0:00:01.600,0:00:02.834 Sᴜᴘᴘᴏʀᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ 0:00:02.834,0:00:04.350 Sᴜᴘᴘᴏʀᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ[br]Protocol Labs 0:00:04.350,0:00:05.419 Sᴜᴘᴘᴏʀᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ[br]Protocol Labs[br]Follow your curiosity. 0:00:05.419,0:00:09.187 Sᴜᴘᴘᴏʀᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ[br]Protocol Labs[br]Follow your curiosity.[br]Lead humanity forward. 0:00:09.187,0:00:09.437 Protocol Labs[br]Follow your curiosity.[br]Lead humanity forward. 0:00:09.437,0:00:09.687 Follow your curiosity.[br]Lead humanity forward. 0:00:16.820,0:00:19.129 In all the universe, 0:00:19.129,0:00:24.540 In all the universe,[br]there stands only one known tree of life. 0:00:31.421,0:00:34.443 Does it stand alone? 0:00:34.443,0:00:40.311 Does it stand alone?[br]Or is it part of a vast cosmic wilderness? 0:00:46.038,0:00:52.517 Imagine a museum[br]containing every type of life in the universe. 0:00:58.362,0:01:00.757 What strange things would such a museum hold? 0:01:16.257,0:01:18.667 What is possible under the laws of nature? 0:01:39.767,0:01:40.906 LIFE 0:01:40.906,0:01:45.610 LIFE BEYOND 0:01:49.016,0:01:49.885 CHAPTER II 0:01:49.885,0:01:55.406 CHAPTER II[br]The Museum Of Alien Life 0:02:02.805,0:02:03.657 To have any hope- 0:02:03.657,0:02:05.506 of finding alien life, 0:02:05.537,0:02:07.408 we have to know what to look for. 0:02:12.060,0:02:13.945 But where do we begin? 0:02:15.303,0:02:16.446 How do we narrow down... 0:02:16.568,0:02:18.068 a seemingly infinite set- 0:02:18.068,0:02:20.175 of possibilities... 0:02:27.310,0:02:29.968 There's one thing we know for sure... 0:02:30.683,0:02:32.045 nature will have to play- 0:02:32.075,0:02:33.375 by her own rules. 0:02:36.791,0:02:38.166 No matter how strange- 0:02:38.196,0:02:39.806 alien life might be, 0:02:40.386,0:02:41.180 is going to be limited- 0:02:41.220,0:02:42.596 by the same physical... 0:02:42.606,0:02:44.756 and chemical laws that we are.... 0:02:46.952,0:02:47.014 6 0:02:47.014,0:02:47.077 6 C 0:02:47.077,0:02:47.139 6 CO 0:02:47.139,0:02:47.202 6 CO₂ 0:02:47.202,0:02:47.264 6 CO₂ + 0:02:47.264,0:02:47.327 6 CO₂ + 6 0:02:47.327,0:02:47.389 6 CO₂ + 6 H 0:02:47.389,0:02:47.452 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂ 0:02:47.452,0:02:47.514 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O 0:02:47.514,0:02:47.577 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + 0:02:47.577,0:02:47.639 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + L 0:02:47.639,0:02:47.702 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Li 0:02:47.702,0:02:47.764 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Lig 0:02:47.764,0:02:47.827 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Ligh 0:02:47.827,0:02:47.889 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light 0:02:47.889,0:02:47.952 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → 0:02:47.952,0:02:48.014 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C 0:02:48.014,0:02:48.077 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆ 0:02:48.077,0:02:48.139 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H 0:02:48.139,0:02:48.202 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H₁ 0:02:48.202,0:02:48.264 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂ 0:02:48.264,0:02:48.326 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O 0:02:48.326,0:02:48.389 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O₆ 0:02:48.389,0:02:48.451 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 0:02:48.451,0:02:48.514 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 0:02:48.514,0:02:48.576 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O 0:02:48.576,0:02:51.613 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ 0:02:51.613,0:02:52.312 On top of this,[br]6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ 0:02:52.312,0:02:52.733 On top of this, 0:02:53.183,0:02:53.694 each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:53.694,0:02:53.756 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:53.756,0:02:53.819 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:53.819,0:02:53.881 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:53.881,0:02:53.944 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:53.944,0:02:54.006 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:54.006,0:02:54.069 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:54.069,0:02:54.131 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:54.131,0:02:54.194 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ →[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:54.194,0:02:54.256 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:54.256,0:02:54.319 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:54.319,0:02:54.381 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:54.381,0:02:54.444 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:54.444,0:02:54.506 