreased activity of this enzyme,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a very very rough number for every\Nyear you were taking care of a chronically
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ill child,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you got roughly six years worth of aging.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is real, this is not just somebody\Nwhining...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is real, medically serious
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aging going on, and we can see that it is\Nactually caused
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the chronic stress.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is hope. Doctor Blackburn co-discovered an
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enzyme, telomerase, that can repair the\Ndamage.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is what I always call the threat of hope... That's good. That's good... Yes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Preliminary data
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suggests that a meeting of minds, such as\Nthis, may actually have a health benefit,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by stimulating the healing effects\Nof telomerase.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And laugh and laugh, if you\Ndon't laugh, forget it, you can't handle it... It's...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I found is that the humor is\Nsomething...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a certain level of black humor\Nthat we have about our kids
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that only we appreciate, we're the only\Nones who get the jokes, and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a way we are the only ones who are\Nallowed to laugh at the jokes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the questions in the stress field is, you\Nknow, what are the active ingredients
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that reduce stress and that promote\Nlongevity?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And compassion and and caring for others
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe one of those most important\Ningredients. So, those maybe the factors
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that promote longevity and increase telomerase,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and keep our cells rejuvenating and\Nregenerating.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, perhaps connecting with and helping\Nothers
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can help us to mend ourselves, and maybe\Neven live longer,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,healthier lives.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twenty years ago, Robert got a shocking\Npreview of this idea.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first troop he ever studied, the\Nbaboons he felt closest to
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had written books about, suffered a\Ncalamity.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would have a profound effect on his\Nresearch.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Keekorok troop is the one\NI started with thirty years ago,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were your basic old baboon\Ntroop at the time, and which means
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,males were aggressive, and society was\Nhighly stratified, and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,females took a lot of grief, in your\Nbasic off the rack baboon troop.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then about, by now almost twenty\Nyears ago
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something horrific and scientifically\Nvery interesting happened to that troop.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Keekorok troop took to foraging\Nfor food in the garbage dump of a popular
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tourist lodge.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was a fatal move. The trash\Nincluded meat
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tainted with tuberculosis.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The result was that nearly half the\Nmales in the troop died.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not unreasonably, I got depressed as hell\Nand pretty damn angry about what
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happened.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, when you are 30 years old, you can\Nafford to expend a lot of emotion on
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a baboon troop, and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a lot of emotion there.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For Robert, a decade of research appeared\Nto have been lost.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then he made a curious\Nobservation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about who had died and who had survived.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't random who died. In that troop,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you were aggressive, and if you were\Nnot particularly socially connected,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,socially affiliative, you didn't spend your\Ntime grooming and hanging out,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you were that kind of male you died .
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every alpha male was gone. The Keekorok troop
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been transformed. And what you were\Nleft with was
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,twice as many females as males. And the\Nmales who were remaining were,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, just to use scientific jargon, they\Nwere good guys.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were not aggressive jerks, they\Nwere nice to the females, they were very
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,socially affiliative, it completely transformed\Nthe atmosphere in the troop.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When male baboons reach adolescence,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they typically leave their home troop and roam,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually finding a new troop.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when new adolescent males would join the troop,\Nthey'd come in just as jerky as any
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adolescent males elsewhere on this\Nplanet,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it would take them about six months to\Nlearn... we're not like that in this troop.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't do stuff like that. We're not\Nthat aggressive. We spend more time
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grooming each other. Males are calmer\Nwith each other. You do not dump on a
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,female if you're in a bad mood.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it takes these new guys about six\Nmonths, and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they assimilate this style, and you have\Nbaboon culture. And this particular troop
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a culture of
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of very low levels of aggression, and high\Nlevels of social affiliation, they're
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing that twenty years later.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the tragedy had provided\NRobert with a fundamental lesson,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just about cells, but how the
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,absence of stress could impact society.\NDo these guys have the same problems
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with high blood pressure?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No. Do these guys have the same\Nproblems with brain chemistry related
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to anxiety stress hormone levels? Not at all.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not just your rank,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is what your rank means in your society.\NAnd the same is true for humans,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with only a slight variation. We belong\Nto multiple hierarchies,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you may have the worst job in your\Ncorporation, and no autonomy and control
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and predictability,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you're the captain of the company\Nsoftball team that year.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you better bet you are going to have\Nall sorts of psychological means to
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decide
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's just a job, 9 to 5, that's not what\Nthe world is about, what the world is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,softball, I am the head of my team, people\Nlook up to me
