[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.00,0:00:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Downloaded From www.AllSubs.org
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.58,0:00:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(barking)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.60,0:00:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.10,0:00:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.10,0:00:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, no.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.10,0:00:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.10,0:00:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Venga.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.60,0:00:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,¿Quieren un poquito de agua?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.11,0:00:41.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Me...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.61,0:00:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Me llamo Charles Darwin
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.11,0:00:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,y él Captain FitzRoy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.61,0:00:50.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Me soy naturalista.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.62,0:00:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,¿Hay hueso?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.62,0:00:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,¿Hueso?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.12,0:00:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bones.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.12,0:00:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sí, hueso, hueso.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.62,0:00:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,¿Sí? ¿Hueso gigante?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.12,0:01:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,¿Aquí? Here?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.63,0:01:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aquí estan los huesos.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.13,0:01:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARWIN: FitzRoy!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.63,0:01:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FITZROY: A flood washed down part of a bank of earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.63,0:01:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mi hijo le pegó con una piedra
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.14,0:01:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,y le sacó los dientes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.64,0:01:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Por eso que se caí tan afuera.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.14,0:01:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was perfect, but the boys knocked out some of the teeth
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.14,0:01:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throwing stones at it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.64,0:01:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.64,0:01:20.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,¿Cuánto cuesta?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.15,0:01:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(conversation continues)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.65,0:01:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wonder why these creatures no longer exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.66,0:01:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps the ark was too small
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.16,0:01:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to allow them entry
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.16,0:01:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they perished in the flood.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.16,0:01:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughing)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.66,0:01:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is there to laugh at?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.16,0:01:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nothing, nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.67,0:01:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you mock me, or the Bible?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.17,0:01:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neither.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.17,0:01:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What sort of clergyman will you be, Mr. Darwin?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.18,0:01:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dreadful.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.18,0:01:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dreadful.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.18,0:02:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FITZROY: "And God said, 'Let the waters bring forth abundantly
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.69,0:02:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"'the moving creature that hath life
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.69,0:02:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"'and fowl that may fly above the earth
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.19,0:02:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"in the open firmament of heaven.'
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.20,0:02:14.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"And God created great whales
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.20,0:02:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every living creature that moveth..."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.20,0:02:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hello.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.70,0:02:19.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FITZROY: "...which the waters brought forth..."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.71,0:02:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are you doing here?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.71,0:02:24.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why such beauty where no one can see?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.71,0:02:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(FitzRoy continues scriptural reading)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.72,0:02:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't have been blown here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.72,0:02:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FITZROY: "And God saw that it was good."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.73,0:02:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MAN: If I were to give a prize
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.23,0:02:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the single best idea anybody ever had
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.74,0:02:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd give it to Darwin for the idea of natural selection...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.74,0:02:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ahead of Newton, ahead of Einstein
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.24,0:02:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because his idea unites
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.74,0:03:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the two most disparate features of our universe:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.75,0:03:05.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world of purposeless, meaningless matter and motion
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.75,0:03:07.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the one side
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.75,0:03:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the world of meaning and purpose and design on the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.26,0:03:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He understood that what he was proposing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.26,0:03:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a truly revolutionary idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.77,0:03:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MAN: The Darwinian revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.78,0:03:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is about who we are,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.78,0:03:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's what we're made of, it's what our life means
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.78,0:03:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,insofar as science can answer that question.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.78,0:03:43.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it, in many ways, was the singularly deepest
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.79,0:03:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most discombobulating of all discoveries
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.79,0:03:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that science has ever made.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.80,0:03:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MAN: In Darwin's day, the idea of evolution was regarded
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.30,0:03:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as highly unorthodox
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.30,0:03:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it went against all of natural history
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.81,0:04:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Great Britain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.31,0:04:03.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It jeopardized the standing of science;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.81,0:04:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it did jeopardize the standing of a stable society, the Bible
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.31,0:04:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the church as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.32,0:04:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin kept his thoughts to himself for many years
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.32,0:04:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and agonized over the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.82,0:04:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it ever got out that he was doing something
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.83,0:04:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that ran slap counter to established science
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.33,0:04:28.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would ruin his career, ruin his reputation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.33,0:05:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a respectable man with a dangerous theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.39,0:05:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MAN: Did you never get your sea legs?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.89,0:05:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not once in five years.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.39,0:05:26.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whenever the sea was up
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.89,0:05:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so was the contents of my stomach.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.90,0:05:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What a delightful thought.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.40,0:05:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should be able to squeeze 400 a year
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.40,0:05:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of the governor.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.40,0:05:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why? What has he said?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.90,0:05:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He hasn't said anything, but I've seen it
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.90,0:05:39.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in his eyes, the way he pored over your letters.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.91,0:05:41.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A very proud father.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.41,0:05:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I told him you were going to publish
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.41,0:05:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a journal of your travels.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.41,0:05:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a definite flicker of interest.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.41,0:05:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Publish?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.41,0:05:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.92,0:05:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No country parsonage for you, my boy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.42,0:05:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're under my wing now.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.92,0:05:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll take charge of your affairs;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.92,0:05:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,introduce you to all my clever, witty friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.92,0:05:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Trade on your... your celebrity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.92,0:05:59.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Celebrity?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.93,0:06:00.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Certainly!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.93,0:06:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone wants to meet you,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.93,0:06:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hear stories of naked Tahitian women
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.93,0:06:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and giant sloths or whatever.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.93,0:06:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(bird cawing)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.94,0:06:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARWIN: Captain FitzRoy!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.44,0:06:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is my brother, Erasmus.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.94,0:06:16.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr. Darwin.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.94,0:06:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Captain.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.44,0:06:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good God!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.45,0:06:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A man can collect a lot of rubbish in five years.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.95,0:06:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a wonder you didn't sink the ship, Charles.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.45,0:06:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Named, I take it, after your grandfather?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.96,0:06:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, and an uncle...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.46,0:06:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who drowned himself in the River Derwent.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.96,0:06:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And are you a free thinker like him?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.96,0:06:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm more of a free drinker, really.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.97,0:06:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how was the voyage for you, Captain?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.98,0:06:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not for me to say.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.98,0:06:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.98,0:06:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,40 views of the coast as seen from the sea
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.48,0:06:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,80 plans of harbors and 82 coastal maps,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.48,0:07:02.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all for the Hydrographic Department of the Admiralty.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.99,0:07:05.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bravo.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.49,0:07:07.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dinner at sea must have been a jolly affair.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.99,0:07:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here... from the Galapagos Islands.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.50,0:07:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARWIN: Puma roasted over an open fire...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.50,0:07:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather like veal.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.00,0:07:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughing)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.50,0:07:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Armadillo, roasted in its shell... a lot like duck.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.51,0:07:24.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tortoise, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.01,0:07:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(chuckling)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.01,0:07:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.51,0:07:29.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of them weigh as much as 500 pounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.02,0:07:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One I measured was 96 inches around the waist.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.52,0:07:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If one of them ever needs a suit of clothes
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.52,0:07:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we must send it to father's tailor.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.52,0:07:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(all laughing)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.52,0:07:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What else?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.02,0:07:41.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Llama, ostrich...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.03,0:07:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People wonder how it is
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.53,0:07:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some animals come to be extinct.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.53,0:07:48.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we have the answer: eaten by Charlie Darwin.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.03,0:07:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(all laughing)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.54,0:07:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ERASMUS: You look as though you're going to the scaffold!
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.54,0:07:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dignity!
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.04,0:07:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poise!
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.54,0:07:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Smile!
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.04,0:08:01.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, all eyes are on you.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.05,0:08:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The judging has begun.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.55,0:08:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr. President...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.05,0:08:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my lords, ladies and gentlemen...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.55,0:08:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, no, no!
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.55,0:08:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Start with a bang.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.06,0:08:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Men of Athens!
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.56,0:08:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.56,0:08:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Friends, Romans, countrymen!
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.06,0:08:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That sort of thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.56,0:08:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.57,0:08:22.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.07,0:08:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, you can.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.07,0:08:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You mustn't let the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.57,0:08:27.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that every leading geologist in the land will be there
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.07,0:08:28.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put you off.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.07,0:08:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, God!
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.08,0:08:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, let me hear an interesting bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.58,0:08:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There aren't any.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.08,0:08:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The earthquake.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.08,0:08:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, stand still.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.08,0:08:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And don't wave your arms around like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.58,0:08:42.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leave your tie alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.09,0:08:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't squint.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.59,0:08:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And speak up!
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.59,0:08:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The earthquake ran for 400 miles along the coast
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.10,0:08:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accompanied by the simultaneous eruption of a line of volcanoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.60,0:09:03.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found fresh mussel beds lying above high tide
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.11,0:09:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the shellfish all dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.11,0:09:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The land had risen eight feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.12,0:09:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mountains must be the product
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.62,0:09:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of thousands and thousands of such rises
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.12,0:09:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,occurring again and again throughout history.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.12,0:09:22.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even at the very crest of the Andes
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.100,0:09:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found marine remains...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.50,0:09:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fossilized shells of creatures
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.50,0:09:35.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that once crawled about at the bottom of the sea
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.01,0:09:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,elevated nearly 14,000 feet above its level.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.52,0:09:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Time...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.52,0:09:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unimaginable tracts of time...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.52,0:09:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the key.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.52,0:09:53.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Erasmus applauding)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.53,0:09:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(others join in enthusiastically)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.03,0:09:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MEN: Bravo! Bravo! Well done!
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.03,0:10:00.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr. Darwin, splendid.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.53,0:10:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you, thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.04,0:10:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Congratulations.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.54,0:10:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Interesting paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.54,0:10:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.04,0:10:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where have you placed your fossil specimens?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.04,0:10:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was thinking of the British Museum.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.54,0:10:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah... you're happy to have them languish
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.05,0:10:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some dusty Bloomsbury cellar?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.05,0:10:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, not at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.55,0:10:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'd better let me look over them for you then.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.55,0:10:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll let you know.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.56,0:10:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.56,0:10:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pompous oaf.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.56,0:10:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who does he think he is?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.06,0:10:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He thinks he's Richard Owen
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.06,0:10:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most brilliant anatomist in Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.06,0:10:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you're Erasmus Darwin's little brother.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.06,0:10:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin of the Beagle Darwin!
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.57,0:10:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lord it while you can.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.07,0:10:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't want to lord it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.07,0:10:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Liar.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.08,0:10:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What a brilliant red!
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.08,0:10:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brighter than the actual plumage.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.08,0:10:55.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I try to allow for the loss of color
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.09,0:10:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that comes with death.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.59,0:10:58.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you do this
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.09,0:10:59.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with my Galapagos birds?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.59,0:11:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I haven't finished identifying them yet, Mr. Darwin.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.10,0:11:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do know that your "wren" is a finch.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.60,0:11:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your "grosbeak" is a finch.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.60,0:11:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even your blackbird is a finch.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.60,0:11:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're unique, all new, never described before.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.61,0:11:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's even evidence that there are
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.61,0:11:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,separate species for each Galapagos island.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.61,0:11:19.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I didn't label mine by island.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.61,0:11:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You didn't label them by island?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.62,0:11:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FITZROY: Why do you want them?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.12,0:11:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARWIN: Why, I told you.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.12,0:11:35.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I failed to label mine by island.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.13,0:11:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, I mean, why are the birds I collected
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.63,0:11:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suddenly of such interest to you?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.63,0:11:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The vice governor of the Galapagos told me
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.13,0:11:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he could identify which island a tortoise came from
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.14,0:11:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by its markings.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.64,0:11:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, yes... small variations are possible
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.64,0:11:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from island to island.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.64,0:11:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adaptations to climates and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.14,0:11:54.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, but the islands all have the same climate.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.65,0:11:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My expert, John Gould, tells me he's found
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.15,0:11:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different species of finches.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.65,0:12:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if these finches were blown to the Galapagos
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.15,0:12:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from South America
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.66,0:12:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then began to change, adapt, if you will...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.16,0:12:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become more and more different from their ancestors
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.16,0:12:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,generation after generation?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.66,0:12:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First into varieties, then into new species
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.66,0:12:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each new species marooned on its own island.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.17,0:12:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are you talking about?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.67,0:12:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What if the finches were blown to the Galapagos"!
