[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.60,0:00:02.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Supported by
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.83,0:00:04.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Supported by\N{\b1}Protocol Labs{\b0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.35,0:00:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Supported by\N{\b1}Protocol Labs{\b0}\N{\i1}Follow your curiosity.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.42,0:00:09.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Supported By\NProtocol Labs\N{\i1}Follow your curiosity.{\i0}\N{\i1}Lead humanity forward.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.19,0:00:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Protocol Labs\N{\i1}Follow your curiosity.{\i0}\N{\i1}Lead humanity forward.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.44,0:00:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Follow your curiosity.{\i0}\N{\i1}Lead humanity forward.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.82,0:00:19.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"In all the universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.13,0:00:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"In all the universe,\Nthere stands only one known tree of life."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.42,0:00:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Does it stand alone?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.44,0:00:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Does it stand alone?\NOr is it part of a vast cosmic wilderness?"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.04,0:00:52.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Imagine a museum\Ncontaining every type of life in the universe."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.36,0:01:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What strange things would such a museum hold?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.26,0:01:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What is possible under the laws of nature?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.77,0:01:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LIFE
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.91,0:01:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LIFE BEYOND
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.02,0:01:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\b1}CHAPTER II{\b0}
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.88,0:01:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\b1}CHAPTER II{\b0}\N{\i1}The Museum Of Alien Life{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.80,0:02:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To have any hope-
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.66,0:02:05.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of finding alien life,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.54,0:02:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to know what to look for.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.06,0:02:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But where do we begin?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.30,0:02:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we narrow down...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.57,0:02:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a seemingly infinite set-
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.07,0:02:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of possibilities...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.31,0:02:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's one thing we know for sure...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.68,0:02:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nature will have to play-
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.08,0:02:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by her own rules.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.79,0:02:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No matter how strange
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.20,0:02:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alien life might be,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.39,0:02:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to be limited-
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.22,0:02:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the same physical...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.61,0:02:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and chemical laws that we are....
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.95,0:02:47.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.01,0:02:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 C
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.08,0:02:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.14,0:02:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO²
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.20,0:02:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² +
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.26,0:02:47.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.33,0:02:47.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.39,0:02:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.45,0:02:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²O
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.51,0:02:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²O +
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.58,0:02:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²O + L
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.64,0:02:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²O + Li
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.70,0:02:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²O + Lig
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.76,0:02:47.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²O + Ligh
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.83,0:02:47.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²O + Light
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.89,0:02:47.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²O + Light →
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.95,0:02:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²O + Light → C
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.01,0:02:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²O + Light → C⁶
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.08,0:02:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²O + Light → C⁶H
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.14,0:02:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²O + Light → C⁶H¹
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.20,0:02:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²O + Light → C⁶H¹²
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.26,0:02:48.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²O + Light → C⁶H¹²O
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.33,0:02:48.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²O + Light → C⁶H¹²O⁶
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.39,0:02:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²O + Light → C⁶H¹²O⁶ +
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.45,0:02:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²O + Light → C⁶H¹²O⁶ + 6
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.51,0:02:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²O + Light → C⁶H¹²O⁶ + 6 O
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.58,0:02:51.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 CO² + 6 H²O + Light → C⁶H¹²O⁶ + 6 O²
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.61,0:02:52.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On top of this,\N6 CO² + 6 H²O + Light → C⁶H¹²O⁶ + 6 O²
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.31,0:02:52.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On top of this,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.24,0:02:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each alien environment will further limit-
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.69,0:02:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each alien environment will further limit-\N-{\i1}Hydrogen{\i0}-
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.24,0:02:55.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each alien environment will further limit-\N-{\i1}Oxygen-{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.67,0:02:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what kinds of life forms can evolve there.\N-{\i1}Oxygen-{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.37,0:02:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what kinds of life forms can evolve there.\N-{\i1}Nitrogen{\i0}-
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.99,0:03:09.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite these natural boundaries,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.24,0:03:12.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the possibilities are staggering to imagine.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.24,0:03:15.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Trillions of planets,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.78,0:03:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each a unique cauldron of chemicals,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.92,0:03:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,undergoing their own complex evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.15,0:03:29.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To guide our thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.60,0:03:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this museum of alien life-