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:54.506,0:02:54.569 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅O[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:54.569,0:02:54.631 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:54.631,0:02:54.694 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:54.694,0:02:54.756 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:54.756,0:02:54.819 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2C[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:54.819,0:02:54.881 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:54.881,0:02:54.944 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ +[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:54.944,0:02:55.006 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + E[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:55.006,0:02:55.069 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + En[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:55.069,0:02:55.131 ⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + Ene[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:55.131,0:02:55.194 ⁴⁵⁸ ᴏxʏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + Ener[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:55.194,0:02:55.256 ⁴⁵⁸ ᴏxʏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + Energ[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:55.256,0:02:55.319 ⁴⁵⁸ ᴏxʏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + Energy[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:55.319,0:02:55.632 ⁴⁵⁸ ᴏxʏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + Energy[br]each alien environment will further limit- 0:02:55.632,0:02:57.311 ⁴⁵⁸ ᴏxʏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + Energy[br]what kinds of life forms can evolve there. 0:02:57.311,0:02:57.436 ⁴⁵⁸ ɴɪʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + Energy[br]what kinds of life forms can evolve there. 0:02:57.436,0:02:59.376 ⁴⁰⁵⁰ ɴɪʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + Energy[br]what kinds of life forms can evolve there. 0:03:06.992,0:03:09.189 Despite these natural boundaries, 0:03:09.243,0:03:12.206 the possibilities are staggering to imagine. 0:03:14.235,0:03:15.640 Trillions of planets, 0:03:15.778,0:03:17.878 each a unique cauldron of chemicals, 0:03:17.924,0:03:23.036 undergoing their own complex evolution. 0:03:28.150,0:03:29.360 To guide our thinking, 0:03:29.598,0:03:31.316 this museum of alien life- 0:03:31.316,0:03:34.396 will be divided into two exhibits... 0:03:35.668,0:03:36.041 Life as we know it, 0:03:36.041,0:03:37.194 EXHIBIT I[br]Life As We Know It[br]ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʷᵃᵗᵉʳ ᵇᵃˢᵉᵈ[br]Life as we know it, 0:03:37.194,0:03:38.215 EXHIBIT I[br]Life As We Know It[br]ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʷᵃᵗᵉʳ ᵇᵃˢᵉᵈ[br]home to beings- 0:03:38.215,0:03:40.940 EXHIBIT I[br]Life As We Know It[br]ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʷᵃᵗᵉʳ ᵇᵃˢᵉᵈ[br]with bio-chemistries like ours. 0:03:41.569,0:03:41.694 EXHIBIT II[br]Life As We Know Don't It[br]ᴱˣᵒᵗᶦᶜ ᴮᶦᵒᶜʰᵉᵐᶦˢᵗʳᶦᵉˢ 0:03:41.694,0:03:43.588 EXHIBIT II[br]Life As We Know Don't It[br]ᴱˣᵒᵗᶦᶜ ᴮᶦᵒᶜʰᵉᵐᶦˢᵗʳᶦᵉˢ[br]And life as we don't know it, 0:03:43.588,0:03:44.068 EXHIBIT II[br]Life As We Know Don't It[br]ᴱˣᵒᵗᶦᶜ ᴮᶦᵒᶜʰᵉᵐᶦˢᵗʳᶦᵉˢ 0:03:44.068,0:03:45.038 EXHIBIT II[br]Life As We Know Don't It[br]ᴱˣᵒᵗᶦᶜ ᴮᶦᵒᶜʰᵉᵐᶦˢᵗʳᶦᵉˢ[br]home to beings- 0:03:45.038,0:03:47.818 EXHIBIT II[br]Life As We Know Don't It[br]ᴱˣᵒᵗᶦᶜ ᴮᶦᵒᶜʰᵉᵐᶦˢᵗʳᶦᵉˢ[br]that challenge our concept of life itself. 0:03:54.022,0:03:54.986 Before we venture- 0:03:55.042,0:03:56.889 too far into the unknown, 0:03:57.103,0:03:59.177 we have to ask ourselves... 0:03:59.956,0:04:01.059 what if alien life- 0:04:01.183,0:04:02.253 is more like us... 0:04:02.253,0:04:03.939 than we think? 0:04:10.759,0:04:12.728 EXHIBIT I 0:04:12.728,0:04:14.746 EXHIBIT I[br]Life As We Know It 0:04:14.746,0:04:15.174 EXHIBIT I[br]Life As We Know It[br]ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʷᵃᵗᵉʳ ᵇᵃˢᵉᵈ 0:04:15.174,0:04:16.307 EXHIBIT I[br]Life As We Know It[br]ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʷᵃᵗᵉʳ ᵇᵃˢᵉᵈ[br]If there's one feature- 0:04:16.307,0:04:17.327 EXHIBIT I[br]Life As We Know It[br]ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʷᵃᵗᵉʳ ᵇᵃˢᵉᵈ[br]that unites us... 0:04:17.327,0:04:19.510 EXHIBIT I[br]Life As We Know It[br]ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʷᵃᵗᵉʳ ᵇᵃˢᵉᵈ[br]with these other specimes in this museum, 0:04:19.510,0:04:19.922 EXHIBIT I[br]Life As We Know It[br]ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʷᵃᵗᵉʳ ᵇᵃˢᵉᵈ 0:04:19.922,0:04:21.245 EXHIBIT I[br]Life As We Know It[br]ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʷᵃᵗᵉʳ ᵇᵃˢᵉᵈ[br]it's carbon... 