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.67,0:12:21.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,God put those creatures there.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.17,0:12:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That makes no sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.68,0:12:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why would God put different birds
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.18,0:12:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on almost identical islands?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.18,0:12:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have no idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.68,0:12:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not a question that requires an answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.18,0:12:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Species were commanded into existence by God.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.19,0:12:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are perfect forms
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.69,0:12:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they've been perfect since the day of Creation.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.69,0:12:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's divine law, God's will.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.20,0:12:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll see to it that your expert receives my birds.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.70,0:12:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.70,0:13:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's God you should give thanks to.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.22,0:13:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Come on!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.72,0:13:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tonight, and for one night only, ladies and gentlemen
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.72,0:13:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a guided tour of Charles Darwin's Boneyard.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.23,0:13:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shh!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.23,0:13:16.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for goodness' sake, hurry up!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.73,0:13:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.73,0:13:21.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OWEN: This is a large, extinct
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.73,0:13:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,llamalike creature...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.74,0:13:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(observers murmur)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.24,0:13:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is a giant ground sloth
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.24,0:13:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discovered by Mr. Darwin at Punta Alta.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.25,0:13:35.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lastly...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.75,0:13:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The remains of Mr. Darwin's breakfast.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.25,0:13:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This skull belongs to a huge rodent...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.26,0:13:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(observers exclaiming)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.26,0:13:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a relative of the South American capybara.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.76,0:13:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If that's the size of a rat
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.26,0:13:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagine how big the cats must have been.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.26,0:13:53.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughing)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.77,0:14:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have named it Toxodon.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.78,0:14:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you, thank you, Professor Owen
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.28,0:14:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for identifying and describing
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.28,0:14:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the extraordinary array of fossils discovered by Mr. Darwin
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.79,0:14:18.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on his voyage to South America.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.29,0:14:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We allow the planets and the Sun
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.29,0:14:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be governed by natural laws
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.29,0:14:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the smallest insect
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.80,0:14:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we wish to be created by a special act of God.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.80,0:14:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Surely the creation of life has to be explained
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.80,0:14:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same way as geology
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.80,0:14:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using natural, ordinary, everyday causes.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.31,0:14:35.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, in theory, yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.81,0:14:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in practice
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.81,0:14:37.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there can be no question
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.81,0:14:38.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the prime cause:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.81,0:14:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,divine will.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.81,0:14:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shouldn't men of science be free to investigate
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.82,0:14:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each and every means
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.82,0:14:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by which new species come into being?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.82,0:14:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If by that you mean wild accusations
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.32,0:14:49.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about man's ancestry
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.82,0:14:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the answer is no.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.82,0:14:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To destroy man's unique status
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.82,0:14:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to open the floodgates to anarchy.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.33,0:14:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might just as well
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.83,0:15:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throw muskets to the rabble.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.83,0:15:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ERASMUS: People like Owen think
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.84,0:15:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if there was no Church of England
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.84,0:15:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cucumbers wouldn't grow.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.84,0:15:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the globe has undergone
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.84,0:15:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such profound changes
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.84,0:15:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in its history, geologically
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.35,0:15:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then surely all living creatures
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.35,0:15:19.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,must have changed with it
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.85,0:15:22.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to adapt to their new conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.35,0:15:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otherwise they would have perished.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.36,0:15:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some did perish, it seems.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.36,0:15:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, but the continued existence of life on Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.36,0:15:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can only be explained by the assumption
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.87,0:15:38.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a creature like this was replaced
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.37,0:15:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the modern-day armadillo.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.38,0:15:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There must be a law
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.88,0:15:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which causes new species to appear
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.88,0:15:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in place of the extinct ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.38,0:15:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, that, my boy, is the mystery of mysteries.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.89,0:15:59.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The person who can solve that riddle
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.39,0:16:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will take all of the scientific prizes.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.40,0:16:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GOULD: It's the variety of their beaks that's so amazing.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.40,0:16:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They graduate perfectly in size.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.41,0:16:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From this large parrot-like beak similar to a hawfinch
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.91,0:16:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perfectly designed for cracking nuts
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.92,0:16:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to this tiny warbler finch
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.42,0:16:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fine as a chaffinch
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.42,0:16:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to feed on insects.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.92,0:16:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're all descended from this one:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.43,0:16:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the common ground finch.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.44,0:16:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've started to prepare some color plates.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.44,0:16:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They'll put my words to shame.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.44,0:16:50.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ras?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.44,0:16:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ras!
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.94,0:16:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.44,0:16:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ras.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.45,0:16:57.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wake up!
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.95,0:16:58.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What time is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.95,0:16:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lunch time.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.95,0:17:00.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(groans)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.95,0:17:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, then go away
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.95,0:17:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and come back at tea time.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.96,0:17:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Galapagos Islands are almost identical,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.96,0:17:07.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same geology, the same climate.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.96,0:17:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm glad to hear it.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.46,0:17:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now go away.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.46,0:17:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why should different finches
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.46,0:17:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inhabit identical islands?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.97,0:17:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ras?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.47,0:17:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(groans)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.47,0:17:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Small changes over ages and ages
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.47,0:17:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can throw up mountain ranges
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.98,0:17:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sink continents.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.48,0:17:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If mountains can move
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.48,0:17:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and rivers can move
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.98,0:17:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then why can't animals?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.48,0:17:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finches.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.98,0:17:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tortoises.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.99,0:17:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Iguanas.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.99,0:17:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you trace animals
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.99,0:17:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the surface of the earth
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.99,0:17:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or dig down and trace them back through time
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.49,0:17:42.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you come face to face
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.100,0:17:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the same truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.50,0:17:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.50,0:17:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New beings can appear on the earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.01,0:18:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps everything is part
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.51,0:18:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of one ancestral chain.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.95,0:18:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Man... mouse... armadillo.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.46,0:18:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:19.46,0:18:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's nonsense to think of animals or man
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.97,0:18:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as climbing some ladder...
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.47,0:18:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to talk of one animal
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.97,0:18:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being higher than another.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.48,0:18:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.48,0:18:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.98,0:18:42.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think... it's more like a tree.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.49,0:18:45.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A tree of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.49,0:18:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each new species
Dialogue: 0,0:18:48.49,0:18:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,springs from the parent tree like a shoot.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.50,0:18:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These shoots branch and divide in their turn
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.00,0:19:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so on and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.00,0:19:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some branches die out;
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.01,0:19:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,others keep developing.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.01,0:19:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The trunk, the ancient common ancestor.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.52,0:19:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The stock...
Dialogue: 0,0:19:12.02,0:19:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the stock from which all animals and plants sprang.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.52,0:19:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Nurs'd by warm sun-beams in primeval caves
Dialogue: 0,0:19:21.53,0:19:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Organic life began beneath the waves
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.53,0:19:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hence, without parent by spontaneous birth
Dialogue: 0,0:19:30.04,0:19:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rise the first steps of animated Earth."
Dialogue: 0,0:19:34.04,0:19:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Grandfather's Zoonomia.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.55,0:19:44.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Would it be too bold to imagine
Dialogue: 0,0:19:44.55,0:19:48.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"that all warm-blooded animals have arisen
Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.05,0:19:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one living filament?"
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.56,0:19:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's in our blood, Charles.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:53.06,0:19:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And grandfather was vilified for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:55.06,0:20:08.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's in our blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:08.57,0:20:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: What Charles Darwin glimpsed over 150 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.58,0:20:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is now the bedrock of biology:
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.58,0:20:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All forms of life on Earth have evolved
Dialogue: 0,0:20:20.08,0:20:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a single, branching tree of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:39.60,0:20:42.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MAN: One of the most important ideas that Darwin had was
Dialogue: 0,0:20:42.11,0:20:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all living things on Earth were related.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.11,0:20:48.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can you realize
Dialogue: 0,0:20:48.61,0:20:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you are part of this single tree of life
Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.12,0:20:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not be fundamentally moved by that?
Dialogue: 0,0:20:55.62,0:21:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's... it's something that stirs the soul.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:01.13,0:21:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Following in Darwin's path
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.13,0:21:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,biologist Chris Schneider and his colleagues
Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.13,0:21:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have come to South America to a remote region of Ecuador
Dialogue: 0,0:21:10.14,0:21:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,near the base of the Andes Mountains.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:13.64,0:21:17.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rain forest may be home to more species of animals
Dialogue: 0,0:21:17.14,0:21:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than anywhere else on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:21.15,0:21:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin had been awestruck by its endless variety of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.65,0:21:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wrote that he felt like a blind man being given sight
Dialogue: 0,0:21:31.66,0:21:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that the sounds of the rain forest were
Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.66,0:21:46.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a great cathedral at Evensong.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.67,0:21:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For biologists today
Dialogue: 0,0:21:48.17,0:21:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lowland rain forest and the nearby Andes Mountains
Dialogue: 0,0:21:52.68,0:21:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are laboratories for exploring Darwin's ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:56.18,0:22:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(chirps)
Dialogue: 0,0:22:05.19,0:22:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did he bite you?
Dialogue: 0,0:22:06.19,0:22:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Over the next several days
Dialogue: 0,0:22:08.19,0:22:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Schneider's team will track down rats and frogs
Dialogue: 0,0:22:10.70,0:22:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bats, birds and lizards through day and night
Dialogue: 0,0:22:17.70,0:22:22.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both here in the rain forest and high up in the mountains.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:22.21,0:22:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By comparing the two groups of animals
Dialogue: 0,0:22:25.21,0:22:27.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they hope to better understand
Dialogue: 0,0:22:27.21,0:22:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how changing environments might trigger
Dialogue: 0,0:22:30.22,0:22:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the evolution of new species.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:31.72,0:22:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SCHNEIDER: You just can't help but be awestruck by the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.72,0:22:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there are so many different kinds of things here.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:38.22,0:22:40.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are 12 species of primates.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:40.73,0:22:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are 550 species of birds that have been identified here.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:44.73,0:22:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are 100 species of frogs right here in this little area.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:50.24,0:22:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(low conversation)
Dialogue: 0,0:22:54.74,0:23:05.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SCHNEIDER: Why is there such diversity here?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:05.75,0:23:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We got some good stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:07.25,0:23:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughs)
Dialogue: 0,0:23:08.75,0:23:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We got a mindblower or two.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:10.76,0:23:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MAN: Did you?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:11.76,0:23:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MAN 2: I'll show you this one.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:15.26,0:23:18.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Ornithologist Tom Smith wants to compare the size of birds' beaks
Dialogue: 0,0:23:18.76,0:23:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the rain forest
Dialogue: 0,0:23:20.26,0:23:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with those he hopes to find in the mountains.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:24.27,0:23:25.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(bird squeaking)
Dialogue: 0,0:23:25.27,0:23:28.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even subtle differences may offer clues
Dialogue: 0,0:23:28.27,0:23:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how and why new species arise
Dialogue: 0,0:23:31.28,0:23:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just as it was the beaks of finches
Dialogue: 0,0:23:34.28,0:23:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the nearby Galapagos Islands
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.78,0:23:43.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that spurred Darwin's thinking in the 1830s.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:43.29,0:23:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin saw that the finches he brought back
Dialogue: 0,0:23:47.79,0:23:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had uniquely shaped beaks
Dialogue: 0,0:23:50.30,0:23:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adapted to the different foods on the islands.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:54.80,0:23:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He envisioned that these different species of finch
Dialogue: 0,0:23:58.30,0:24:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had all descended (with modifications)
Dialogue: 0,0:24:00.81,0:24:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a common ancestral population
Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.31,0:24:09.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had flown over from the mainland.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:09.31,0:24:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin's bold insight was to apply this vision
Dialogue: 0,0:24:12.82,0:24:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to all of life
Dialogue: 0,0:24:14.32,0:24:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see that the great variety of life on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:17.82,0:24:23.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leopards and lichens, minnows and whales
Dialogue: 0,0:24:23.83,0:24:30.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flowering plants and flatworms, apes and human beings,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:30.34,0:24:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all descended from one root, one common ancestor.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:35.84,0:24:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MAN: It was indeed another one of his radical proposals
Dialogue: 0,0:24:39.84,0:24:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only to say that evolution happened
Dialogue: 0,0:24:42.85,0:24:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that there was a root of common ancestry
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.35,0:24:48.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to everything that lived on this planet, including us.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:48.35,0:24:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could construe it in other ways
Dialogue: 0,0:24:49.86,0:24:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, as I like to say, are more user-friendly.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:52.86,0:24:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could have thought
Dialogue: 0,0:24:53.86,0:24:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, God had several independent lineages
Dialogue: 0,0:24:56.36,0:24:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were all moving in certain preordained directions
Dialogue: 0,0:24:59.86,0:25:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which pleased His sense of how a uniform and harmonious world
Dialogue: 0,0:25:03.37,0:25:04.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ought to be put together.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:04.87,0:25:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Darwin says, "No, it's just history all coming
Dialogue: 0,0:25:08.37,0:25:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with descent, with modification, from a single common ancestry."
Dialogue: 0,0:25:12.38,0:25:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The key to Darwin's thought in every realm is
Dialogue: 0,0:25:15.88,0:25:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that given enough time and innumerable small events
Dialogue: 0,0:25:20.38,0:25:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anything can take place by the laws of nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:25.89,0:25:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So whether it's the raising of mountains
Dialogue: 0,0:25:28.89,0:25:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the evolution of new species
Dialogue: 0,0:25:31.90,0:25:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of these things happen through time and change.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:40.40,0:25:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: The rain forest holds striking examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:46.41,0:25:49.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SCHNEIDER: Take a look at this mantis here.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.41,0:25:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This thing is almost perfectly disguised as a leaf
Dialogue: 0,0:25:52.92,0:25:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you can see, if you look at the underside
Dialogue: 0,0:25:55.42,0:25:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's a praying mantis
Dialogue: 0,0:25:56.92,0:25:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like you'd find in a garden in North America.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:59.92,0:26:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this one is highly modified.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:01.93,0:26:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its thorax is flattened out to look like a leaf
Dialogue: 0,0:26:04.93,0:26:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its wings are modified to look like leaves.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:07.93,0:26:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can even see the veins.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.94,0:26:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you imagined a population of mantises
Dialogue: 0,0:26:11.94,0:26:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some looked more like leaves than others
Dialogue: 0,0:26:14.44,0:26:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those ones that look like leaves may tend to survive
Dialogue: 0,0:26:17.44,0:26:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reproduce more than others.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:18.94,0:26:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so a series of modifications could build up over time
Dialogue: 0,0:26:22.45,0:26:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to result in an almost perfectly leaflike mantis.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:28.45,0:26:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you put it on a background
Dialogue: 0,0:26:29.96,0:26:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on which it doesn't belong
Dialogue: 0,0:26:31.46,0:26:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, it just sticks out like a sore thumb.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.46,0:26:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would almost certainly... hey, where you going there, pal?
Dialogue: 0,0:26:36.96,0:26:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would almost certainly get eaten by something.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.97,0:26:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Before heading into the mountains
Dialogue: 0,0:26:44.97,0:26:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Smith collects more birds
Dialogue: 0,0:26:46.97,0:26:49.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to add to what he's learned in the rain forest.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:49.47,0:26:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bill length...