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.32,0:03:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be divided into two exhibits...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.67,0:03:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life as we know it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.19,0:03:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,home to beings-
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.30,0:03:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with bio-chemistries like ours.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.96,0:03:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And life as we don't know it: home to beings \Nthat challenge our concept of life itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.13,0:03:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before we venture too far \Ninto the unknown,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.10,0:03:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to ask ourselves:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.14,0:04:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what if alien life is more \Nlike ours than we think?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.82,0:04:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\b1}EXHIBIT I{\b0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.73,0:04:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\b1}EXHIBIT I{\b0}\N{\b1}LIFE AS WE KNOW IT{\b0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.02,0:04:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\b1}EXHIBIT I{\b0}\N{\b1}LIFE AS WE KNOW IT{\b0}\N{\b1}CARBON & WATER BASED{\b0}
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.44,0:04:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there's one feature that unites us with \Nthese other specimes in this museum, it's carbon.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.01,0:04:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carbon is ubiquitous, it's one of the \Nmost common elements in the universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.74,0:04:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is very good at forming \Nlarge stable molecules.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.29,0:04:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carbon has the rare ability to form four way\Nbounds with other elements
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.81,0:04:44.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to bind to itself in \Nlong, stable chains;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.42,0:04:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enabling the formation of \Nhuge complex molecules.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.20,0:04:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This versatility makes carbon the center piece
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.09,0:05:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the moleculary machinery of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.52,0:05:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the same carbon compounds that we use\Nhave been found far from Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.74,0:05:10.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clinging to meteorites
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.36,0:05:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and floating in far off \Nclouds of cosmic dust.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.67,0:05:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The building blocks of life drifting \Nlike snow through the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.16,0:05:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if alien life has selected other carbon\Ncompounds for the biochemistry,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.78,0:05:37.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will have plenty to choose from.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.09,0:05:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists recently identified over a \Nmillion possible alternatives to DNA:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.59,0:05:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all carbon based.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.95,0:06:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we ever discover other \Ncarbon based life forms,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.65,0:06:03.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will be fundamentally related.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.93,0:06:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They will be our cosmic brother.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.30,0:06:15.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But would they look anything like us?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.98,0:06:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they hail from Earth like planets,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.86,0:06:24.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could share even more in common,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.06,0:06:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than just our biochemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.83,0:06:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What would life be like in another\Nplanets, if its evolved?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.57,0:06:36.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Would it be like, the world \Ntoday here on Earth?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.48,0:06:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or would be completely different?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.82,0:06:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are those, who argue that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.46,0:06:44.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the argument of convergent evolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.80,0:06:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if conditions on other planets are similar to here, then we will see very similar life forms;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.73,0:06:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,animal and plant-like organisms, that look very familiar.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.24,0:07:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On Earth, certain features like eyesight, echo-location and flight
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.63,0:07:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have evolved multiple times, independently, in different species.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.65,0:07:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This process of convergent evolution could extend to alien planets like Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.22,0:07:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where creatures share similar environmental pressures.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.63,0:07:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's no guarantee, but there could be certain universalities of life;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.34,0:07:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the greatest hits of evolution on repeat across the Universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.04,0:08:02.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each feature would be a tune to its local environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.80,0:08:09.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dimly lit planets would produce huge eyes to suck in extra light, like nocturnal mammals.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.19,0:08:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people have gone so far as to say \Nthat human type organism, humanoids,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.23,0:08:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will occur on other planets.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.14,0:08:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The existence of other human-like\Norganisms seems unlikely,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.16,0:08:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,given the long convoluted chain\Nof events that produced us.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.30,0:08:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we can't rule it out.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.82,0:08:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If just one in every 100 trillion\NEarth-like planets produced