0:04:21.775,0:04:22.025 Carbon 0:04:22.025,0:04:22.087 Carbon ⁴ 0:04:22.087,0:04:22.150 S[br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ 0:04:22.150,0:04:22.212 ᴀ Sᴜ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐ 0:04:22.212,0:04:22.275 C[br]ᴀᴛ Sᴜʙ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒ 0:04:22.275,0:04:22.337 R | C 0[br]ᴀᴛᴏ Sᴜʙʟ[br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢ 0:04:22.337,0:04:22.400 R + | C 00[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍ Sᴜʙʟɪ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ 0:04:22.400,0:04:22.462 R + 7: | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍ[br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃ 0:04:22.462,0:04:22.525 R + 7: 9 | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀ[br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇ 0:04:22.525,0:04:22.587 R + 7: 9: | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛ[br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘ 0:04:22.587,0:04:22.650 R + 7: 9: 5 | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪ[br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿ 0:04:22.650,0:04:22.712 R + 7: 9: 56 | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏ[br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈ 0:04:22.712,0:04:22.775 R + 7: 9: 56. | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃ 0:04:22.775,0:04:22.837 R + 7: 9: 56.2 | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘ[br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿ 0:04:22.837,0:04:22.900 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏ[br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ 0:04:22.900,0:04:22.962 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪ[br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉ 0:04:22.962,0:04:23.025 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡ 0:04:23.025,0:04:23.087 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂. Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ[br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉ 0:04:23.087,0:04:23.150 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ:[br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐ 0:04:23.150,0:04:23.212 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³[br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉ 0:04:23.212,0:04:23.275 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹[br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿ 0:04:23.275,0:04:23.337 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹[br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ 0:04:23.337,0:04:23.400 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵[br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ 0:04:23.400,0:04:24.545 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ[br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ 0:04:24.545,0:04:24.670 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Period 2[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ 0:04:24.670,0:04:26.147 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Period 2[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ[br]Carbon is ubiquitous, 0:04:26.147,0:04:26.287 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Period 2[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ 0:04:26.287,0:04:26.655 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Period 2[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ[br]it's one o' tho most- 0:04:26.655,0:04:27.514 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | P-block[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ[br]it's one o' tho most- 0:04:27.514,0:04:28.790 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | P-block[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ[br]common elements in the universe, 0:04:28.790,0:04:29.357 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Group 14[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ[br]common elements in the universe, 0:04:29.357,0:04:29.515 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Group 14[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ 0:04:29.515,0:04:30.529 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Group 14[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ[br]and is very good at forming- 0:04:30.529,0:04:30.883 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | [He] 2s² 2p²[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ[br]and is very good at forming- 0:04:30.883,0:04:32.351 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | [He] 2s² 2p²[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ[br]large stable molecules. 0:04:32.351,0:04:32.822 R + 7: 9: 56.25[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ[br]large stable molecules. 0:04:32.822,0:04:33.545 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ[br]large stable molecules. 