Dialogue: 0,0:26:51.48,0:26:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: How different will the highland birds prove to be?
Dialogue: 0,0:26:53.98,0:26:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...is 9.2.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:55.48,0:26:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Common is 10.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.98,0:27:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Different enough to be considered new species
Dialogue: 0,0:27:01.49,0:27:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,branching off in a new direction on the tree of life?
Dialogue: 0,0:27:22.97,0:27:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SCHNEIDER: When the Andes were uplifted
Dialogue: 0,0:27:25.48,0:27:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it created a whole variety of new habitats.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:28.48,0:27:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The animals that were in the lowland rain forest
Dialogue: 0,0:27:30.98,0:27:34.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had an enormous opportunity to colonize these new habitats
Dialogue: 0,0:27:34.49,0:27:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they did so.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:39.49,0:27:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The real question is
Dialogue: 0,0:27:40.99,0:27:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether adaptation to these new environments
Dialogue: 0,0:27:44.50,0:27:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can lead to the formation of new species.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:48.50,0:27:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Flying less than one hour
Dialogue: 0,0:27:51.00,0:27:55.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Schneider and Smith move from the steamy lowlands
Dialogue: 0,0:27:55.01,0:27:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the windswept Andean peaks.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:57.51,0:28:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Animal populations made the same journey
Dialogue: 0,0:28:01.01,0:28:04.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but gradually, over many generations.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:04.52,0:28:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as the environment changed
Dialogue: 0,0:28:07.02,0:28:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from rain forest to the high, cool grasslands
Dialogue: 0,0:28:11.02,0:28:15.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,animal populations were forced to adapt.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:15.53,0:28:20.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These grasslands lie nearly two miles above sea level.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:20.03,0:28:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seasons never change here, so close to the equator
Dialogue: 0,0:28:24.54,0:28:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it is said that winter visits every night.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:28.54,0:28:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Temperatures often drop below freezing.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:32.04,0:28:40.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Animals not well adapted will not survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:40.55,0:28:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SMITH: Hummingbirds are amazing.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:43.05,0:28:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out
Dialogue: 0,0:28:44.56,0:28:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they can drop their body temperature 50 degrees
Dialogue: 0,0:28:47.56,0:28:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and go into a state of hibernation
Dialogue: 0,0:28:49.56,0:28:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to withstand the frigid nights here.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:54.57,0:28:56.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can imagine
Dialogue: 0,0:28:56.07,0:28:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a small-billed hummingbird living in cloud forest
Dialogue: 0,0:28:59.57,0:29:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some thousand meters down slope from us.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:02.07,0:29:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if those individuals were to expand their range
Dialogue: 0,0:29:05.58,0:29:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up into this habitat where perhaps flowers are much longer
Dialogue: 0,0:29:09.58,0:29:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could expect
Dialogue: 0,0:29:11.08,0:29:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that individuals with slightly longer bills
Dialogue: 0,0:29:14.59,0:29:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might survive better.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:16.59,0:29:18.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, there are many examples in hummingbirds
Dialogue: 0,0:29:18.59,0:29:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we know that small changes in bill length
Dialogue: 0,0:29:21.59,0:29:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can make important differences in how that bird extracts nectar
Dialogue: 0,0:29:26.10,0:29:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how well it survives.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:28.10,0:29:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're seeing that changes in the environment
Dialogue: 0,0:29:31.60,0:29:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be very important
Dialogue: 0,0:29:33.10,0:29:36.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in changing the characteristics of those animals
Dialogue: 0,0:29:36.61,0:29:39.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they move between environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:39.11,0:29:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we believe very strongly that, in many cases, anyway
Dialogue: 0,0:29:43.62,0:29:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this can be very important
Dialogue: 0,0:29:45.62,0:29:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the progression to new species.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:47.62,0:29:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: From one species of bird, the common ancestor
Dialogue: 0,0:29:52.62,0:29:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hummingbirds with beaks of different lengths evolve
Dialogue: 0,0:29:57.63,0:29:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over many generations.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:59.63,0:30:02.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if these populations change so much
Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.63,0:30:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they can no longer reproduce with one another
Dialogue: 0,0:30:06.14,0:30:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are considered separate species on the tree of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:14.14,0:30:16.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Smith and Schneider want to see
Dialogue: 0,0:30:16.15,0:30:19.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how closely related the highland birds are
Dialogue: 0,0:30:19.15,0:30:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the birds they examined in the lowland rain forest.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:22.65,0:30:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They compare color, beak length, wingspan...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:28.66,0:30:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just as Darwin would have done.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:31.16,0:30:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they have another tool that Darwin never even dreamed of...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:37.17,0:30:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:42.67,0:30:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin was convinced that traits were passed on
Dialogue: 0,0:30:46.18,0:30:54.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from generation to generation, but he didn't understand how.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:54.69,0:30:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now know
Dialogue: 0,0:30:56.19,0:30:59.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the sequence of the four chemical building blocks of DNA
Dialogue: 0,0:30:59.69,0:31:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,determines the traits of all living things.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:02.69,0:31:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each generation passes on this text of As, Ts, Cs and Gs
Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.70,0:31:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to its offspring.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:10.20,0:31:15.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But occasional mistakes in copying (mutations)
Dialogue: 0,0:31:15.21,0:31:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can result in new traits.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:17.71,0:31:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SCHNEIDER: By comparing DNA
Dialogue: 0,0:31:19.21,0:31:22.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can determine who is most closely related to whom
Dialogue: 0,0:31:22.21,0:31:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can determine when they had a common ancestor
Dialogue: 0,0:31:24.22,0:31:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when they diverged from that common ancestor.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:27.72,0:31:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Laboratory analysis reveals
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.72,0:31:33.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that DNA from the rain forest hummingbirds
Dialogue: 0,0:31:33.72,0:31:35.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,differs only very slightly
Dialogue: 0,0:31:35.73,0:31:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from that of the highland hummingbirds.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:39.23,0:31:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They must have diverged from a common ancestor
Dialogue: 0,0:31:42.23,0:31:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relatively recently in the history of life on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:45.74,0:31:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about three million years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:51.24,0:31:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SCHNEIDER: We're examining the genetic material
Dialogue: 0,0:31:53.24,0:31:54.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that makes organisms what they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:54.75,0:32:03.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And written in that DNA is the history of their evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:03.25,0:32:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: The fact that the blueprints for all living things
Dialogue: 0,0:32:06.76,0:32:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are in the same language, the genetic code of DNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:11.26,0:32:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is powerful evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:32:12.76,0:32:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they all evolved on a single tree of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:18.27,0:32:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SCHNEIDER: How is it that organisms that are so different can be related?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:23.27,0:32:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That we are related to a flatworm or a bacteria?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:28.28,0:32:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin emphasized
Dialogue: 0,0:32:29.78,0:32:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that small changes would accrue every generation
Dialogue: 0,0:32:33.78,0:32:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these changes could build up to amount to enormous changes.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:40.29,0:32:42.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not really hard to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:32:42.79,0:32:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how major transitions could come about
Dialogue: 0,0:32:45.30,0:32:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,given that life has been around for 3½ billion years.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:50.80,0:32:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin really had it right.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:57.81,0:33:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(man chuckling and applauding)
Dialogue: 0,0:33:02.81,0:33:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,WOMAN: Come here, Squib.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:04.82,0:33:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:06.32,0:33:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:08.32,0:33:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, Emma, you're a remarkably good shot!
Dialogue: 0,0:33:11.32,0:33:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(both chuckle)
Dialogue: 0,0:33:12.32,0:33:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hello, Parker.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:13.82,0:33:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Miss Wedgwood.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:14.83,0:33:17.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've met my cousin, Mr. Darwin, before?
Dialogue: 0,0:33:17.33,0:33:18.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sir.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:18.33,0:33:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's fast, eh?
Dialogue: 0,0:33:19.33,0:33:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fastest in the county.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:21.83,0:33:22.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did you breed him yourself?
Dialogue: 0,0:33:22.83,0:33:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mated him
Dialogue: 0,0:33:23.84,0:33:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a bitch who was pretty swift.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:25.34,0:33:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how would you breed a fellow like Squib here?
Dialogue: 0,0:33:27.84,0:33:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the runts, I suppose.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:29.34,0:33:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(men laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:33:31.34,0:33:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How dare you!
Dialogue: 0,0:33:32.84,0:33:35.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Squib is quite as nice as any of your rotten dogs.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:35.85,0:33:36.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's true.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:36.85,0:33:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's from the runts and monsters
Dialogue: 0,0:33:38.85,0:33:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that breeders can produce tailless cats
Dialogue: 0,0:33:40.85,0:33:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or pygmies like Squib.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:42.85,0:33:44.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not listening to any more of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:44.86,0:33:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take me back to the house at once
Dialogue: 0,0:33:46.86,0:33:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stop saying horrid things.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:48.86,0:33:50.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From wolves to greyhounds
Dialogue: 0,0:33:50.86,0:33:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from bulldogs to fellows like Squib
Dialogue: 0,0:33:53.86,0:33:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in what, a matter of a few hundred years.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:59.87,0:34:01.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I take it you don't find
Dialogue: 0,0:34:01.87,0:34:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talk of dogs all that interesting?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:05.38,0:34:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can think of more interesting topics of conversation.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:08.38,0:34:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such as?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:09.88,0:34:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The novels of Miss Austen.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:11.88,0:34:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what does she have to say about selective breeding?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:14.38,0:34:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nothing, as I recall.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:16.39,0:34:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that's a great pity.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:20.89,0:34:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why shouldn't nature produce such differences
Dialogue: 0,0:34:23.90,0:34:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these different breeds of dog?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:26.40,0:34:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why should it?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:27.40,0:34:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What would be the point?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:29.40,0:34:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:30.90,0:34:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In nature, a little poppet like Squib
Dialogue: 0,0:34:33.90,0:34:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was the smallest in her litter, would die.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:36.91,0:34:39.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You nearly did die, didn't you?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:39.41,0:34:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, that's true.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:40.41,0:34:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what about the one with a little more vigor
Dialogue: 0,0:34:43.92,0:34:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a head start
Dialogue: 0,0:34:44.92,0:34:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of some peculiarity?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:46.92,0:34:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such as?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:48.92,0:34:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A puppy born with an extra-thick coat in a hot climate
Dialogue: 0,0:34:52.92,0:34:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be a monstrosity
Dialogue: 0,0:34:54.42,0:34:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in a cold climate that would be a good adaptation.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:58.93,0:35:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That puppy would have an advantage.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:01.43,0:35:02.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Got you.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:02.43,0:35:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:03.94,0:35:04.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Emma.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:04.94,0:35:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me go.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:06.44,0:35:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not until you've paid the toll.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:08.44,0:35:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is?
Dialogue: 0,0:35:09.44,0:35:14.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A kiss, for me rather than the dog.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:14.95,0:35:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can make a big dog or a small dog
Dialogue: 0,0:35:17.95,0:35:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you can't produce feathers on a dog
Dialogue: 0,0:35:19.45,0:35:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nor can you create organs as miraculous
Dialogue: 0,0:35:22.45,0:35:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the heart and the eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:25.46,0:35:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That can only be the work of God.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:35.97,0:35:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hurry up.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:37.47,0:35:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's these blasted ties!
Dialogue: 0,0:35:45.48,0:35:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Marry. Not marry.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:47.98,0:35:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Marry. Children, if it please God..."
Dialogue: 0,0:35:50.48,0:35:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Give me that!
Dialogue: 0,0:35:51.48,0:35:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's private.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:52.98,0:35:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm your brother; you've no secrets from me.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:54.48,0:35:56.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, I do; I have secrets from everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:56.49,0:35:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Give it to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:57.49,0:36:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ERASMUS: Thank you, Garmon.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:03.86,0:36:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Constant companion and friend in old age."
Dialogue: 0,0:36:07.86,0:36:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ras!
Dialogue: 0,0:36:08.87,0:36:10.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(sighs)
Dialogue: 0,0:36:10.87,0:36:13.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Object to be loved and played with
Dialogue: 0,0:36:13.37,0:36:14.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better than a dog anyhow."
Dialogue: 0,0:36:14.87,0:36:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughing)
Dialogue: 0,0:36:17.38,0:36:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You old romantic!
Dialogue: 0,0:36:18.38,0:36:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it's intolerable to think of oneself
Dialogue: 0,0:36:21.88,0:36:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spending one's life like a neuter bee
Dialogue: 0,0:36:24.88,0:36:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working, working, working.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:26.38,0:36:28.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all this is a response
Dialogue: 0,0:36:28.39,0:36:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to your trip to Cousin Emma's?
Dialogue: 0,0:36:30.39,0:36:32.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not necessarily.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:32.39,0:36:35.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't know anyone else.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:35.39,0:36:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(both chuckle)
Dialogue: 0,0:36:37.90,0:36:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, it's true,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:39.40,0:36:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your collection won't be complete
Dialogue: 0,0:36:40.90,0:36:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without that most interesting specimen
Dialogue: 0,0:36:42.40,0:36:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the whole series of vertebrate mammals.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:44.40,0:36:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And why haven't you married
Dialogue: 0,0:36:46.40,0:36:48.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it's such an enviable state?
Dialogue: 0,0:36:48.41,0:36:51.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, I'm too lazy to take on anything requiring
Dialogue: 0,0:36:51.11,0:36:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as much effort as a wife and family.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:53.61,0:37:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you're the marrying kind.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:04.92,0:37:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(glass breaks)
Dialogue: 0,0:37:05.92,0:37:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good Lord, what was that?