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you come out of that deciding you are on top\Nof the hierarchy that matters to you.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that worked... and lots of baboon excrement.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the right circumstances, with the right\Nseason's experiment is a gold mine.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, this time around it is just
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a cage that I have to clean now.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am studying stress for thirty years\Nnow, and I even
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tell people how they should live differently, so presumably I should
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have incorporated all of this, and the reality is,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, I am unbelievably stressed, and type A, and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poorly coping, and why else would I\Nstudy the stuff 80 hours a week?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No doubt everything I advises could lose\Nall its credibility if i keel over dead
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a heart attack in my early 50s.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not good at dealing with\Nstress.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, one thing that works to my\Nadvantage is I love my work and I love
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every aspect of it, so that's good...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nonetheless, this is pretty clearly a\Ndifferent place
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the savannah in East Africa.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can do science here that's very\Ndifferent and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more interesting in some ways, you can\Nhave hot showers on a more regular basis
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is a more
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interesting, varied world in lots of ways
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there is a lot out there that you sure\Nmiss.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a pretty miraculous place, where
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every meal tastes good, and your are
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ten times more aware of every sensation.\NThis is a hard place to
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come to year after year without getting,\NI think, a very
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different metabolism and temperament.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am more extroverted here, I am more,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more happy...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a hard place not to be happy.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,antidote to stress may be finding a place\Nwhere we have control
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how do we reckon with all the time\Nwe spend at work
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would say what we've learned from
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Whitehall study, from the studies of\Nnon-human primates
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the conditions in which people live\Nand work
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are absolutely vital for the health
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Senior civil servant Sara Woodhall
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enjoys the benefits of control. I\Ndon't
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think I suffer from stress I don't work\Na 100 hours a week
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I control the amount of work that I do\Nto make sure that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can continue to deliver long-term
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Control... the amount of control is\Nintimately related
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to where you are in the occupational\Nhierarchy
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what we have found is in general
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people report to us that things have\Ngot worse.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That the amount of work stress has gone\Nup.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their illness rates go up. Where people\Nreport to us that they got more control
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're being treated more fairly at\Nwork, there is more justice
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the amount of treatment, so things\Nare getting better,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the amount of illness goes down. I've\Nbeen very lucky I
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have never experienced any problems with my health. But not everyone is so lucky.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So is there a prescription for the vast\Nmajority of us
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who aren't at the top? Give people more\Ninvolvement in the work give them more say in
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they're doing
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give them more reward for the amount of\Nefforts they put out
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it might well be you have not just a\Nhealthier workplace
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a more productive workplace as well.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've managed to achieve a degree of\Ncontrol
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the moment I'm in a very good\Nposition this is the first time were I feel
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have had
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a boss who appreciates me. He doesn't\Ndominate team meetings he sits back
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he invites people to contribute, he lets\Nother people chair
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's a real manager and he, from the\Nstart when I returned of my latest sick
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leave just six months ago
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was so positive I think I feel\Nsufficiently
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,empowered
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who would have imagined
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Robert's baboons would point us\Nhumans
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards a stress-free utopia. This may\Nsound
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a little fanciful but I think what we're\Ntrying to create
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a better society. The implications\Nboth of the baboons
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of the British civil services is how\Ncan we create
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a society that has the conditions\Nthat will allow people to flourish.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's where this is heading to\Ncreate
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a better society that promotes human\Nflourishing
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what does the baboons teach the average\Nperson in there
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't bite somebody because you're\Nhaving a bad day
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't just displace on them in any sort of\Nmanner, social affiliation is a remarkably
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,powerful thing and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that said by somebody who lives in a\Nworld where ambition and drive and type A things
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of that sort of things\Ndominates
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those things are really important and one\Nof the greatest forms of sociality
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is giving rather than receiving and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all those things make for a better world
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another one of the things that baboons teach us
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is if they are able to, in one\Ngeneration transform what are supposed
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,textbooks social systems, sort of engraved in\Nstone,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't have an excuse when we say\Nthey're certain inevitabilities about
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human social systems
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, the haunting question that\Nendures from Robert's life work
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are we brave enough to learn from a\Nbaboon?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Kikarak troop didn't just\Nsurvive without stress
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they thrived.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,