0:04:33.545,0:04:34.574 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ 0:04:34.574,0:04:36.829 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Period 2[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ 0:04:36.829,0:04:37.079 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | P-block[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ 0:04:37.079,0:04:38.638 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | P-block[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ[br]Carbon has the rare ability- 0:04:38.638,0:04:38.888 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | P-block[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ[br]to form four way bounds- 0:04:38.888,0:04:40.354 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Group 14[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ[br]to form four way bounds- 0:04:40.354,0:04:40.651 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Group 14[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ[br]with other elements... 0:04:40.651,0:04:41.533 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | [HE] 2s² 2p²[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ[br]with other elements... 0:04:41.533,0:04:41.753 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | [HE] 2s² 2p²[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ 0:04:41.753,0:04:42.433 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | [HE] 2s² 2p²[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ[br]and to bind to itself- 0:04:42.433,0:04:42.914 R + 7: 9: 56.25[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ[br]and to bind to itself- 0:04:42.914,0:04:42.977 R + 7: 9: 56.25[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ[br]in long stable chains... 0:04:42.977,0:04:44.546 R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006[br]ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ [br]Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ[br]in long stable chains... 0:04:46.164,0:04:47.475 enabling the formation... 0:04:47.525,0:04:51.196 of huge complex molecules. 0:04:56.197,0:04:59.093 This versatility makes carbon the center piece 0:04:59.093,0:05:01.130 in the moleculary machinery of life. 0:05:03.260,0:05:05.002 And the same carbon compounds 0:05:05.172,0:05:06.346 that we use have been- 0:05:06.346,0:05:08.507 found far from Earth, 0:05:08.696,0:05:09.894 clinging to meteorites 0:05:10.848,0:05:10.973 G 0:05:10.973,0:05:11.035 Gl 0:05:11.035,0:05:11.098 Gly 0:05:11.098,0:05:11.225 Glyc 0:05:11.225,0:05:11.289 Glyci 0:05:11.289,0:05:11.353 Glycin 0:05:11.353,0:05:12.148 Glycine 0:05:12.148,0:05:14.591 Glycine[br]to floating in far off clouds... 0:05:14.591,0:05:14.653 Glycine 0:05:14.653,0:05:16.403 Glycine[br]of cosmic dust. 0:05:16.403,0:05:18.480 Glycine 0:05:18.480,0:05:19.964 Glycine[br]The building blocks of life... 0:05:21.180,0:05:23.860 drifting like snow through the universe. 0:05:29.872,0:05:32.490 And if alien life has selected other- 0:05:32.550,0:05:34.954 carbon compounds for the biochemistry, 0:05:35.633,0:05:37.954 they will have plenty to choose from. 0:05:40.449,0:05:40.699 Z DNA | B DNA 0:05:41.958,0:05:43.820 Scientists recently identified 0:05:43.820,0:05:45.663 over a million possible- 0:05:45.753,0:05:47.903 alternatives to DNA... 0:05:48.458,0:05:50.769 all carbon based. 0:05:57.678,0:05:58.877 If we ever discover- 0:05:58.877,0:06:00.967 other carbon based life forms, 0:06:01.540,0:06:05.561 we will be fundamentally related. 0:06:07.688,0:06:11.030 They will be our cosmic brother. 0:06:13.216,0:06:15.491 But would they look anything like us? 0:06:19.685,0:06:22.222 If they hail from Earth like planets, 0:06:22.627,0:06:24.172 we could share even more in common, 0:06:24.915,0:06:28.442 than just our biochemistry. 0:06:29.686,0:06:31.119 What would life be like- 0:06:31.155,0:06:32.188 on another planets, 0:06:32.188,0:06:32.961 if it is evolved? 0:06:33.466,0:06:34.321 Would it be like, 0:06:34.651,0:06:37.061 the world today here on Earth? 0:06:37.392,0:06:39.562 Or would be completely different? 0:06:40.409,0:06:41.231 There are those, 0:06:41.231,0:06:42.156 who argue that... 0:06:42.206,0:06:44.220 from the argument of convergent evolution, 0:06:44.713,0:06:47.534 if conditions on other planets are similar to here, 0:06:47.579,0:06:50.259 then we will see very similar life forms... 0:06:54.466,0:06:56.846 animal and plant-like organisms, 0:06:56.919,0:06:59.777 that look very familiar. 0:07:12.048,0:07:12.768 On Earth, 0:07:12.820,0:07:15.087 certain features like eyesight, 0:07:15.190,0:07:16.788 echo-location and flight 0:07:16.788,0:07:18.635 have evolved multiple times, 0:07:18.663,0:07:19.595 independently... 0:07:19.595,0:07:21.757 in different species. 0:07:23.648,0:07:26.182 This process of convergent evolution... 0:07:26.290,0:07:28.890 could extend to alien planets like Earth, 0:07:28.890,0:07:34.712 where creatures share similar environmental pressures. 0:07:35.412,0:07:36.949 It's no guarantee, 0:07:37.219,0:07:38.689 but there could be certain 0:07:38.689,0:07:41.679 universalities of life... 0:07:44.177,0:07:45.972 the greatest hits of evolution... 0:07:45.972,0:07:48.842 on repeat across the Universe. 0:07:57.720,0:07:59.451 Each feature would be a tune 0:07:59.451,0:08:02.234 to its local environment. 