Dialogue: 0,0:37:09.93,0:37:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're being mobbed!
Dialogue: 0,0:37:11.43,0:37:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(yelling)
Dialogue: 0,0:37:14.93,0:37:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They probably think we're Poor Law Commissioners.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:16.93,0:37:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(people shouting)
Dialogue: 0,0:37:22.44,0:37:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why would they think that?
Dialogue: 0,0:37:23.94,0:37:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's enough that we're top- hatted toffs in a smart carriage
Dialogue: 0,0:37:26.94,0:37:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're scavenging on rubbish heaps, starving to death.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:29.95,0:37:32.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ERASMUS: Too many people, not enough food!
Dialogue: 0,0:37:32.95,0:37:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank God we'll always have food on our plates!
Dialogue: 0,0:37:35.95,0:37:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Speaking of which, I think I'll have
Dialogue: 0,0:37:37.96,0:37:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the turbot in the white sauce.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:41.46,0:37:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cabbage, sprout, cauliflower,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:45.46,0:37:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all bred from the same ancestor.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:47.96,0:37:51.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cabbage, the leaves; sprouts, the side buds;
Dialogue: 0,0:37:51.47,0:37:53.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cauliflower, the flower head.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:53.47,0:37:55.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All monstrously enlarged.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:55.47,0:37:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sitting opposite me is that strange creature, Homo thesis:
Dialogue: 0,0:37:59.48,0:38:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,half man, half theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:01.98,0:38:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A word of advice.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:02.98,0:38:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my entire life
Dialogue: 0,0:38:04.48,0:38:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have known only three women who were skeptics
Dialogue: 0,0:38:06.98,0:38:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and two of them were not permitted in polite society.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:09.99,0:38:13.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Keep your theory from Emma.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:13.99,0:38:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's too late.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:15.49,0:38:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I told her... sort of... not a theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:20.50,0:38:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't have a theory, just thoughts.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:23.00,0:38:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did she take it?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:24.50,0:38:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She asked me to read
Dialogue: 0,0:38:25.50,0:38:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her favorite part of the New Testament...
Dialogue: 0,0:38:27.50,0:38:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughs)
Dialogue: 0,0:38:28.51,0:38:31.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our Savior's farewell to his disciples.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:31.01,0:38:32.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see what I mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:32.51,0:38:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I am the vine, and ye are the branches.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:36.51,0:38:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If man abide not in me..."
Dialogue: 0,0:38:41.02,0:38:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ERASMUS: Wilberforce's ears have pricked up!
Dialogue: 0,0:38:43.02,0:38:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(softly): "If man abide not in me, he is cast forth as a branch
Dialogue: 0,0:38:47.52,0:38:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and is withered; and men shall gather them
Dialogue: 0,0:38:51.53,0:38:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they shall be cast into the fire, and they are burned."
Dialogue: 0,0:38:56.53,0:38:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how is your sole?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:58.04,0:38:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:59.04,0:39:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your fish?
Dialogue: 0,0:39:00.54,0:39:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh... delicious.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:07.04,0:39:09.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I understand your carriage was stoned tonight.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:09.05,0:39:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well...
Dialogue: 0,0:39:10.05,0:39:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're meeting the threat on the streets head-on.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:12.05,0:39:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're drilling with the Honorable Artillery Company.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:14.55,0:39:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gentleman volunteers.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:15.05,0:39:16.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the event of riots
Dialogue: 0,0:39:16.05,0:39:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will back the police.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:17.56,0:39:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every man, as long as he obeys
Dialogue: 0,0:39:18.56,0:39:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the law of the land
Dialogue: 0,0:39:19.56,0:39:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should be free to pursue
Dialogue: 0,0:39:21.06,0:39:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his own interest in his own way.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:22.56,0:39:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:23.56,0:39:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charge what he likes for bread
Dialogue: 0,0:39:25.06,0:39:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or anything else for that matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:27.06,0:39:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Laissez-faire.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:28.57,0:39:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let individuals compete and struggle
Dialogue: 0,0:39:31.07,0:39:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for their advantages.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:32.57,0:39:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good night.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:33.57,0:39:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good night.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:34.57,0:39:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good night.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:36.07,0:39:51.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(snores)
Dialogue: 0,0:39:51.09,0:39:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(snoring lightly)
Dialogue: 0,0:39:55.59,0:39:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whenever I can't sleep
Dialogue: 0,0:39:57.09,0:39:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I reach for Malthus.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:58.60,0:40:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, as I prefer to think of him
Dialogue: 0,0:40:01.10,0:40:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Reverend T.R. Morpheus.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:05.10,0:40:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still warm.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:07.10,0:40:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two brandies, hmm?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:08.61,0:40:09.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, sir.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:09.61,0:40:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The natural tendency of mankind is to reproduce.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:15.61,0:40:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Humans can double their numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:40:17.62,0:40:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every 25 years."
Dialogue: 0,0:40:20.12,0:40:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:21.12,0:40:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A struggle for resources slows growth
Dialogue: 0,0:40:23.12,0:40:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and death and disease, war and famine check the population.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:26.62,0:40:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know the argument.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:28.63,0:40:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, but don't you see
Dialogue: 0,0:40:30.13,0:40:33.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exactly the same struggle takes place throughout nature?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:33.13,0:40:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know
Dialogue: 0,0:40:34.13,0:40:36.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why I didn't make the connection before.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:36.13,0:40:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why are we not overrun with insects and frogs
Dialogue: 0,0:40:38.64,0:40:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,given the rate at which they reproduce,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:40.64,0:40:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the number of eggs produced by each and every female?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:43.64,0:40:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nature's broom sweeps away the ugly ducklings, the runts.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:47.14,0:40:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, but it's not that simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:48.14,0:40:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(clears throat)
Dialogue: 0,0:40:49.65,0:40:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(quietly): It's not that simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:52.65,0:40:54.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes it's the ugly ducklings
Dialogue: 0,0:40:54.65,0:40:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are better adapted to the situations of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:58.16,0:41:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have longer legs and can run faster.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:00.66,0:41:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have bigger beaks
Dialogue: 0,0:41:02.16,0:41:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can crack harder nuts and seeds in harsh winters.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:06.16,0:41:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They survive, have more offspring.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:10.17,0:41:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nature selects them to pass on their traits
Dialogue: 0,0:41:14.17,0:41:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to future generations.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:15.17,0:41:16.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And where do we fit in?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:16.67,0:41:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hmm...
Dialogue: 0,0:41:18.18,0:41:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the sun does not revolve around the earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:22.68,0:41:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nature does not revolve around man.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:26.18,0:41:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Man must fall into nature's cauldron.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:30.19,0:41:34.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's no deity, no exception.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:34.69,0:41:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once you accept that species can pass into one another
Dialogue: 0,0:41:39.70,0:41:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the whole fabric totters and falls.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:41.70,0:41:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They'll burn you at the stake for this.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:43.20,0:41:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:45.20,0:41:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now you have a theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:47.20,0:41:50.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I said, "Don't come down the ladder, Mother;
Dialogue: 0,0:41:50.71,0:41:53.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've taken it away."
Dialogue: 0,0:41:53.71,0:41:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good evening.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:55.71,0:42:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(pours brandy)
Dialogue: 0,0:42:01.72,0:42:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOORE: Darwin's work began with the observation
Dialogue: 0,0:42:04.72,0:42:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that individuals differ from each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:08.22,0:42:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these minute differences, Darwin believed
Dialogue: 0,0:42:11.23,0:42:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be advantageous.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:13.73,0:42:17.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It might give each individual an edge
Dialogue: 0,0:42:17.23,0:42:19.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it came to getting food
Dialogue: 0,0:42:19.24,0:42:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or finding a place to survive in nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:24.24,0:42:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Darwin realized that in nature
Dialogue: 0,0:42:26.74,0:42:31.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individual organisms compete for limited resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:31.25,0:42:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those with some kind of advantage
Dialogue: 0,0:42:34.25,0:42:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in coloration, for example...
Dialogue: 0,0:42:38.26,0:42:41.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in speed...
Dialogue: 0,0:42:41.26,0:42:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in vision...
Dialogue: 0,0:42:45.76,0:42:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are more likely to survive and reproduce
Dialogue: 0,0:42:49.27,0:42:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pass on these advantages to their offspring.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:53.27,0:42:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those who are less fit will not succeed.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:58.28,0:43:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin called it "natural selection"
Dialogue: 0,0:43:01.78,0:43:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the forces of nature
Dialogue: 0,0:43:04.78,0:43:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,select which organisms will survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:09.29,0:43:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,STEPHEN JAY GOULD: The survivors will be those
Dialogue: 0,0:43:11.79,0:43:15.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose variation fortuitously adapts them better
Dialogue: 0,0:43:15.79,0:43:17.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to changing local environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:17.29,0:43:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then because they pass on those traits to their offspring
Dialogue: 0,0:43:21.30,0:43:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the population changes.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:22.80,0:43:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's natural selection; that's all it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:25.30,0:43:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not a principle of progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:26.80,0:43:30.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just a principle of local adaptation.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:30.81,0:43:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't make better creatures in any cosmic sense;
Dialogue: 0,0:43:33.31,0:43:35.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you make creatures that are better suited
Dialogue: 0,0:43:35.31,0:43:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the changing climates of their local habitats.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:39.32,0:43:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's it.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:41.32,0:43:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Darwin couldn't actually see
Dialogue: 0,0:43:44.32,0:43:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,natural selection acting in real time
Dialogue: 0,0:43:46.82,0:43:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but today, scientists can,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:49.33,0:43:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by observing the evolution of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:58.84,0:44:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jeff Gustavson has been infected with HIV for over a decade.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:04.84,0:44:09.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He takes a host of medications, but to little avail:
Dialogue: 0,0:44:09.35,0:44:10.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the virus keeps adapting
Dialogue: 0,0:44:10.85,0:44:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evolving into new strains that evade the drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:15.35,0:44:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GUSTAVSON: There's a pervasive feeling
Dialogue: 0,0:44:17.35,0:44:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all you have to do is take your medicine
Dialogue: 0,0:44:19.36,0:44:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you'll be okay, and that really isn't the case, you know.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:21.86,0:44:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HIV has the capacity to evolve no matter what you give it.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:26.36,0:44:32.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MAN: There are 19 HIV drugs on the market today, and of those 19
Dialogue: 0,0:44:32.37,0:44:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've already been through 14 of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:35.87,0:44:39.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Clarence Johnson, too, is locked in a daily struggle
Dialogue: 0,0:44:39.88,0:44:42.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against the rapidly evolving virus.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:42.38,0:44:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,JOHNSON: Sometimes I feel like I'm fighting a losing battle.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:45.38,0:44:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I haven't given up yet but there have been times
Dialogue: 0,0:44:48.38,0:44:53.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I just want to lay down and give up, but, um...
Dialogue: 0,0:44:53.39,0:44:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't leave my family behind.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:57.90,0:45:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Clarence Johnson's doctor, Michael Saag
Dialogue: 0,0:45:01.90,0:45:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has seen HIV evolve into new varieties
Dialogue: 0,0:45:04.90,0:45:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the last dozen years.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:06.90,0:45:09.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The virus is constantly changing
Dialogue: 0,0:45:09.41,0:45:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subject to the forces of natural selection
Dialogue: 0,0:45:12.41,0:45:16.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the environment of a patient's body.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:16.71,0:45:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine we didn't have the concept of evolution
Dialogue: 0,0:45:19.05,0:45:21.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we started giving drugs to a patient
Dialogue: 0,0:45:21.05,0:45:22.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in the test tube looked great
Dialogue: 0,0:45:22.55,0:45:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of a sudden the virus starts coming back
Dialogue: 0,0:45:25.56,0:45:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's not susceptible to the drugs anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:28.06,0:45:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What a mystery!
Dialogue: 0,0:45:29.06,0:45:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How in the world did that happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:45:31.06,0:45:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's only one way that it happened: through evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:35.57,0:45:39.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Once inside a patient's white blood cells
Dialogue: 0,0:45:39.57,0:45:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HIV replicates at an alarming rate.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:42.07,0:45:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Billions of new viruses are spawned every day
Dialogue: 0,0:45:46.58,0:45:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and each time it reproduces
Dialogue: 0,0:45:48.58,0:45:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,random genetic copying mistakes
Dialogue: 0,0:45:51.08,0:45:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(mutations)
Dialogue: 0,0:45:52.58,0:45:56.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,result in slightly different varieties of the virus
Dialogue: 0,0:45:56.09,0:46:00.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bursting forth into the bloodstream.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:00.59,0:46:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of these new varieties, just by chance
Dialogue: 0,0:46:03.59,0:46:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will have traits that make them resistant to certain drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:08.60,0:46:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when drugs enter the bloodstream
Dialogue: 0,0:46:10.60,0:46:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,natural selection favors the drug-resistant forms:
Dialogue: 0,0:46:15.10,0:46:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they survive and reproduce.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:17.61,0:46:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before long, drug-resistant viruses dominate
Dialogue: 0,0:46:21.61,0:46:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the patient's body.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:23.61,0:46:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SAAG: Evolution seems pretty easy to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:46:26.62,0:46:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we look at big animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:28.12,0:46:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can kind of see it, in a sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:30.12,0:46:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's evolution that took centuries to develop.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:34.62,0:46:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you're talking about something like a virus
Dialogue: 0,0:46:36.63,0:46:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can't see in everyday life
Dialogue: 0,0:46:38.63,0:46:41.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its hard to image how it changes.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:41.13,0:46:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the case of HIV, we're talking about minutes to hours
Dialogue: 0,0:46:45.14,0:46:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to move from one species to another.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:48.14,0:46:49.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's mind-boggling
Dialogue: 0,0:46:49.64,0:46:54.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of the speed with which HIV can replicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:54.64,0:46:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clarence?
