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How is my mic ?

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Hey everyone! I’m Manon Bril, and welcome to "It’s a different story"!

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And finally! Bart is back!

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He's back!

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Technology!

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Future!

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Yes, I’m going overboard.

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In the last few months more than ever, technology was very useful

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to do a whole lot of things that we could not do anymore. Especially meeting with each other.

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Remotely, sure, but meeting all the same.

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Or keep having fun, learning, etc.

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At the same time, we increasingly hear about people who want to break free from technology.

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To go back to basics, to go offline. And probably quite rightly.

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Yet, technology is a tool

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and it all depends on how we use it, I'd like to say.

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I like to say that with a hammer

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one can both build things and break things.

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You see?

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So deep.

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Anyway, technology is a tool without which we could not have done many things.

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And not only confinement apéritifs, but first and foremost

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well, science, of course!

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That’s why today, I invite you to discover many things

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that archaeologists would never have found without technology.

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If they were still digging using only trowels and pickaxes

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and drawing on graph paper

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with their little plumb bobs.

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Let’s have an overview of those technologies applied to archaeology.

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Not very thoroughly, but with a lot of cool examples.

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From space to the depths of the Earth.

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From the infinitely large to the infinitely small.

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Well, infinitely large, infinitely small… it’s a figure of speech, but it sounds cool.

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In any case: yes! We’ll start off in space!

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Wut? Space, Manon?

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But isn’t archaeology about scraping around the ground

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to find information and vestiges?

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Well, let me tell you, my little chickens, that an important step in archaeology

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is prospection.

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Really, this position is anything but natural.

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And archaeologists got plenty of ways to prospect.

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A lil’ cat.

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They can comb through an area to try to spot pieces of ceramics on the surface

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or fragments of statues laying around.

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Thanks to technology, they can also try to get an overview

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to discover sites by using satellites.

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It’s possible to see ancient human settlements from space

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provided that there is little vegetation or urban development.

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This method was tested in South America

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and made it possible to compare ground surveys with satellite imagery

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and even to discover unprecedented high-altitude strongholds.

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It is also possible to discover sites in even more surprising ways

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in places where you should think twice before going on a stroll.

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As is the case in Afghanistan.

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Not always easy to walk around and work there as an archaeologist.

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Don’t forget that it’s still a zone of conflict.

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Yet, satellites have produced wonderful pictures

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of caravanserais, underground canals, or outposts.

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This changed radically our historical hypotheses on trade

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because, prior to these discoveries, researchers thought that sea trading routes

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had rapidly made land routes obsolete.

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But let’s be honest, the national budget for Arts and Culture doesn’t really allow

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to launch space programs just for archaeological purposes.

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This means that such data depends on governmental or commercial satellites

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that are already orbiting around the Earth.

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So, when scientists want to have a look at a very specific location

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but can’t afford to launch or hijack a satellite

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well, they can resort to planes.

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And that’s all thanks to technology!

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We’ve been practicing aerial archaeology for ages.

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Since Roger Agache in the 60s.

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And one thing we know is that it works rather well.

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Aerial pictures are taken in spring

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because fields will grow and ripen evenly

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except on top of vestiges or underground ditches where moisture is trapped.

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The differences in colours will reveal where the constructions are

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and this way, it’s possible to encompass thousands of hectares all at once.

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And it’s all thanks to technology.

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Aerial prospection is not as accurate as an actual archaeological operation

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but it allows to perceive archaeological structures and density

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that are beyond the scope of an excavation.

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Residential areas and their necropolises, land plots, roads and access paths, and so on.

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This information is highly valuable for the excavation

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and study of each site.

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[and this data help improve the national archaeological map]

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[This map helps public authorities decide whether rescue archeology is needed]

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And that’s all thanks to technology!

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Technologyyy!

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Anyway, a plane is… well technology. Yeah, that’s cool.

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It fucks the Earth u-

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Yet, we can go even further using LiDAR.

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[bad pun with “lit d’art” = art bed
And the French pronunciation of “LiDAR”]

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Ew, nope.

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“What is LiDAR?” you ask me

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Well, calm down, I tell you

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Simply put, it’s a bit like the sonar systems found on ships

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except here, they don’t use a soundwave but a laser

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which makes it possible to draw impressively accurate topographic maps.

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With it, archaeologists can estimate the locations of buildings, developments

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and even discover things they had not spotted beforehand

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during the preliminary ground surveys.

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And it’s all thanks to technology!

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Here is an example:

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The abandoned medieval hamlet of Bois des Cestre, in Côte d’Or

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studied by Franck Faucher, and where the use of LiDAR

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helped uncover a path connecting a house to a water source.

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This helped understand a bit more the daily life

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of the people who lived 300 metres from the well.

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It was their water supply.

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That’s the benefit of LiDAR.