0:08:02.808,0:08:04.169 Dimly lit planets... 0:08:04.169,0:08:07.639 would produce huge eyes to suck in extra light, 0:08:07.985,0:08:11.304 like nocturnal mammals. 0:08:14.090,0:08:15.098 Some people have gone- 0:08:15.098,0:08:16.467 so far as to say- 0:08:16.551,0:08:18.496 that human type organism, 0:08:18.506,0:08:19.231 humanoids, 0:08:19.231,0:08:21.584 will occur on other planets. 0:08:25.886,0:08:27.026 The existence of other- 0:08:27.076,0:08:28.551 human-like organisms... 0:08:28.551,0:08:29.821 seems unlikely, 0:08:30.025,0:08:30.804 given the long... 0:08:30.804,0:08:32.662 convoluted chain of events- 0:08:32.722,0:08:33.722 that produced us. 0:08:35.016,0:08:37.378 But we can't rule it out. 0:08:40.707,0:08:41.898 If just one in every- 0:08:41.898,0:08:44.758 100 trillion Earth-like planets produced- 0:08:44.798,0:08:46.371 a human-like form... 0:08:46.424,0:08:47.284 there could still be... 0:08:47.284,0:08:51.238 thousands of creatures like us out there... 0:09:02.415,0:09:07.288 "But in reality, we are more likely to find[br]something lower on the food chain." 0:09:10.051,0:09:11.303 Convergent evolution- 0:09:11.327,0:09:13.547 is also rampant in plant life... 0:09:13.877,0:09:15.817 and C4 photosynthesis- 0:09:15.817,0:09:17.355 has arisen independently... 0:09:17.484,0:09:19.234 over 40 times... 0:09:21.479,0:09:23.607 Would alien plants look like ours... 0:09:23.607,0:09:25.814 or something else entirely? 0:09:36.696,0:09:37.407 On Earth, 0:09:37.567,0:09:38.950 plants appear green 0:09:38.950,0:09:39.507 because they absorb 0:09:39.567,0:09:40.867 the other wavelenghts 0:09:40.867,0:09:44.234 in the Sun's light spectrum. 0:09:45.432,0:09:48.937 But stars come in many colors.. 0:09:52.429,0:09:53.882 and alien plants would evolve- 0:09:53.882,0:09:54.872 different pigments... 0:09:54.922,0:09:58.612 to adapt to their sun's unique spectrum 0:10:04.431,0:10:07.530 Plants feeding off hotter stars[br]could appear redder, 0:10:08.284,0:10:11.161 by absorbing their energy rich bluer light. 0:10:19.761,0:10:24.219 Around dim Red Dwarfs stars, [br]vegetation could appear black, 0:10:25.072,0:10:28.155 adapted to absorb all visible[br]wavelengths of light. 0:10:45.058,0:10:47.572 Earth itself may have once [br]appeared purple, 0:10:48.101,0:10:52.004 due a pigment called retinal, that was [br]an early precursor to chlorophyll. 0:10:55.019,0:10:57.779 Some think that retinal's molecular simplicity 0:10:58.189,0:11:00.547 could make it a more universal pigment. 0:11:04.070,0:11:09.146 If so, we may find that purple,[br]is life's favorite color. 0:11:19.820,0:11:23.713 But the color of alien vegetation[br]is more than just a curiosity, 0:11:25.696,0:11:29.155 it's chemical information that could[br]be seen from light years away. 0:11:34.504,0:11:38.528 Earth plants leave a signature bump [br]in the light reflected off our planet. 0:11:40.306,0:11:43.434 Finding a similar signal from another [br]world could point the way 0:11:43.647,0:11:45.116 to alien vegetation. 0:11:50.376,0:11:53.866 Perhaps this will be our first glimpse at alien life; 0:11:54.965,0:11:58.375 a vibrant hue, cast by a distinct world. 0:12:12.005,0:12:20.055 But the biggest influence on life won't be it's host star; it will be it's home planet. 0:12:20.715,0:12:23.415 What happens, when you change the day - length of a planet? 0:12:23.495,0:12:25.465 What happens when you change the tilt of a planet? 0:12:25.545,0:12:27.626 What happens when you change the shape of the orbit? 0:12:27.965,0:12:30.637 What happens when you change the gravity of a planet? 0:12:34.498,0:12:38.938 Planets with long, elliptical orbits would see drastic seasons. 0:12:41.298,0:12:44.823 There could be worlds that appear dead for thousands of years, 0:12:45.528,0:12:47.496 then suddenly spring to life. 0:13:02.583,0:13:07.073 Most of the rocky planets discovered so far have been massive "Super Earths". 0:13:09.243,0:13:12.433 GJ 357 D[br]Super Earth[br]Distance: ~ 31 Light Years [br]Mass: ~ 7× Earth [br]Temperature: ~ -53°C 0:13:12.570,0:13:15.097 How would life evolve on these worlds? 0:13:18.580,0:13:21.656 In the seas, gravity may not matter much at all. 0:13:29.590,0:13:32.120 A high - gravity planet isn't high - gravity all over. 0:13:33.680,0:13:37.660 If you're in the sea, that's where all life starts, there's very nearly no gravity, 0:13:37.660,0:13:40.225 cause you're much the density as the stuff around you. 0:13:43.450,0:13:47.270 It's when the animals come out on land, that they feel the gravity. 0:13:51.628,0:13:53.628 High G - forces [vaguely, gravitational forces] would necessitate 0:13:53.628,0:13:57.458 large bones and muscle mass in complex life on land. 0:13:59.748,0:14:03.178 They would also demand a more robust circulatory system. 0:14:04.958,0:14:10.578 And plant life could be stunted by the energy cost of carrying nutrients under stronger gravity. 