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.84,0:08:49.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a human-like form, the could still be\Nthousands of creatures like us out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.60,0:09:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\b1}But in reality, we are more likely to find\Nsomething lower on the food chain.{\b0}
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.17,0:09:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Convergent evolution is also \Nrampant in plant life
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.04,0:09:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and C4 photosynthesis has arisen \Nindependently over 40 times.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.80,0:09:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Would alien plants look like ours or\Nsomething else entirely?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.93,0:09:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On Earth, plants appear green because\Nthey absorb the other wavelenghts
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.100,0:09:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Sun's light spectrum.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.74,0:09:47.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But stars come in many colors
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.63,0:09:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and alien plants would evolve different pigments \Nto adapt to their sun's unique spectrum.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.43,0:10:07.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plants feeding off hotter stars\Ncould appear redder,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.28,0:10:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by absorbing their energy rich bluer light.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.76,0:10:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Around dim Red Dwarfs stars, \Nvegetation could appear black,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.07,0:10:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adapted to absorb all visible\Nwavelengths of light.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.06,0:10:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earth itself may have once \Nappeared purple,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.10,0:10:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,due a pigment called retinal, that was \Nan early precursor to chlorophyll.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.02,0:10:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some think that retinal's molecular simplicity
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.19,0:11:00.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could make it a more universal pigment.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.07,0:11:09.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If so, we may find that purple,\Nis life's favorite color.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.82,0:11:23.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the color of alien vegetation\Nis more than just a curiosity,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.70,0:11:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's chemical information that could\Nbe seen from light years away.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.50,0:11:38.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earth plants leave a signature bump \Nin the light reflected off our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.31,0:11:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finding a similar signal from another \Nworld could point the way
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.65,0:11:44.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to alien vegetation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.38,0:11:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps this will be our first glimpse at alien life;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.96,0:11:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a vibrant hue, cast by a distinct world.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.00,0:12:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the biggest influence on life won't be it's host star; it will be it's home planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.72,0:12:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens, when you change the day - length of a planet?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.50,0:12:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens when you change the tilt of a planet?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.54,0:12:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens when you change the shape of the orbit?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.96,0:12:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens when you change the gravity of a planet?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.50,0:12:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Planets with long, elliptical orbits would see drastic seasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.30,0:12:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There could be worlds that appear dead for thousands of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.53,0:12:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then suddenly spring to life.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.58,0:13:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the rocky planets discovered so far have been massive "Super Earths".
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.24,0:13:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\b1}GJ 357 D{\b0}{\i1}Super Earth{\i0} Distance : ~ 31 Light Years Mass : ~ 7× Earth Temperature : ~ -53°C
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.57,0:13:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How would life evolve on these worlds?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.58,0:13:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the seas, gravity may not matter much at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.59,0:13:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A high - gravity planet isn't high - gravity all over.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.68,0:13:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're in the sea, that's where all life starts, there's very nearly no gravity,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.66,0:13:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cause you're much the density as the stuff around you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.45,0:13:47.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's when the animals come out on land, that they feel the gravity.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.63,0:13:53.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,High G - forces [vaguely, gravitational forces] would necessitate
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.63,0:13:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,large bones and muscle mass in complex life on land.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.75,0:14:03.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They would also demand a more robust circulatory system.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.96,0:14:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And plant life could be stunted by the energy cost of carrying nutrients under stronger gravity.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.32,0:14:21.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Low - gravity planets would more easily lose their atmospheres to space;
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.84,0:14:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lack a magnetic field to protect from cosmic rays.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.82,0:14:39.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But smaller worlds could be home to secret oases;
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.25,0:14:49.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,huge cave systems that provide hide-outs for life.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.75,0:15:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With steadier temperatures and protection from cosmic rays, life could thrive underground on planets with deadly surfaces.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.73,0:15:33.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The smallest possible habitable planets are estimated at 2.5% Earth's mass.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.04,0:15:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If surface life does evolve on these worlds,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.82,0:15:40.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it could be a sight to behold.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.58,0:15:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plant life could grow to towering heights,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.48,0:15:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,able to carry nutrients higher, at lesser gravity.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.19,0:16:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And without the need for bulky skeletons and muscle mass,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.90,0:16:06.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,animals could have body types, that boggle the mud.