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It can map the ground without being hindered by vegetation

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which gives a more realistic overview of the area.

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Another example that got much more media attention and that you’ve probably heard of

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was the use of LiDAR to uncover about 60,000 Maya infrastructures.

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This had a huge impact on the way we viewed this civilisation

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but to learn more on that topic, on that specific example, you can watch the video

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by Léa Belot on “Zeste de Science”, the channel of the French National Centre for Scientific Research,

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featuring Clotilde from “Passé Sauvage” who is also an archaeologist.

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So, the emergence of LiDAR was a real game-changer

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because before scientists started to use it

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only 5-to-10% of the structures were identified from ground surveys.

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Finally, last method to get a bird’s-eye view

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in case you’re not Elon Musk or the proud owner of an aircraft equipped with LiDAR technology.

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I’m not.

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Actually, I’m not even an archaeologist, I don’t know what the hell I would do with it.

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You can climb up a very tall ladder.

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Convenient.

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(it's a joke)

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As drones are becoming more and more widespread, they are increasingly used on excavation sites.

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And more particularly, on very large sites.

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Obviously, drones, just like aircrafts or satellites

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can be used to do aerial prospection

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and scientists fly them over areas where they suspect that sites might be buried.

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And if the site is huge…

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For instance, the Maya site was 2,100km² (810 square miles).

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It’s ok.

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In that case, we can’t get a good overview of the site from the ground.

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The drone, on the other hand, can get close enough to scan the area with more accuracy.

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As always, in archaeology

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you just need to take the tools that best meet your need

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and it’s…

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All thanks to technology!

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You’re so done with this sentence.

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On top of that, we can say that drones

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are the best device to take on-site pictures or videos

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without stepping on what you have just cleaned up to get nice images.

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It's true.

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To illustrate this, let’s have a look at the pictures taken by the INRAP

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the French National Institute for Rescue Archeology

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with which we are collaborating for this video.

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We thank them, we’re very happy.

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Images taken, more particularly, in Puy-de-Dôme

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on a megalithic site that covers 16,000m² (19,135 square yards).

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Can you imagine how time-saving that is?

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To use a drone to take some pictures

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instead of having to move all your stuff to gain some height and take pictures

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just to climb down and do it all over again 10 metres away.

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And it’s all thanks to technology!

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Technology!

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The advantage is that, on top of striking a good balance

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between getting an overview of the vestiges and the precision of the details

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when you’re at ground-level, it can be hard to understand the chronology of a site

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or the different stages of construction if you can’t sketch the whole on a plan.

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The principle of rescue archaeology is to search a site within a limited time

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before infrastructures, parking lots, highways, etc. are built.

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And above all, to do it well.

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We know how to search well. But searching within limited times…

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Well, quite frankly, when you have a drone that can get the job done in two hours

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it comes in rather handy.

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Let’s be honest here.

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No, no. No dishonesty between us.

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No, no, no.

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Another advantage of drones is that by taking pictures and videos of an area in a very short time

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the light is going to be similar on all of the pictures of the site.

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First, no shadow will have moved, which won’t difficult our comprehension of the structures.

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And we also get good-quality pictures with which we can play around

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but we’ll come back to that once we’ve left the field.

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So, if you’re a bit scared of flying like I am.

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Yes. It happens. Even to the best of us.

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Well, rest assured, we’ll now go back down to that good ol’ ground.

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More precisely, we’ll go underground.

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As, you know, excavation techniques have greatly benefited from technology!

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Did you get that it was the topic of the video?

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Those technologies and techniques are used by one of the INRAP research units

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which is responsible for excavating deep archaeological sites.

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By deep, I mean everything that is below the surface.

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This implies specific search conditions where light

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construction props, and water seepage will be major concerns.

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Or even just having enough space to turn around.

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Can’t move.

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Small tunnels.

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For instance, some statues were found a few metres under the surface at the well of Trémuson.

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To understand how they got there, archaeologists must use saws

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and be able to understand the stratigraphy.

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By using metallic props, ropes, and some speleology techniques

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the team that studied the well were able to understand better

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how those statues ended up at the bottom of the well.

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Maybe you’re thinking:

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“By the way, why do they bother studying wells?

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“Isn’t it enough that know that kids from the area came there to get water?”

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Well, if we just wanted to know where they got water: yes, it’s enough.

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In fact, wells are valuable archives.

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As they are designed as water tanks

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they stay very humid even once they are abandoned

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and can preserve many items that are useful to understand the surface world

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So, you can find wood, pollen, animal remains, etc.

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For example, the INRAP looked into wells in Brittany

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and were able to extract more than 10,000 samples to study.

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This way, we know what types of plants and animals lived on the territory

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and we can paint a picture of what the lifestyle, environment and landscape were like at that time.

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And it’s all thanks to technology!