Dialogue: 0,0:46:58.65,0:47:00.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SAAG: How are you feeling overall?
Dialogue: 0,0:47:00.15,0:47:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm doing okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:01.15,0:47:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Great.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:02.15,0:47:04.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SAAG: Every time I see a patient
Dialogue: 0,0:47:04.15,0:47:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the back of my mind I'm thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:47:06.16,0:47:10.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What is the virus doing in the environment of that patient?"
Dialogue: 0,0:47:10.16,0:47:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The virus is producing itself
Dialogue: 0,0:47:12.16,0:47:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the order of billions of copies a day.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:15.16,0:47:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those few that happen to be able to work in the presence of drug
Dialogue: 0,0:47:20.67,0:47:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say, "Hey, this is my chance," and they emerge.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:23.17,0:47:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it creates the appearance
Dialogue: 0,0:47:24.68,0:47:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the virus has thought this through
Dialogue: 0,0:47:27.18,0:47:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in fact it's just a matter of chance.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:29.18,0:47:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a matter of a virus being there
Dialogue: 0,0:47:31.18,0:47:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's not susceptible to the drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:33.18,0:47:37.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It emerges, and the virus begins to win the war.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:37.69,0:47:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: That's just what happened to Jeff Gustavson.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:40.19,0:47:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each time he tried a new drug, the virus evolved to resist it.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:46.20,0:47:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even a cocktail of multiple drugs made little difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:49.70,0:47:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GUSTAVSON: Here's this puny little virus that doesn't have a brain
Dialogue: 0,0:47:54.70,0:47:58.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet it can outwit some of the top scientists in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:58.21,0:48:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the virus has going for it is
Dialogue: 0,0:48:00.71,0:48:02.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can't copy itself too well.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:02.71,0:48:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, that's pretty awe-inspiring and scary.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:08.72,0:48:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,STEPHEN JAY GOULD: All that happens in evolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:10.72,0:48:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least under Darwinian natural selection,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:12.72,0:48:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that organisms are struggling
Dialogue: 0,0:48:15.22,0:48:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some metaphorical and unconscious sense
Dialogue: 0,0:48:18.73,0:48:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for reproductive success, however it happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:22.23,0:48:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MAN: The process of natural selection feeds on randomness.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:25.74,0:48:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It feeds on accident and contingency
Dialogue: 0,0:48:28.74,0:48:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it gradually improves the fit
Dialogue: 0,0:48:30.74,0:48:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between whatever organisms there are
Dialogue: 0,0:48:32.74,0:48:36.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the environment in which they're being selected.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:36.25,0:48:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's no predictability about what particular accidents
Dialogue: 0,0:48:41.25,0:48:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are going to be exploited in this process.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:47.26,0:48:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: For millions of HIV patients, evolution is the enemy.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:52.26,0:48:56.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If only there were a way to take advantage of natural selection
Dialogue: 0,0:48:56.27,0:49:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make it work in a patient's favor.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:02.77,0:49:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1997, at Goethe University in Frankfurt, Germany
Dialogue: 0,0:49:07.28,0:49:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a researcher may have discovered such a way...
Dialogue: 0,0:49:10.78,0:49:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite accidentally.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:14.78,0:49:15.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,WOMAN: We had a patient
Dialogue: 0,0:49:15.79,0:49:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even though he was being treated with five drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:49:18.79,0:49:23.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his virus replication could not be controlled
Dialogue: 0,0:49:23.29,0:49:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, at the same time, he was suffering
Dialogue: 0,0:49:25.80,0:49:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a lot of side effects of the medications.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:27.80,0:49:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at that point he asked his physician
Dialogue: 0,0:49:30.30,0:49:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it wouldn't make sense
Dialogue: 0,0:49:32.30,0:49:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to just stop taking the drugs for a while
Dialogue: 0,0:49:34.80,0:49:37.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since he was really having nothing much from them
Dialogue: 0,0:49:37.81,0:49:42.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other than the toxicities he was experiencing.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:42.81,0:49:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: After three months off drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:49:45.82,0:49:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the patient's virus population was tested for drug resistance.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:50.32,0:49:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Miller could not believe the results.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:54.82,0:49:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At first I thought a mistake had happened
Dialogue: 0,0:49:57.83,0:50:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the lab that did the resistance test
Dialogue: 0,0:50:00.83,0:50:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was not able to detect any resistance whatsoever
Dialogue: 0,0:50:03.83,0:50:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this virus population.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:06.84,0:50:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We sent a second sample and this result was confirmed.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:11.34,0:50:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Within a matter of three months
Dialogue: 0,0:50:13.84,0:50:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his virus population had changed completely
Dialogue: 0,0:50:17.35,0:50:20.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from being resistant to every single drug
Dialogue: 0,0:50:20.85,0:50:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to appearing to be susceptible to every single drug
Dialogue: 0,0:50:24.35,0:50:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we currently have.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:25.86,0:50:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Here's what had happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:31.36,0:50:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With drugs present in the patient's bloodstream
Dialogue: 0,0:50:33.86,0:50:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only the drug-resistant strains of the virus could replicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:37.87,0:50:41.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some of the nonresistant virus (the "wild type")
Dialogue: 0,0:50:41.87,0:50:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still lingered in the white blood cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:45.88,0:50:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the patient stopped taking drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:50:48.88,0:50:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the environment changed, and the wild type came back.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:53.38,0:50:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It replicated extremely rapidly
Dialogue: 0,0:50:56.89,0:50:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and soon outnumbered the drug-resistant strains.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:59.89,0:51:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Darwinian terms
Dialogue: 0,0:51:01.89,0:51:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the wild type virus was more fit in this drug-free environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:09.40,0:51:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Dr. Miller's findings have led
Dialogue: 0,0:51:11.90,0:51:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a new experimental treatment strategy:
Dialogue: 0,0:51:14.90,0:51:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take a patient off drugs for a time
Dialogue: 0,0:51:19.28,0:51:23.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if the virus reverts to the nonresistant wild type
Dialogue: 0,0:51:23.28,0:51:29.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hit it hard with a combination of drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:29.29,0:51:30.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clarence!
Dialogue: 0,0:51:30.29,0:51:33.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How are you?
Dialogue: 0,0:51:33.79,0:51:37.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SAAG: The concept of a treatment interruption is a new strategy
Dialogue: 0,0:51:37.79,0:51:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we might be able to apply in Clarence's case
Dialogue: 0,0:51:40.80,0:51:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we've just got to make sure
Dialogue: 0,0:51:43.30,0:51:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we aren't putting him at too much risk
Dialogue: 0,0:51:45.80,0:51:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we choose that route.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:47.80,0:51:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SAAG: So one of the options
Dialogue: 0,0:51:48.80,0:51:50.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to take all the drugs away for a while
Dialogue: 0,0:51:50.81,0:51:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let the virus spring back into its natural state
Dialogue: 0,0:51:54.31,0:51:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of not having any mutations
Dialogue: 0,0:51:56.31,0:51:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then pounce on it again with the regimen,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:59.32,0:52:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it might even be the same regimen that we used before.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:04.82,0:52:07.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SAAG: On first blush, the evolution back to wild type
Dialogue: 0,0:52:07.82,0:52:09.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would seem to be a great thing:
Dialogue: 0,0:52:09.83,0:52:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the drugs all of a sudden can work again.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:12.33,0:52:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's a double-edged sword:
Dialogue: 0,0:52:14.33,0:52:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the virus goes back to wild type
Dialogue: 0,0:52:16.83,0:52:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it becomes more dangerous for the host,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:19.84,0:52:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a much more effective killer of cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:23.34,0:52:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we have to find a way to balance those two things out.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:28.34,0:52:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Jeff Gustavson is also beginning a treatment interruption,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:32.35,0:52:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite the risks.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:37.85,0:52:41.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GUSTAVSON: I feel like I've played all the cards that I have in my hand
Dialogue: 0,0:52:41.36,0:52:44.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the medicines that are available.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:44.86,0:52:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I feel like it's worth the risk to try and take another card
Dialogue: 0,0:52:48.86,0:52:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a different strategy and just stop taking medicine altogether
Dialogue: 0,0:52:53.37,0:52:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hope that the next time that I do go on medicine
Dialogue: 0,0:52:56.87,0:53:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it will actually work.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:00.88,0:53:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: After five weeks off drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:53:03.38,0:53:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clarence Johnson is enjoying being free,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:06.38,0:53:10.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least temporarily, from their debilitating effects.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:10.39,0:53:12.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the wild-type virus is staging a comeback
Dialogue: 0,0:53:12.89,0:53:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't yet appear to be affecting his immune system.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:19.90,0:53:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SAAG: We took a bit of a gamble.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:21.40,0:53:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think, so far, you know, it's paid off.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:26.40,0:53:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the virus has gone from being resistant to certain drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:53:29.41,0:53:31.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now that population has shifted
Dialogue: 0,0:53:31.91,0:53:33.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that now they're susceptible again.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:33.91,0:53:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SAAG: What I hope for Clarence is that we can find the right course...
Dialogue: 0,0:53:38.42,0:53:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find a way to stretch his survival out even further
Dialogue: 0,0:53:41.92,0:53:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that he's healthy and happy
Dialogue: 0,0:53:44.42,0:53:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the next new approach to treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:53:46.42,0:53:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is able to get him to a point where he can live to 80.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:53.43,0:53:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,JOHNSON: My greatest hope is that when I do go back on medications
Dialogue: 0,0:53:57.43,0:53:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those drugs will bring my viral load down
Dialogue: 0,0:53:59.44,0:54:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to an undetectable amount.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:00.94,0:54:04.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know what it feels like to be undetectable
Dialogue: 0,0:54:04.44,0:54:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that would be a great experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:09.95,0:54:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Six weeks into his treatment interruption
Dialogue: 0,0:54:12.45,0:54:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jeff Gustavson's virus also has changed
Dialogue: 0,0:54:16.45,0:54:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the drug-susceptible wild type.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:19.96,0:54:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's now on a new course of medication, and responding well.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:25.46,0:54:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SAAG: From day one of this epidemic
Dialogue: 0,0:54:27.46,0:54:30.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were put into a race with HIV.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:30.97,0:54:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the last decade or so we've been catching up;
Dialogue: 0,0:54:33.47,0:54:36.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've learned a lot about it; we've scouted out the enemy;
Dialogue: 0,0:54:36.47,0:54:37.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've learned how it replicates;
Dialogue: 0,0:54:37.97,0:54:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've learned how it tries to survive;
Dialogue: 0,0:54:39.98,0:54:42.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we learned how it evolves.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:42.48,0:54:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're now taking those principles that we've learned
Dialogue: 0,0:54:45.48,0:54:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and applying them
Dialogue: 0,0:54:46.98,0:54:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to putting the brakes on the virus in this race.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:59.50,0:55:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(birds chirping)
Dialogue: 0,0:55:06.00,0:55:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARWIN: Towards me... towards me...
Dialogue: 0,0:55:08.50,0:55:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There!
Dialogue: 0,0:55:10.51,0:55:14.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The angle needs to be more acute.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:14.01,0:55:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARWIN: More acute...
Dialogue: 0,0:55:15.01,0:55:17.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(knock at door)
Dialogue: 0,0:55:17.51,0:55:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's see if it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:19.02,0:55:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And... open!
Dialogue: 0,0:55:24.52,0:55:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good God!
Dialogue: 0,0:55:26.52,0:55:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ras!
Dialogue: 0,0:55:28.52,0:55:31.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What a horrible shock.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:31.53,0:55:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thought I'd surprise you.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:32.53,0:55:34.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Welcome to Down House.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:34.03,0:55:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When is the moat to be dug?
Dialogue: 0,0:55:36.03,0:55:37.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the drawbridge is in place.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:37.53,0:55:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who are you trying to keep out, Charlie?
Dialogue: 0,0:55:39.54,0:55:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone, especially you.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:40.54,0:55:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,EMMA: Ras...
Dialogue: 0,0:55:41.54,0:55:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What a wonderful surprise!
Dialogue: 0,0:55:43.04,0:55:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My dear, what a journey.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:45.54,0:55:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not far.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:46.54,0:55:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nature abhors a journey of 16 miles
Dialogue: 0,0:55:48.54,0:55:50.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost as much as a vacuum.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:50.05,0:55:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hello, Annie.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:52.05,0:55:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tea, the man needs tea.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:53.55,0:55:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughing)
Dialogue: 0,0:55:55.05,0:55:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ERASMUS: One, and a two, and a three
Dialogue: 0,0:55:58.56,0:56:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and off you go!
Dialogue: 0,0:56:00.06,0:56:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've thought of a new name for the village.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:02.06,0:56:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARWIN: Oh, yes?
Dialogue: 0,0:56:03.06,0:56:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Down-in-the-Mouth."
Dialogue: 0,0:56:04.06,0:56:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you speak
Dialogue: 0,0:56:05.06,0:56:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can find you really easily.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:07.56,0:56:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shh!
Dialogue: 0,0:56:09.06,0:56:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How's your work progressing?
Dialogue: 0,0:56:10.57,0:56:12.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've sent the manuscript off to be copied.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:12.57,0:56:15.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've no idea what I'm going to do with it when it comes back.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:15.07,0:56:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone be quiet!
Dialogue: 0,0:56:17.07,0:56:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aren't we glad we're not blind?
Dialogue: 0,0:56:18.58,0:56:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're blind you can't see the sky...