0:14:17.318,0:14:21.446 Low - gravity planets would more easily lose their atmospheres to space; 0:14:21.838,0:14:25.158 and lack a magnetic field to protect from cosmic rays. 0:14:35.821,0:14:39.091 But smaller worlds could be home to secret oases; 0:14:46.251,0:14:49.451 huge cave systems that provide hide-outs for life. 0:15:02.751,0:15:11.242 With steadier temperatures and protection from cosmic rays, life could thrive underground on planets with deadly surfaces. 0:15:26.732,0:15:33.093 The smallest possible habitable planets are estimated at 2.5% Earth's mass. 0:15:35.042,0:15:37.735 If surface life does evolve on these worlds, 0:15:38.822,0:15:40.766 it could be a sight to behold. 0:15:44.584,0:15:47.064 Plant life could grow to towering heights, 0:15:47.484,0:15:50.594 able to carry nutrients higher, at lesser gravity. 0:15:59.194,0:16:02.611 And without the need for bulky skeletons and muscle mass, 0:16:02.904,0:16:06.031 animals could have body types, that boggle the mind. 0:16:22.292,0:16:28.347 "Despite our eager imagination, large complex lifeforms [br]are probably a cosmic rarity." 0:16:31.631,0:16:34.920 Here on Earth, it took three[br]billion years for evolution 0:16:34.920,0:16:37.234 to produce complex plant and animal life. 0:16:39.723,0:16:42.584 Simple organisms are hardier, [br]more adaptable 0:16:42.986,0:16:44.041 and more widespread. 0:16:48.383,0:16:51.390 The largest collection in the[br]museum of alien life 0:16:51.390,0:16:54.309 would likely be the Hall of Microbes. 0:17:10.306,0:17:14.674 Yet finding even the tiniest alien microbe[br]would be a profound discovery. 0:17:30.735,0:17:33.619 And bite-sized life could leave[br]a big footprint. 0:17:35.892,0:17:39.997 Like stromatolites on Earth, layers of[br]microbes could build up into huge 0:17:39.997,0:17:41.170 rock mounds over time. 0:17:41.642,0:17:43.876 Leaving behind eery structures. 0:17:48.780,0:17:51.202 And in big enough numbers [br]some alien 0:17:51.202,0:17:54.004 bacteria could leave a [br]distinct biosignature, 0:17:55.964,0:17:58.622 by exhaling gases that wouldn't [br]coexist naturally: 0:17:59.453,0:18:01.124 like oxygen and methane. 0:18:07.406,0:18:08.996 There's ways to make oxygen without life. 0:18:08.996,0:18:10.579 There's ways to make methane without life. 0:18:11.067,0:18:12.582 But to have them in the atmosphere together? 0:18:13.212,0:18:16.501 Is almost impossible unless you've got [br]biology making those gases at the surface. 0:18:17.883,0:18:20.828 And it would have a imprint on[br]the planet's spectrum of colors. 0:18:22.945,0:18:26.267 Next generation space telescopes[br]could find a signal like this, 0:18:28.574,0:18:30.531 on a world not far from home. 0:18:32.274,0:18:36.578 The closest Sun-like star with an[br]Earth-like exoplanet in the 0:18:36.578,0:18:40.206 habitable zone is probably only[br]20 light years away 0:18:40.489,0:18:42.409 and can be seen with a naked eye. 0:18:46.298,0:18:52.373 But there may be an even easier target to aim for than tiny Earth-like planets. 0:18:54.805,0:19:02.008 The Brown Dwarfs: too small to [br]be stars, to big to be planets. 0:19:06.389,0:19:09.928 Most Brown Dwarfs are too hot[br]to support life as we know it. 0:19:11.136,0:19:12.604 But some are just cold enough. 0:19:13.978,0:19:14.558 WISE 0855-0714 0:19:14.758,0:19:15.008 WISE 0855-0714[br]Sub-Brown Dwarf 0:19:15.008,0:19:15.258 WISE 0855-0714[br]Sub-Brown Dwarf[br]Distance: 7 Light Years 0:19:15.268,0:19:15.518 WISE 0855-0714[br]Sub-Brown Dwarf[br]Distance: 7 Light Years[br]Mass: 3.10x Jupiter 0:19:15.518,0:19:22.724 WISE 0855-0714[br]Sub-Brown Dwarf[br]Distance: 7 Light Years[br]Mass: 3.10x Jupiter[br]Temperature: -50 - -13ºC 0:19:24.457,0:19:28.640 All the prime elements for life have[br]been detected inside their atmospheres. 0:19:31.588,0:19:35.755 And within these clouds, some layers[br]would provide ideal temperatures 0:19:35.755,0:19:37.456 and pressures for habitability. 0:19:46.176,0:19:48.938 There could be photosynthetic [br]plankton in these skies, 0:19:50.092,0:19:52.500 kept aloft by churning upwinds. 0:19:57.603,0:20:01.186 And with enough force, these upwinds[br]could even support larger, 0:20:01.186,0:20:02.722 more complex life. 0:20:06.101,0:20:06.754 Predadors. 0:20:15.348,0:20:19.238 There are over 25 billion Brown [br]Dwarfs in our galaxy alone, 0:20:19.238,0:20:24.396 and their sizes will make them [br]easier targets for study. 0:20:27.046,0:20:35.235 The first specimen we discover from the museum of life may not be from a planet at all. 0:20:44.142,0:20:46.054 This raises a crucial question: 0:20:47.920,0:20:50.253 what if we've been looking in[br]all the wrong places? 0:20:52.618,0:20:54.896 What if nature has other ideas? 