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It’s also possible to go underground, deeper than wells

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to sometimes hard-to-reach mines and quarries

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and there is a particular type of deep site archaeology

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developed specifically for the study of those areas.

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To uncover those vestiges, archaeologists use the same technology as speleologists

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but their methods have been adapted to this special underground environment.

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Thanks to miniaturisation.

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Mi-nia-tu-ri-sa-tion. Right kiddo, not an easy word to say.

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Thanks to the miniaturisation and increased autonomy of strong lightning systems

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the quality of the excavations was increased, and the safety and comfort of archaeologists was ensured.

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Now, let’s stay a bit longer on the field to explore even further.

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And, one advice:

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Put your swimsuit on!

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(splash)

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Yes, in the air or underground, it’s alright, you’re on dry land.

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And you can breathe.

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But when looking for shipwrecks

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or ancient human settlements covered by water…

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Well… you can't.

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Easy as that.

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Since 2007, the DRASSM has been working on the topic.

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It stands for “Department for Underwater and Subaquatic Archaeological Research”.

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The name speaks for itself.

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In the last ten years, they have made considerable progress.

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From the small Speedy, an underwater drone that can grab things with its three-fingered hand.

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Like E.T.

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E.T.’s got three fingers.

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To the atmospheric diving suit which can go up to 300 metres deep.

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And it’s all thanks to technology!

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Thanks to all those small improvements, we’re slowly pushing back the limits on the field

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but don’t forget that in archaeology, there is as much fieldwork as lab work.

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Yes, let’s now have a look at what happens after excavation works.

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Let’s go to the lab.

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Remember when I said that drones and speleology techniques

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could be useful for many things?

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Well, we’re coming back to it now.

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Let’s talk photogrammetry.

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What is it?

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Same as ever. I’ll explain it.

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I’ll tell you everything.

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Simply put, you take a lot of pictures on a site.

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Pictures of an object, of a structure…

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Throw them all in the right software.

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Hop, shaky shaky

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And poof!

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No sponsored products.

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And poof!

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You get a 3D model with which you can play around, take measurements

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highlight some things

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and compare it with all the models made for other sites.

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And it’s all thanks to technology.

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Well done, Bart!

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It’s all thanks to technology.

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Alright, put like that, it sounds easy because it’s not very hard to make a 3D model

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but making a scientifically correct model, it's a different story.

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Let’s have a look back at the mines we talked about earlier.

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The goal of that study was to check the reliability of this technique

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by comparing it to hand-made surveys

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and to test shooting methods

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in underground situations where there is no natural light.

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First, this method helps understand how the mine was built

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because the 3D model makes it possible to study each modelized gallery from every angle

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and this showed that the accuracy photogrammetry

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is similar to that of hand-drawn maps.

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Another great and fundamental thing with photogrammetry

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is that it’s possible to artificially light a model.

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This way, it’s possible to move shadows around to identify relief or woodwork

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Such as...

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Beams!

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And wellheads

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that are not always easy to spot when you’re facing a wall.

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So, data on underground structures is obtained from pictures taken by archaeologists

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and sometimes by robots.

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But remember, on the surface

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archaeologists can simply use pictures taken by drones.

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The models obtained from those pictures are superimposed on the hand-made surveys

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with a very small margin of error.

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Depending on the quality of the pictures, it’s possible to zoom in on the models

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or to use 3D rendering to test out hypotheses

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and simulate how the local living environment and landscape were.

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And it’s all thanks to technology.

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And of course, when talking about archaeology

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the discovery of tombs or necropolises is a common topic

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to which photogrammetry benefitted a lot as well.

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One of the big questions about death rites

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that archaeologists studying tombs try to answer is:

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“How do the living honour the deceased during the burial process?”

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So, they look at how the deceased were treated.

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We talked a bit about that in the last video on sexism and archaeology.

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Were they buried? If so, in a casket? In a simple burial shroud?

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With furniture? Offerings? Etc.

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Many elements that will impact the position of the bodies.

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When they decompose, the bones will move and indicate the type of burial

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and the first position of the deceased.

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Insane, isn't it?

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It’s a tad more complicated than that, but you got the idea.

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Well, thanks to photogrammetry, it’s possible to better study

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the burial context when excavating the tomb.

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And here too, the advantage is that it saves a tremendous amount of time.

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So, photogrammetry is halfway between

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treatment on the field and analysis in the lab.

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But now, let’s dive even deeper

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in the post-excavation world.

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Speaking about excavating tombs and using new technologies

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let’s talk about the ancient cat mummy

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kept at the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Rennes.

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And this time, it was studied by using tomography.

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“What is tomography, Manon?”

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Well, it’s X-ray scanning each layer of an object

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depending on the density of the different elements making up those layers.

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The results were astounding because the analysis revealed

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the absence of a skull, vertebrae, and ribs

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and the presence of bones belonging to several cats.