Dialogue: 0,0:56:21.58,0:56:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BOTH: ...or the flowers.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:23.08,0:56:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or anything else, for that matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:24.58,0:56:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can get any of you any time I want!
Dialogue: 0,0:56:27.58,0:56:29.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, go on, then!
Dialogue: 0,0:56:29.59,0:56:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We feel sorry for moles, don't we?
Dialogue: 0,0:56:31.59,0:56:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARWIN: Moles don't need to be able to see
Dialogue: 0,0:56:33.59,0:56:34.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they live underground.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:34.59,0:56:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why their eyes have got smaller and smaller
Dialogue: 0,0:56:39.10,0:56:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BOTH: ...and owls' have got bigger and bigger.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:42.10,0:56:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,WILLIAM: I can't play.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:43.60,0:56:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone's talking about eyes all the time!
Dialogue: 0,0:56:46.10,0:56:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh... you going to talk to William, hmm?
Dialogue: 0,0:56:49.10,0:56:50.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Go on, Brodie.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:50.11,0:56:51.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,William?
Dialogue: 0,0:56:51.11,0:56:53.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(chuckling)
Dialogue: 0,0:56:53.11,0:56:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,William, wait for us!
Dialogue: 0,0:56:54.11,0:56:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She'll soon talk him round.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:55.11,0:56:57.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She has the knack.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:57.61,0:56:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You look pale.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:59.62,0:57:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My stomach rejects food.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:02.12,0:57:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not strong anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:04.62,0:57:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll never achieve anything in science now.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:06.62,0:57:09.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What rot!
Dialogue: 0,0:57:09.63,0:57:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're coming back to London with me.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:11.63,0:57:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, I'm not.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:12.63,0:57:13.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, you are!
Dialogue: 0,0:57:13.63,0:57:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not letting you stagnate down here
Dialogue: 0,0:57:15.13,0:57:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while your rivals make all the progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:16.63,0:57:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You must visit your publisher.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:18.64,0:57:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't understand, Ras.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:20.64,0:57:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even when I talk about my theory with you
Dialogue: 0,0:57:22.14,0:57:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I feel like I'm confessing a murder.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:25.14,0:57:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, I can't publish.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:26.64,0:57:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, you're coming back to London with me, Charlie
Dialogue: 0,0:57:29.14,0:57:30.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether you like it or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:30.65,0:57:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If only to remind the opposition
Dialogue: 0,0:57:32.65,0:57:34.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're still alive and kicking!
Dialogue: 0,0:57:34.65,0:57:36.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,EMMA: Take care.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:36.15,0:57:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And make sure you get plenty of rest.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:37.65,0:57:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Erasmus, he's not to spend all night at the club with you.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:40.66,0:57:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, Mother...
Dialogue: 0,0:57:42.16,0:57:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean it, or he'll be utterly done for the next day.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:44.16,0:57:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, Mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:46.16,0:57:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't worry, it'll do him good.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:54.94,0:57:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Come on.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:56.44,0:58:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your sloth awaits you, sir.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:04.45,0:58:07.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(gasps and chuckles)
Dialogue: 0,0:58:07.45,0:58:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What a magnificent beast, eh, Ras?
Dialogue: 0,0:58:11.45,0:58:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My word.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:12.96,0:58:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Owen's done a remarkable job.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:14.46,0:58:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He really is a splendid specimen.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:18.46,0:58:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, I thought you'd be pleased.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:20.96,0:58:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Come through.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:21.96,0:58:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See what I've been working on.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:25.97,0:58:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The chimpanzee
Dialogue: 0,0:58:27.97,0:58:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being the highest organized four-handed ape
Dialogue: 0,0:58:31.47,0:58:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every difference between its anatomy and a human's
Dialogue: 0,0:58:33.98,0:58:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is instructive.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:36.48,0:58:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been studying...
Dialogue: 0,0:58:37.48,0:58:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example
Dialogue: 0,0:58:38.48,0:58:42.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the irrational ape has doglike canines
Dialogue: 0,0:58:42.48,0:58:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used as weapons of destruction
Dialogue: 0,0:58:43.99,0:58:45.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite unlike the masters of the animal kingdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:45.99,0:58:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARWIN: Yes, though...
Dialogue: 0,0:58:46.99,0:58:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OWEN: And the human foot
Dialogue: 0,0:58:48.49,0:58:49.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is of decisive taxonomic value.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:49.99,0:58:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our feet are made for walking upon, our hands for grasping.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:52.50,0:58:53.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This brute's hands and feet are made
Dialogue: 0,0:58:53.100,0:58:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for nearly the same purpose.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:55.50,0:58:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a striking similarity...
Dialogue: 0,0:58:57.00,0:58:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm writing a book on the subject.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:58.50,0:59:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ERASMUS: My brother is working on a new book, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:01.50,0:59:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Come here, let me show you what I mean.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:09.01,0:59:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the same pattern.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:10.51,0:59:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARWIN: The bone structure in the hands and feet
Dialogue: 0,0:59:12.52,0:59:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are all nearly identical.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:15.02,0:59:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The blueprint, if you will
Dialogue: 0,0:59:16.52,0:59:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that existed first in the Creator's mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:19.02,0:59:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of that there can be no doubt.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:22.02,0:59:23.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Utter tosh!
Dialogue: 0,0:59:23.53,0:59:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The similarity of structure indicates one thing
Dialogue: 0,0:59:25.53,0:59:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one thing only:
Dialogue: 0,0:59:27.03,0:59:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an ancient common ancestor.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:29.03,0:59:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Real, flesh-and-blood parents.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:31.03,0:59:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why didn't you say so, then?
Dialogue: 0,0:59:33.04,0:59:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hmm?
Dialogue: 0,0:59:34.54,0:59:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You must publish your ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:36.54,0:59:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If only to establish your priority.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:39.54,0:59:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's holding you back?
Dialogue: 0,0:59:50.55,1:00:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(playing soft, lyrical piece)
Dialogue: 0,1:00:01.56,1:00:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(stops playing)
Dialogue: 0,1:00:02.56,1:00:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is it?
Dialogue: 0,1:00:04.07,1:00:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've completed a sketch of my species theory.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:08.07,1:00:11.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe it's a considerable step in science.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:11.57,1:00:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If anything should happen to me...
Dialogue: 0,1:00:13.08,1:00:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you mean?
Dialogue: 0,1:00:14.08,1:00:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I should die...
Dialogue: 0,1:00:15.58,1:00:17.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Die! Charles, for goodness' sake...
Dialogue: 0,1:00:17.58,1:00:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Please, my love, it's important.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:19.58,1:00:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If anything should happen to me
Dialogue: 0,1:00:22.08,1:00:25.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like you to see to it that it gets published.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:25.09,1:00:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,£400 should be enough
Dialogue: 0,1:00:27.39,1:00:29.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see it printed and promoted.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:29.59,1:00:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nothing's going to happen to you.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:33.10,1:00:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You say here that the human eye
Dialogue: 0,1:00:37.10,1:00:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"may possibly have been acquired by gradual selection
Dialogue: 0,1:00:41.10,1:00:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of slight, but, in each case, useful deviations."
Dialogue: 0,1:00:44.61,1:00:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:47.11,1:00:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a very great assumption, Charles.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:49.11,1:00:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if I'm wrong about that, I'm wrong about everything.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:52.62,1:00:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My entire theory's in ruins.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:55.62,1:00:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can your theory account for the way
Dialogue: 0,1:00:57.62,1:01:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my eyes and ears and hands and heart combine
Dialogue: 0,1:01:01.62,1:01:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reproduce the sounds that Chopin heard in his head?
Dialogue: 0,1:01:04.63,1:01:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Isn't that a God-given gift?
Dialogue: 0,1:01:08.13,1:01:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's given.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:10.13,1:01:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not, I think, by God.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:13.14,1:01:15.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You are a man of science.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:15.64,1:01:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't want to believe anything until it's proved.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:20.14,1:01:23.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some things are beyond proof.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:23.65,1:01:26.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be a nightmare to me if I thought
Dialogue: 0,1:01:26.15,1:01:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we didn't belong to each other forever in Heaven.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:37.66,1:01:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOORE: Emma was a sincere believer
Dialogue: 0,1:01:39.66,1:01:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Christian plan of salvation
Dialogue: 0,1:01:42.66,1:01:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that those who trusted in Jesus
Dialogue: 0,1:01:44.17,1:01:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his resurrection from the dead
Dialogue: 0,1:01:46.17,1:01:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would spend eternity in Heaven.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:49.17,1:01:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She saw that her husband's speculations
Dialogue: 0,1:01:53.18,1:01:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the origins of species and of humanity
Dialogue: 0,1:01:57.18,1:02:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would jeopardize the Christian plan of salvation.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:00.68,1:02:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,God was being made remote in her husband's universe.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:04.69,1:02:09.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if nature by itself, unaided by God
Dialogue: 0,1:02:09.19,1:02:11.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could make an eye
Dialogue: 0,1:02:11.19,1:02:14.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then what else couldn't nature do?
Dialogue: 0,1:02:14.20,1:02:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nature could do anything, it could make everything.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:19.20,1:02:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Darwin's day, the very existence
Dialogue: 0,1:02:21.70,1:02:24.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an organ of extreme perfection like the eye
Dialogue: 0,1:02:24.71,1:02:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was taken by many as proof of God
Dialogue: 0,1:02:26.71,1:02:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as proof of a designer.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:29.71,1:02:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How else could all
Dialogue: 0,1:02:31.21,1:02:33.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the intricate organs and substructures of the eye
Dialogue: 0,1:02:33.72,1:02:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have come together in just the right way
Dialogue: 0,1:02:35.72,1:02:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make vision so possible and so perfect?
Dialogue: 0,1:02:39.22,1:02:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it turns out the eye isn't exactly perfect, after all.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:42.22,1:02:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the eye contains profound optical imperfections.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:46.23,1:02:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those imperfections are proof, in a sense
Dialogue: 0,1:02:48.73,1:02:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the evolutionary ancestry of the eye.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:55.24,1:02:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Eyes are imperfect because evolution does not create things
Dialogue: 0,1:02:59.24,1:03:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way a designer or an artist does.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:02.74,1:03:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Natural selection simply favors random changes
Dialogue: 0,1:03:07.25,1:03:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make an organism more fit to survive
Dialogue: 0,1:03:11.75,1:03:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and imperfections in design often result
Dialogue: 0,1:03:14.26,1:03:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from evolution's constant tinkering.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:19.26,1:03:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One such imperfection proved traumatic
Dialogue: 0,1:03:22.26,1:03:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for artist Valerie Young.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:25.77,1:03:27.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YOUNG: We had just come home from a party
Dialogue: 0,1:03:27.27,1:03:31.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I saw a lot of lights flashing inside my eye,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:31.27,1:03:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially on the outside edge of the right eye.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:35.28,1:03:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought, "We may be in trouble here."