0:20:58.925,0:21:01.213 EXHIBIT II 0:21:01.213,0:21:03.494 EXHIBIT II[br]LIFE AS WE DON'T KNOW IT 0:21:03.494,0:21:08.057 EXHIBIT II[br]LIFE AS WE DON'T KNOW IT[br]EXOTIC BIOCHEMISTRIES 0:21:21.172,0:21:25.627 Most of the Universe is too cold or too[br]hot for liquid water and the 0:21:25.627,0:21:28.161 biochemistry that supports [br]life as we know it. 0:21:31.514,0:21:33.544 But in case our biases are misleading, 0:21:34.680,0:21:36.307 we have to cast a wide net. 0:21:38.908,0:21:41.431 To search for life outside [br]the habitable zone, 0:21:42.271,0:21:44.881 in places that seem wildly hostile to us. 0:21:49.586,0:21:53.085 Exotic environments will demand[br]exotic biochemistries. 0:21:53.646,0:21:56.533 And while no element can match [br]carbon's versatility, 0:21:57.125,0:21:58.918 one contender is a front runner. 0:22:07.707,0:22:10.713 At first glance, silicon seem [br]similar to carbon. 0:22:13.025,0:22:16.850 It forms the same four-way bonds and is[br]also abundant in the Universe. 0:22:19.462,0:22:23.215 But a closer look reveals that these [br]two elements are false twins. 0:22:27.388,0:22:32.397 Silicon bonds are weaker and less prone[br]to forming large complex molecules. 0:22:36.420,0:22:39.961 Despite this, they can withstand [br]a wider range of temperatures, 0:22:41.050,0:22:43.670 opening up intriguing possibilities. 0:22:47.381,0:22:50.405 Life based on the silicon atom [br]instead of carbon, 0:22:50.698,0:22:53.262 would be more resistant to [br]the extreme cold. 0:22:54.722,0:22:57.982 Providing a whole new range of weird forms. 0:23:01.491,0:23:02.755 But silicon has a problem: 0:23:04.616,0:23:08.125 in the presence of oxygen, [br]it binds into solid rock. 0:23:10.373,0:23:13.339 To avoid turning to stone, silicon beings 0:23:13.339,0:23:15.970 might be confined to oxygen free environments. 0:23:16.598,0:23:18.717 Like Saturn's frigid moon, Titan. 0:23:18.717,0:23:23.048 TITAN[br]Saturnian Moon[br]Distance: 1,2 Million KM[br]Mass: .023X Earth[br]Temperature: -129ºC 0:23:23.048,0:23:27.089 Its vast lakes of liquid methane and[br]ethane could be an ideal medium 0:23:27.089,0:23:28.755 for silicon-based life, 0:23:29.204,0:23:31.472 or other radical biochemistries. 0:23:37.433,0:23:39.913 Without ample sunlight, beings on worlds 0:23:39.913,0:23:42.961 like Titan, would likely be chemosynthetic. 0:23:43.337,0:23:46.043 Deriving their energy by[br]breaking down rocks. 0:24:01.536,0:24:03.770 Such life forms could have ultra slow 0:24:03.770,0:24:07.906 metabolisms and life cycles [br]measured in millions of years. 0:24:16.015,0:24:21.377 And frozen worlds aren't the only possible[br]harbor for exotic life. 0:24:22.566,0:24:23.026 CoRoT-7B 0:24:23.026,0:24:23.376 CoRoT-7B[br]Super Earth 0:24:23.376,0:24:23.626 CoRoT-7B[br]Super Earth[br]Distance: ~520 Light Years 0:24:23.636,0:24:23.886 CoRoT-7B[br]Super Earth[br]Distance: ~520 Light Years[br]Mass: -8x Earth 0:24:23.886,0:24:25.961 CoRoT-7B[br]Super Earth[br]Distance: ~520 Light Years[br]Mass: -8x Earth[br]Temperature: 1026-1526ºC 0:24:25.961,0:24:30.279 In high temperatures, typically rigid[br]silicon oxygen bonds become more 0:24:30.279,0:24:31.780 flexible and reactive. 0:24:33.003,0:24:34.831 Triggering more dynamic chemistry. 0:24:40.080,0:24:42.846 This has led to a truly bizarre proposal: 0:24:43.704,0:24:48.609 silicon-based life forms that live[br]inside molten silicate rock. 0:25:01.093,0:25:03.424 In theory, these forms could even exist 0:25:03.424,0:25:06.104 deep beneath the Earth inside [br]magma chambers 0:25:06.306,0:25:08.460 as part of a shadow biosphere. 0:25:12.472,0:25:16.505 If so, then the aliens are right[br]under our noses. 0:25:20.799,0:25:23.017 Other shadow biospheres have [br]been proposed: 0:25:23.570,0:25:27.036 forms of life living alongside us[br]that we don't even know are here. 0:25:27.528,0:25:30.416 Including tiny RNA-based life, small 0:25:30.416,0:25:33.543 enough to go undetected by [br]existing instruments. 0:25:46.821,0:25:50.797 Clouds of dust and empty space might [br]seem like the last place you'd expect 0:25:50.797,0:25:52.092 to find anything living. 0:25:54.398,0:25:57.207 But when cosmic dust makes[br]contact with plasma, 0:25:57.570,0:25:59.006 a type of ionized gas, 0:25:59.494,0:26:00.717 something strange happens. 0:26:05.770,0:26:08.338 In simulated conditions, dust particles, 0:26:08.341,0:26:11.105 have been seen spontaneously [br]self-organizing 0:26:11.105,0:26:13.623 into helical structures that resemble DNA. 0:26:18.848,0:26:22.262 These plasma crystals even begin[br]to exhibit life-like behavior: 0:26:23.728,0:26:28.464 replicating, evolving into more stable[br]forms and passing on information. 0:26:35.715,0:26:38.878 Could these crystals be considered alive? 0:26:41.564,0:26:48.715 To some researchers, they meet all the criteria[br]to qualify as inorganic life forms. 0:26:52.469,0:26:57.113 So far, we have only ever seen them in computer simulations. 0:26:58.443,0:27:04.672 But some speculate we could find them[br]among the ice particles in the rings of Uranus. 0:27:12.270,0:27:15.761 Plasma is the most common state [br]of matter in the Universe. 