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For example, there were 5 hind legs, 3 nearly complete cat tails…

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So, this cat mummy was actually a mummy made of various spare parts.

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- A sort of puzzle-cat?

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Yeah, a puzzle-cat or a…

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Frankencat.

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Yes, it was a real Frankenstein mummy.

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There are many hypotheses concerning

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the motives of this mummification.

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But it’s only through the development of such studies

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that we’ll know if this practice was an exception

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or if it was a common occurrence among pet embalmers.

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Simply put, with today’s technology, it’s nearly possible to perform autopsies

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on bodies found on archaeological sites.

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And it’s all thanks to technology!

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Now, let’s leave the macabre realm of the dead.

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Pleonasm.

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To look at the furniture present in the tombs.

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Alright, it’s still the world of the dead.

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Among many famous French tombs

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the tomb in Lavaux was investigated not long ago.

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In it, archaeologists found very-high-quality furniture

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on which they performed a great number of lab tests.

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They even showed that the torque, a sort of Celtic necklace

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and the bracelets worn by the deceased in the tomb

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were polished in some places due to the friction with the skin and/or clothes.

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Talk about insane details.

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It shows that, the deceased was buried

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wearing jewels that they had worn in their daily life.

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Metal items are also carefully studied

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to identify the proportions of each metal in the alloys

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and the crafting techniques: smelting or hammering, for example.

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In 2017, the CRAHAM

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the French Centre for Medieval and Ancient Archaeological Research

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invited an INRAP team to study ceramics

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from the early High Middle Ages in Île-de-France.

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After a visual identification of various types of ceramics

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associated with more than 250 surveyed sites

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it was possible to measure the chemical elements

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contained in the terracotta to identify

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where the clay used to craft these ceramics came from.

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And it’s all thanks to technology.

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You know the drill by now.

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Each clay has its own chemical composition

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so, when two ceramics share the same chemical composition

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it can be concluded that the clay used to craft them

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came from the same area.

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Therefore, researchers have tried to link the production sites

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to the diffusion areas, where those potteries were sold

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by measuring their petrographical composition.

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That’s how it’s called.

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I don’t know if I told you.

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“Petrographical composition”. I don’t think I did, but now you know.

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So, those were many, many, many, many, many, many, many things

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that archaeologists would not have discovered without technology.

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It’s all thanks to technology.

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You too, during these strange times, as it’s not easy to drive around

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and find open cultural places or events

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thanks to technology, you’ll be able to discover a lot of things.

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What a clever transition.

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Because this year, the European Archaeology Days,

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that, each year, allow you to discover archaeological sites and work

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will be mostly held online.

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They will be held on June 19, 20, and 21 2020, so, next weekend, then.

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During those three days, it will be possible to discover archaeological sites

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through online tours, or 3D rendering

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talk with archaeologists livestreaming on Facebook

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follow the work routine of researchers on Twitter

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and listen to podcasts, watch movies, virtual exhibits…

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And that’s all thanks to technology!

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And also, in places where hygiene measures allow it

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and if you’re close enough, you can visit a site

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or an archaeological monument, a museum that displays archaeological collections…

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00:19:43,105 --> 00:19:46,573
Friday will be dedicated to classes and children

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who will enjoy many pedagogical and fun activities.

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You can find all the info on the site of the European Archaeological Days.

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Everything is in the description, as usual.

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We made this video in collaboration with the INRAP which organises those European Days.

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00:20:00,979 --> 00:20:02,526
We thank them very much, we’re very happy!

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00:20:02,526 --> 00:20:04,629
And as for you, my lil’ Wut-ists…

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00:20:05,112 --> 00:20:05,439
W-

404
00:20:05,553 --> 00:20:06,345
Wut…

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00:20:07,275 --> 00:20:09,322
Find a name for the community, I trust you guys.

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00:20:09,398 --> 00:20:12,551
Well, many thanks for watching this video, thanks again for being here.

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00:20:12,551 --> 00:20:16,184
A huge thanks to our tippers which allow us to remain autonomous

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00:20:16,184 --> 00:20:19,248
to pay the cameraman when he gets out of confinement.

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00:20:22,172 --> 00:20:27,337
As you know, those who donate on Tipeee or join the Youtube channel

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00:20:27,337 --> 00:20:30,142
will be able to enjoy the animated episodes before everybody else.

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00:20:30,142 --> 00:20:33,022
Remember, I told you we were taking a break for the summer.

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00:20:33,022 --> 00:20:36,887
We’ll come back in September, actually probably in October.

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00:20:36,897 --> 00:20:40,483
Anyway, in the meantime, take care!

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Here, we’re going to relax, but we send you…

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00:20:43,959 --> 00:20:45,324
Lots of kisses.

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00:20:45,373 --> 00:20:46,829
See you next time. Kiss kiss.