Dialogue: 0,1:03:38.78,1:03:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it took me a while to really see
Dialogue: 0,1:03:40.78,1:03:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it was my... this was coming from inside my eye.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:45.29,1:03:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Luckily, my husband was with me
Dialogue: 0,1:03:46.79,1:03:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I wouldn't have been able to drive to the hospital.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:52.80,1:03:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my vision was pretty obscured.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:55.80,1:03:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only way I can describe it is like a jellyfish
Dialogue: 0,1:03:58.30,1:04:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with lots of little bubbles in it
Dialogue: 0,1:04:00.80,1:04:07.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it just kept turning and floating in front of my eyes.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:07.81,1:04:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Valerie had a retinal tear,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:10.81,1:04:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not an uncommon problem
Dialogue: 0,1:04:12.32,1:04:14.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,due to the way human eyes evolved
Dialogue: 0,1:04:14.82,1:04:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from light-sensing patches of brain tissue
Dialogue: 0,1:04:17.32,1:04:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our ancient ancestors.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:21.32,1:04:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the human embryo
Dialogue: 0,1:04:22.32,1:04:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eyes develop from bulges in the brain's neural tube
Dialogue: 0,1:04:26.33,1:04:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that pinch in to form cavities.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:29.83,1:04:31.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This top layer, the retina,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:31.83,1:04:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(which tore in Valerie Young's eye)
Dialogue: 0,1:04:34.34,1:04:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contains cells that collect light.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:37.84,1:04:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It rests against a second, darker layer
Dialogue: 0,1:04:40.84,1:04:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lines the back of the eye.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:42.84,1:04:47.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the two layers are not attached to one another.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:47.85,1:04:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when the jelly that fills the eye
Dialogue: 0,1:04:50.35,1:04:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,liquefies as we age
Dialogue: 0,1:04:52.36,1:04:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can cause the retina to tear.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:56.86,1:05:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The jelly can then seep into the space underneath
Dialogue: 0,1:05:00.36,1:05:06.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leading to a retinal detachment and, in some cases, blindness.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:06.37,1:05:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,WOMAN: When Valerie Young came in
Dialogue: 0,1:05:07.87,1:05:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her floaters were an immediate clue
Dialogue: 0,1:05:09.87,1:05:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that she could have a retinal tear.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:11.87,1:05:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were able to successfully apply laser treatment
Dialogue: 0,1:05:14.88,1:05:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the office that day
Dialogue: 0,1:05:16.88,1:05:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to seal it off, like applying sandbags around something
Dialogue: 0,1:05:20.88,1:05:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to wall it off so that the vitreous jelly
Dialogue: 0,1:05:22.88,1:05:29.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would not get in the break and detach her retina.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:29.89,1:05:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Valerie Young's retinal tear
Dialogue: 0,1:05:32.40,1:05:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just one example of imperfections
Dialogue: 0,1:05:34.90,1:05:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the design of human eyes.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:39.40,1:05:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another occurs because nerve cells and blood vessels
Dialogue: 0,1:05:43.41,1:05:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evolved to lie in front of the retina
Dialogue: 0,1:05:46.41,1:05:50.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they interfere with its ability to form sharp images.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:50.91,1:05:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like trying to take a picture
Dialogue: 0,1:05:52.42,1:05:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through a foggy piece of glass.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:56.92,1:05:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the optic nerve itself evolved
Dialogue: 0,1:05:59.42,1:06:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to connect to the brain through a hole in the retina.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:03.93,1:06:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the eyes of all vertebrates have a small blind spot,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:07.43,1:06:11.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right near the middle of the visual field.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:11.93,1:06:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,KENNETH MILLER: Evolution starts with what's already there
Dialogue: 0,1:06:14.44,1:06:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tinkers with it and modifies it
Dialogue: 0,1:06:16.44,1:06:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but can never do a grand redesign.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:19.44,1:06:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So even the eye, with all of its optical perfection
Dialogue: 0,1:06:22.94,1:06:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has clues to the fact that its origin
Dialogue: 0,1:06:24.95,1:06:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is of the blind process of natural selection.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:32.96,1:06:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Darwin believed that what he called
Dialogue: 0,1:06:34.96,1:06:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"an organ of extreme complexity," like the eye
Dialogue: 0,1:06:39.46,1:06:44.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could evolve by small steps, given enough time.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:44.47,1:06:46.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any trait that improved vision
Dialogue: 0,1:06:46.47,1:06:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would aid in the search for food, or a mate
Dialogue: 0,1:06:50.47,1:06:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in the avoidance of predators
Dialogue: 0,1:06:52.98,1:07:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so natural selection would most certainly favor those traits.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:01.25,1:07:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,STEPHEN JAY GOULD: And what Darwin was able to do was to point out
Dialogue: 0,1:07:04.25,1:07:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you might think, in logic
Dialogue: 0,1:07:06.26,1:07:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's difficult to imagine a set of intermediary stages
Dialogue: 0,1:07:10.76,1:07:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the simplest little spot of nerve cells
Dialogue: 0,1:07:14.26,1:07:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can perceive light
Dialogue: 0,1:07:16.26,1:07:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a lens-forming eye that makes complex images.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:19.77,1:07:25.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, in fact, these intermediary forms do exist in nature.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:25.27,1:07:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: At the University of Lund in Sweden
Dialogue: 0,1:07:28.28,1:07:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,zoologist Dan-Eric Nilsson has developed models
Dialogue: 0,1:07:32.28,1:07:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to show how a primitive eyespot
Dialogue: 0,1:07:34.28,1:07:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could evolve through intermediate stages
Dialogue: 0,1:07:36.79,1:07:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to become a complex, humanlike eye
Dialogue: 0,1:07:39.29,1:07:43.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in less than half a million years.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:43.29,1:07:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NILSSON: I've been interested in eye evolution
Dialogue: 0,1:07:45.29,1:07:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a long time.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:46.80,1:07:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In particular, I've been interested in the question
Dialogue: 0,1:07:49.80,1:07:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how long time it would take for an eye to evolve.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:53.30,1:07:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Nilsson envisioned a sequence of stages
Dialogue: 0,1:07:57.31,1:07:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by which a flat patch of light-sensitive cells
Dialogue: 0,1:07:59.81,1:08:01.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on an animal's skin
Dialogue: 0,1:08:01.81,1:08:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could evolve into a camera-type eye.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:05.82,1:08:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a first step, nature would favor any changes
Dialogue: 0,1:08:08.82,1:08:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that made the flat patch more cuplike.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:11.32,1:08:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NILSSON: As soon as you've created
Dialogue: 0,1:08:13.32,1:08:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even the slightest depression in the center
Dialogue: 0,1:08:16.32,1:08:19.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means that the edges of the cup
Dialogue: 0,1:08:19.83,1:08:23.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will actually shade light from parts of the environment.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:23.83,1:08:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, all the light-sensitive cells
Dialogue: 0,1:08:26.84,1:08:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this little cup
Dialogue: 0,1:08:28.34,1:08:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they won't measure light in exactly the same direction
Dialogue: 0,1:08:31.34,1:08:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so already this cup has some pictorial information.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:35.84,1:08:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Another model demonstrates
Dialogue: 0,1:08:38.85,1:08:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what a primitive cup-eye can do.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:41.85,1:08:43.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brightly lighted skulls cast an image
Dialogue: 0,1:08:43.85,1:08:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto a translucent screen
Dialogue: 0,1:08:45.86,1:08:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nilsson installs at the back of the cup
Dialogue: 0,1:08:48.36,1:08:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to act like a retina.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:51.86,1:08:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the image is not at all well-defined.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:54.86,1:08:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cup-eye can do little more than detect movement.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:59.87,1:09:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This kind of eye can be found in nature today, in flatworms.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:05.37,1:09:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their eyes evolved no further.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:08.38,1:09:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In their environment, that's all they needed.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:12.38,1:09:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NILSSON: But if the animals need to move faster
Dialogue: 0,1:09:14.88,1:09:17.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or evolve to become fast predators
Dialogue: 0,1:09:17.89,1:09:20.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to see other fast predators
Dialogue: 0,1:09:20.39,1:09:23.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the construction needs to be improved.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:23.39,1:09:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one way of doing that
Dialogue: 0,1:09:25.39,1:09:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to constrict the opening.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:30.90,1:09:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To make it smaller.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:36.91,1:09:38.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: That's just what happened to creatures
Dialogue: 0,1:09:38.91,1:09:41.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the chambered nautilus.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:41.91,1:09:43.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over thousands of generations
Dialogue: 0,1:09:43.91,1:09:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,natural selection favored those
Dialogue: 0,1:09:45.92,1:09:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with slightly more constricted eye openings
Dialogue: 0,1:09:49.42,1:09:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which focused light more sharply.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:51.92,1:09:57.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This worked well, up to a point.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:57.93,1:10:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NILSSON: Since this strategy of making a sharp image
Dialogue: 0,1:10:01.43,1:10:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also has the drawback of creating a very dim image
Dialogue: 0,1:10:03.93,1:10:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not very popular in the animal kingdom.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:06.44,1:10:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, um...
Dialogue: 0,1:10:09.44,1:10:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is an alternative solution
Dialogue: 0,1:10:11.44,1:10:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has become very popular in the animal kingdom
Dialogue: 0,1:10:14.44,1:10:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the solution that we use in our own eyes
Dialogue: 0,1:10:17.45,1:10:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is to put in a lens.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:22.95,1:10:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Nilsson's model lens uses two thin layers of clear plastic.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:27.96,1:10:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He can inject water in between them
Dialogue: 0,1:10:29.96,1:10:36.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make the plastic windows bulge out like a convex lens.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:36.97,1:10:39.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This mimics what natural selection might have done
Dialogue: 0,1:10:39.47,1:10:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over a few hundred thousand generations
Dialogue: 0,1:10:42.97,1:10:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,favoring animals with a rounded, transparent layer
Dialogue: 0,1:10:45.47,1:10:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their eyes
Dialogue: 0,1:10:46.98,1:10:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that caused light to be focused more sharply on the retina.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:51.98,1:10:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can make it gradually from no lens at all
Dialogue: 0,1:10:55.48,1:11:00.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just continue to inject more water...
Dialogue: 0,1:11:00.49,1:11:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making the lenses bulge more and more
Dialogue: 0,1:11:03.99,1:11:09.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the image becomes gradually sharper and sharper.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:09.100,1:11:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can go all the way, gradually, in very small steps
Dialogue: 0,1:11:14.00,1:11:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a simple pigment cup-eye
Dialogue: 0,1:11:16.00,1:11:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has barely got the ability
Dialogue: 0,1:11:18.01,1:11:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to determine the direction of a light source
Dialogue: 0,1:11:20.01,1:11:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the way to a complete camera-type eye
Dialogue: 0,1:11:22.51,1:11:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the same type as we have ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:26.52,1:11:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is really exactly
Dialogue: 0,1:11:28.52,1:11:37.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way eye evolution must proceed.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:37.03,1:11:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: The extreme complexity of the eye
Dialogue: 0,1:11:39.03,1:11:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,left Darwin "in a cold sweat," he wrote to a friend.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:47.04,1:11:50.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But still he was convinced that an eye could be formed
Dialogue: 0,1:11:50.04,1:11:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by natural selection.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:53.04,1:11:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He later wrote that eyes must have evolved
Dialogue: 0,1:11:56.04,1:12:00.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by "numerous gradations from an imperfect and simple eye
Dialogue: 0,1:12:00.55,1:12:03.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"to one perfect and complex
Dialogue: 0,1:12:03.05,1:12:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with each grade being useful to its possessor."
Dialogue: 0,1:12:09.06,1:12:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nature, unaided by a designer, could produce an organ
Dialogue: 0,1:12:13.06,1:12:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of seemingly miraculous complexity.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:25.57,1:12:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What a horrid smell.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:28.58,1:12:40.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Annie. Come and look.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:40.09,1:12:42.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I first started looking
Dialogue: 0,1:12:42.09,1:12:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought lots of the barnacles had tiny parasites.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:46.10,1:12:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's an animal or plant
Dialogue: 0,1:12:47.60,1:12:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lives on another animal or plant
Dialogue: 0,1:12:50.10,1:12:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gets its food from it,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:52.10,1:12:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like mistletoe on an apple tree.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:55.10,1:12:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they're not.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:56.60,1:12:58.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you know what they are?
Dialogue: 0,1:12:58.11,1:12:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:59.61,1:13:02.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're little, tiny husbands.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:02.11,1:13:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The females carrylittle, tiny males around with them
Dialogue: 0,1:13:07.12,1:13:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clinging to their skirt tails.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:11.62,1:13:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just like you and Mama.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:13.12,1:13:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(chuckles)
Dialogue: 0,1:13:14.62,1:13:17.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just like me and Mama.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:17.63,1:13:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's the most interesting barnacle
Dialogue: 0,1:13:21.13,1:13:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the whole wide world.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:24.13,1:13:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you think we should call it?
Dialogue: 0,1:13:26.14,1:13:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Barnabus."
Dialogue: 0,1:13:28.64,1:13:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Barney," for short.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:31.14,1:13:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Barney Ickle."
Dialogue: 0,1:13:32.64,1:13:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughs)
Dialogue: 0,1:13:35.64,1:13:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The tiny parasitic males are rudimentary
Dialogue: 0,1:13:37.65,1:13:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a way that I believe can hardly be equaled
Dialogue: 0,1:13:40.15,1:13:41.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the whole of the animal kingdom.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:41.65,1:13:43.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have no mouth or stomach.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:43.65,1:13:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are really little more
Dialogue: 0,1:13:45.65,1:13:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than a tiny head atop an enormous coiled penis.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:48.66,1:13:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A bit like me, really
Dialogue: 0,1:13:50.16,1:13:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,apart from the bit about the mouth and the stomach.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:52.66,1:13:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(both laughing)
Dialogue: 0,1:13:56.16,1:13:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's funny?
Dialogue: 0,1:13:57.17,1:13:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nothing, nothing.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:59.67,1:14:01.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(gasps)
Dialogue: 0,1:14:01.67,1:14:03.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles!
Dialogue: 0,1:14:03.17,1:14:04.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles, are you all right?
Dialogue: 0,1:14:04.67,1:14:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(gasping)
Dialogue: 0,1:14:05.67,1:14:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Erasmus, take him home!
Dialogue: 0,1:14:07.68,1:14:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(gasps)
Dialogue: 0,1:14:13.68,1:14:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why must you work so hard at your... horrid little mollusks?
Dialogue: 0,1:14:18.69,1:14:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ooh!
Dialogue: 0,1:14:20.19,1:14:22.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARWIN: They're not horrid little mollusks
Dialogue: 0,1:14:22.19,1:14:23.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're horrid little crustaceans.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:23.69,1:14:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I have horrid pigeons and horrid worms, too.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:27.70,1:14:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're providing the evidence I need for my theory.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:32.20,1:14:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(gasps in pain)
Dialogue: 0,1:14:36.70,1:14:39.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't have the right to publish the idea
Dialogue: 0,1:14:39.21,1:14:40.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless I have the evidence.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:40.71,1:14:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We must do something about you.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:46.72,1:14:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(gasping)
Dialogue: 0,1:14:50.72,1:14:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your stomach condition is nervous in origin,
Dialogue: 0,1:14:54.72,1:14:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brought on as a result of excessive mental exertion.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:58.23,1:14:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(gasps)
Dialogue: 0,1:14:59.73,1:15:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cold water is used to stimulate the circulation
Dialogue: 0,1:15:03.23,1:15:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and draw the blood supply away
Dialogue: 0,1:15:05.23,1:15:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the inflamed nerves of the stomach.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:08.24,1:15:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(panting)
Dialogue: 0,1:15:10.24,1:15:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No sugar, no salt, no bacon
Dialogue: 0,1:15:14.24,1:15:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no alcohol, no tobacco.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:17.75,1:15:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, anything at all that's good is forbidden.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:21.75,1:15:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(continues panting)
Dialogue: 0,1:15:25.25,1:15:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(children giggling)
Dialogue: 0,1:15:28.76,1:15:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(panting)
Dialogue: 0,1:15:31.26,1:15:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know how or why
Dialogue: 0,1:15:32.26,1:15:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I feel so much better.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:34.26,1:15:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(chuckles)
Dialogue: 0,1:15:35.26,1:15:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I look around me... and I don't care two hoots
Dialogue: 0,1:15:38.77,1:15:41.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how any of this came to be created.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:41.27,1:15:42.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(thunder rumbles)
Dialogue: 0,1:15:42.27,1:15:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Children!