0:27:17.666,0:27:20.769 If complex evolving plasma [br]crystals really exist 0:27:21.252,0:27:22.758 and if they can be considered life, 0:27:23.377,0:27:25.253 they could be its most common form. 0:27:38.505,0:27:43.043 Or perhaps life is lurking in the [br]polar opposite environment: 0:27:43.043,0:27:46.997 inside the hearts of dead stars. 0:27:51.400,0:27:54.319 When massive suns explode, some collapase into 0:27:54.319,0:27:57.044 ultra dense cores called neutron stars. 0:27:57.044,0:27:58.168 PSR B1509-58[br]Neutron Star[br]Distante: 17,000 Light Years[br]Spin Rate: ~7/second 0:27:58.168,0:28:01.902 Hulking masses of atomic nuclei [br]crammed together like sardines. 0:28:05.556,0:28:07.774 Conditions on the surface are mind-boggling: 0:28:08.922,0:28:12.210 gravity is a hundred billion times [br]stronger than Earth's. 0:28:15.724,0:28:19.243 But beneath their iron nuclei [br]crust lies something strange: 0:28:21.474,0:28:25.358 a hot dense sea of neutrons[br]and subatomic particles. 0:28:34.550,0:28:36.827 Stripped of their electron shells, these 0:28:36.827,0:28:39.906 nuclei would obey entirely [br]different laws of chemistry, 0:28:40.486,0:28:42.714 based not on the electromagnetic force, 0:28:42.994,0:28:44.956 but the strong nuclear force, 0:28:45.227,0:28:46.655 which binds nuclei together. 0:28:49.720,0:28:52.129 In theory, these particles could link-up 0:28:52.129,0:28:55.406 to form larger macronuclei, [br]which could then 0:28:55.406,0:28:58.253 combine into even bigger super nuclei. 0:29:06.696,0:29:09.665 If so, then this bewildering environment 0:29:09.665,0:29:11.714 would mimic the basic conditions for life. 0:29:12.484,0:29:16.745 Heavy nucleon molecules floating [br]in a complex particle ocean. 0:29:22.729,0:29:25.221 Some scientists have proposed [br]the unimaginable: 0:29:26.532,0:29:30.326 exotic life forms drifting through [br]the strange particle sea, 0:29:31.143,0:29:35.880 living, evolving and dying on [br]incomprehensibly fast time scales. 0:29:55.942,0:30:01.025 There's probably no chance of ever detecting[br]such a strange breed of life. 0:30:02.572,0:30:07.802 But there may be hope for finding [br]an even more exotic form. 0:30:19.436,0:30:22.466 Life is not something that has to evolve naturally. 0:30:26.286,0:30:27.456 It can be designed. 0:30:41.566,0:30:45.176 And once intelligence is introduced into the evolutionary process, 0:30:46.226,0:30:48.206 a Pandora's Box is opened. 0:31:06.007,0:31:12.989 Free from typical biological limitations, synthetic and machine - based life could be the most successful of all. 0:31:16.547,0:31:20.375 It could thrive almost anywhere, including the vaccum of space, 0:31:20.807,0:31:25.244 opening up vast frontiers unavailable to biological organisms. 0:31:31.777,0:31:36.777 And compared to the glacial pace of natural selection, technical evolution 0:31:36.927,0:31:41.941 allows exponentially faster growth, adaptability and resilience. 0:31:56.237,0:32:00.377 By some estimates, autonomous, self - replicating machines could colonize 0:32:00.377,0:32:03.923 an entire galaxy in as little as a million years. 0:32:18.877,0:32:22.870 We can't predict how hyper - intelligent life would organise itself, 0:32:26.507,0:32:29.893 but in theory, there could be convergent evolution at play. 0:32:32.247,0:32:37.819 The electrical properties of Silicon might make it a universal basis for machine intelligence, 0:32:38.697,0:32:41.689 a redemption for its biological shortcomings. 0:33:03.036,0:33:04.776 With all its potential advantages, 0:33:04.776,0:33:10.016 With all its potential advantages, machine life may even be a universal endpoint : 0:33:10.016,0:33:15.393 With all its potential advantages, machine life may even be a universal endpoint: the apex of evolutionary process. 0:33:53.413,0:33:58.123 As the universe ages, perhaps machine intelligence would come to dominate, 0:33:58.733,0:34:03.738 and naturally occurring biological life will be viewed as a quaint starting point. 0:34:09.663,0:34:12.156 Perhaps, we ourselves will lead this transition, 0:34:12.973,0:34:19.695 and the great human experiment would be merely a first link in a sprawling intergalactic chain of life. 0:34:51.225,0:35:01.959 In the end, we are still the only beings we know of in the museum of alien life. 0:35:07.479,0:35:10.489 To truly know ourselves, we will have to know : 0:35:10.489,0:35:13.409 To truly know ourselves, we will have to know: are we the only ones? 0:35:27.479,0:35:32.229 Loren Eisley has said, that one does not meet oneself until 0:35:32.229,0:35:36.531 one catches the reflection from an eye other than human. 0:35:38.754,0:35:42.840 One day that eye may be that of an intelligent alien. 0:35:45.724,0:35:50.620 And the sooner we eschew our narrow view of evolution, 0:35:52.284,0:35:59.121 the sooner we can truly explore our ultimate origins and destinations. 0:36:04.474,0:36:07.494 We have seen what could be out there. 0:36:10.486,0:36:12.956 And we know how we might find it. 0:36:15.936,0:36:18.626 There is only one thing left to do. 0:36:22.196,0:36:25.526 Go looking. 0:36:34.506,0:36:36.846 HANDCRAFTED BY MELODYSHEEP