Dialogue: 0,1:15:43.77,1:15:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last one back to the house is a rice pudding.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:46.78,1:15:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughing): Come on, William, you're last!
Dialogue: 0,1:15:48.78,1:15:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(children shouting)
Dialogue: 0,1:15:49.78,1:15:51.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Come on, run, quick, quick, quick!
Dialogue: 0,1:15:51.28,1:15:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Come on, Etty.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:52.78,1:15:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(chuckling)
Dialogue: 0,1:15:56.28,1:16:04.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(children laughing)
Dialogue: 0,1:16:04.79,1:16:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Annie!
Dialogue: 0,1:16:06.30,1:16:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Annie, you won!
Dialogue: 0,1:16:07.80,1:16:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughing)
Dialogue: 0,1:16:14.30,1:16:15.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Come here, my darling!
Dialogue: 0,1:16:15.80,1:16:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(grunts and laughs)
Dialogue: 0,1:16:19.31,1:16:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, Annie, my dear and good child!
Dialogue: 0,1:16:22.81,1:16:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(kiss)
Dialogue: 0,1:16:23.81,1:16:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(chuckling)
Dialogue: 0,1:16:25.31,1:16:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Come on.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:26.32,1:16:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Come on, darling.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:30.32,1:16:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(church organ plays intro to "Rock of Ages")
Dialogue: 0,1:16:32.32,1:16:36.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CONGREGATION: "While I draw this fleeting breath..."
Dialogue: 0,1:16:36.29,1:16:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Erasmus singing loudly, out of tune and out of sync)
Dialogue: 0,1:16:39.80,1:16:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"When my eyelids close in death"
Dialogue: 0,1:16:46.80,1:16:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"When I soar through tracts unknown"
Dialogue: 0,1:16:50.30,1:16:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(children giggling at Erasmus)
Dialogue: 0,1:16:52.81,1:16:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"See Thee on Thy judgment throne"
Dialogue: 0,1:16:59.31,1:17:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Rock of Ages, cleft for me"
Dialogue: 0,1:17:05.82,1:17:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Let me hide myself in thee."
Dialogue: 0,1:17:11.83,1:17:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(children laughing noisily)
Dialogue: 0,1:17:14.33,1:17:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Amen."
Dialogue: 0,1:17:29.84,1:17:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Papa, Annie's woke me up.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:34.35,1:17:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Annie's woke me up.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:40.86,1:17:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mum, wake up, wake up, Annie's crying.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:43.86,1:17:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(crying softly)
Dialogue: 0,1:17:49.36,1:17:52.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, now, what's the matter, my darling?
Dialogue: 0,1:17:52.37,1:17:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's wrong?
Dialogue: 0,1:17:53.87,1:17:55.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does your head hurt?
Dialogue: 0,1:17:55.37,1:17:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah, there's no fever.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:57.37,1:17:58.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does it hurt here?
Dialogue: 0,1:17:58.87,1:17:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(groans in pain)
Dialogue: 0,1:17:59.88,1:18:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(baby cries)
Dialogue: 0,1:18:02.38,1:18:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(cries softly)
Dialogue: 0,1:18:04.88,1:18:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's all right, my darling.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:06.38,1:18:12.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll be all right.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:12.89,1:18:13.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The doctor's coming.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:13.89,1:18:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You go and get dressed.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:15.39,1:18:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll stay with her.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:16.39,1:18:18.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if she's inherited my wretched digestion?
Dialogue: 0,1:18:18.39,1:18:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She'll be fine.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:20.40,1:18:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Annie continues to cry)
Dialogue: 0,1:18:25.40,1:18:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,EMMA: Poor dear.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:33.41,1:18:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What did he say?
Dialogue: 0,1:18:34.91,1:18:38.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Itisher stomach, but he has no idea what's wrong.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:38.91,1:18:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps I should take her to go see Dr. Gully.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:41.42,1:18:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He cured me.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:45.42,1:18:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,EMMA: You'll be back soon
Dialogue: 0,1:18:47.42,1:18:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Papa will look after you.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:49.92,1:18:52.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soon there's going to be a new baby
Dialogue: 0,1:18:52.43,1:18:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I shall need your help.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:54.43,1:19:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Say good-bye to Etty now.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:17.95,1:19:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARWIN: I want you to sit up.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:19.45,1:19:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, come on, girl, take one big gulp of this.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:22.46,1:19:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Come on, that's a good girl.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:23.96,1:19:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a good girl.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:24.96,1:19:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, quickly.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:27.46,1:19:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(crying)
Dialogue: 0,1:19:29.46,1:19:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:30.46,1:19:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Come on, lie back.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:33.97,1:19:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(whispering): That's a good girl.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:39.98,1:19:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She seems so weak.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:41.48,1:19:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Isn't there anything you can do?
Dialogue: 0,1:19:44.48,1:19:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All you can do is pray.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:50.48,1:19:52.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's my fault.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:52.99,1:19:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First-cousin marriages always produce weak children.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:57.49,1:20:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's my fault.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:02.50,1:20:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(breathing noisily)
Dialogue: 0,1:20:16.51,1:20:18.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(screaming): Why?!
Dialogue: 0,1:20:18.51,1:20:21.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(crying)
Dialogue: 0,1:20:21.52,1:20:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(sobbing hysterically)
Dialogue: 0,1:20:36.53,1:20:38.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've given the cause of death
Dialogue: 0,1:20:38.53,1:20:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as bilious fever with a typhoid character.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:43.54,1:20:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Lord gives and the Lord takes away.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:48.04,1:20:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Please!
Dialogue: 0,1:20:49.54,1:21:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't!
Dialogue: 0,1:21:03.56,1:21:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, Charles, God grant us strength.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:08.56,1:21:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(weeping)
Dialogue: 0,1:21:25.58,1:21:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(sniffling)
Dialogue: 0,1:21:55.11,1:22:12.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(bird calling)
Dialogue: 0,1:22:12.13,1:22:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Please, Charles, please.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:19.63,1:22:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Come along, children.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:25.64,1:22:34.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(church organ playing "All Things Bright and Beautiful")
Dialogue: 0,1:22:34.65,1:22:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CONGREGATION (inside church): "All things bright and beautiful"
Dialogue: 0,1:22:39.15,1:22:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"All creatures great and small"
Dialogue: 0,1:22:43.66,1:22:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"All things wise and wonderful"
Dialogue: 0,1:22:47.66,1:22:52.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The Lord God made them all."
Dialogue: 0,1:22:52.17,1:22:55.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOORE: What Annie's death did to Darwin's faith
Dialogue: 0,1:22:55.67,1:22:58.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was mainly to destroy Christianity.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:58.67,1:23:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He could no longer see
Dialogue: 0,1:23:00.68,1:23:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a good God ordered and superintended
Dialogue: 0,1:23:04.18,1:23:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the events of human life and of the universe.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:08.18,1:23:11.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he believed that she did not deserve punishment
Dialogue: 0,1:23:11.69,1:23:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by God, or by nature either.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:13.69,1:23:17.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She had simply fallen victim to the struggle for existence:
Dialogue: 0,1:23:17.69,1:23:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the amoral, purposeless struggle
Dialogue: 0,1:23:20.20,1:23:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that ran according to laws of nature.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:27.20,1:23:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,STEPHEN JAY GOULD: Darwin certainly didn't think
Dialogue: 0,1:23:30.20,1:23:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that evolution spoke either for or against
Dialogue: 0,1:23:32.71,1:23:39.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the unprovable existence of... God, or a form of God.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:39.21,1:23:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He didn't desire to cast disparagement
Dialogue: 0,1:23:41.72,1:23:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on anyone's religious convictions.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:44.22,1:23:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He regarded it as a private matter
Dialogue: 0,1:23:46.72,1:23:51.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which he was never able to hold with conventional zeal
Dialogue: 0,1:23:51.23,1:23:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,following the tragedy of his life.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:58.23,1:24:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CHILDREN: "All things bright and beautiful"
Dialogue: 0,1:24:02.24,1:24:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"All creatures great and small"
Dialogue: 0,1:24:06.74,1:24:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"All things wise and wonderful"
Dialogue: 0,1:24:10.74,1:24:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The Lord God made them all"
Dialogue: 0,1:24:15.25,1:24:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The purple-headed mountains"
Dialogue: 0,1:24:19.25,1:24:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The river running by..."
Dialogue: 0,1:24:23.76,1:24:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Today scientists hold all conceivable views on religion:
Dialogue: 0,1:24:28.26,1:24:32.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from atheism to agnosticism to a general spirituality.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:32.27,1:24:35.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And many, like biologist Ken Miller
Dialogue: 0,1:24:35.27,1:24:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adhere to very traditional beliefs.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:38.27,1:24:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,KENNETH MILLER: I am an orthodox Catholic, and I'm an orthodox Darwinist.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:43.28,1:24:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My idea of God is a supreme being
Dialogue: 0,1:24:45.78,1:24:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who acts in concert with the principles and the ideas
Dialogue: 0,1:24:49.78,1:24:54.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Darwin explained to us about the origin of species.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:54.79,1:24:57.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My students often ask me, "You say you believe in God.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:57.79,1:24:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Well, what kind of God?
Dialogue: 0,1:24:58.79,1:25:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Is it a fashionable, new-age God?
Dialogue: 0,1:25:01.80,1:25:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"A pyramid-power kind of God?
Dialogue: 0,1:25:03.30,1:25:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Do you think, like some scientists do
Dialogue: 0,1:25:05.30,1:25:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that God is the sum total of the laws of physics?"
Dialogue: 0,1:25:08.30,1:25:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I shake those off
Dialogue: 0,1:25:09.80,1:25:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say that my religious belief is entirely conventional.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:12.81,1:25:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PRIEST AND CONGREGATION: Our Father, who art in heaven
Dialogue: 0,1:25:15.88,1:25:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hallowed be thy name.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:17.88,1:25:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MILLER: It surprises students very often that anyone could say that
Dialogue: 0,1:25:22.00,1:25:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that kind of very traditional, conventional religious belief
Dialogue: 0,1:25:25.89,1:25:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be compatible with evolution, but it is.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:28.89,1:25:30.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PRIEST: ...peace and unity of Your Kingdom
Dialogue: 0,1:25:30.89,1:25:32.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you live forever and ever.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:32.39,1:25:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CONGREGATION: Amen.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:34.40,1:25:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I find this absolutely wonderful consistency
Dialogue: 0,1:25:36.90,1:25:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with what I understand about the universe from science
Dialogue: 0,1:25:39.90,1:25:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what I understand about the universe from faith.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:42.90,1:25:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ANNOUNCER (on radio): Tennessee's premier morning radio talk show;
Dialogue: 0,1:25:45.91,1:25:49.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Hallerin Hilton Hill Morning Show
Dialogue: 0,1:25:49.41,1:25:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on NewsTalk 99, WNOX-AM/FM, Loudon/Knoxville.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:54.42,1:25:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(electronic beeping)
Dialogue: 0,1:25:56.92,1:25:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,12 past the hour of 6:00.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:57.92,1:25:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's my pleasure to welcome
Dialogue: 0,1:25:59.42,1:26:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the broadcast this morning
Dialogue: 0,1:26:01.42,1:26:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Kenneth Miller.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:02.42,1:26:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's a professor of biology at Brown University.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:04.93,1:26:06.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His book is entitled
Dialogue: 0,1:26:06.43,1:26:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search
Dialogue: 0,1:26:09.43,1:26:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Common Ground between God and Evolution.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:12.43,1:26:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's in town tonight.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:13.94,1:26:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me ask you this: as a cellular biologist
Dialogue: 0,1:26:17.94,1:26:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when in your experience... are you studying something
Dialogue: 0,1:26:22.44,1:26:25.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reading something, or doing some research...
Dialogue: 0,1:26:25.95,1:26:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when do you come to the point where you go, "That's God"?
Dialogue: 0,1:26:30.45,1:26:32.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As an experimental scientist, I don't find God
Dialogue: 0,1:26:32.95,1:26:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the insufficiency of science to explain things.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:35.96,1:26:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, I don't find God in ignorance;
Dialogue: 0,1:26:38.46,1:26:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't find God because we say, "Well, we can't explain that,
Dialogue: 0,1:26:41.46,1:26:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that must be something that God's doing."
Dialogue: 0,1:26:43.46,1:26:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what did God do?
Dialogue: 0,1:26:44.97,1:26:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did he just create some kind of primordial soup and say, "Go"?
Dialogue: 0,1:26:50.47,1:26:53.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, a long time ago people were sufficiently unknowing
Dialogue: 0,1:26:53.47,1:26:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how things worked in the natural world
Dialogue: 0,1:26:55.48,1:26:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see when the Sun moved across the sky
Dialogue: 0,1:26:57.48,1:27:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they imagined that God had to push that Sun across the sky.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:00.48,1:27:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And gradually we began to realize
Dialogue: 0,1:27:02.48,1:27:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the world works according to physical laws.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:04.99,1:27:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Science investigated those laws.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:06.49,1:27:09.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what room is there for God in... in present-day life?
Dialogue: 0,1:27:09.49,1:27:11.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I think if you ask people who are believers
Dialogue: 0,1:27:11.99,1:27:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How does God act?"
Dialogue: 0,1:27:13.49,1:27:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would say he acts in a variety of ways:
Dialogue: 0,1:27:15.50,1:27:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he answers our prayers, he inspires us.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:17.50,1:27:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No doubt there are events that take place
Dialogue: 0,1:27:19.50,1:27:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are part of what some people might call "God's plan."
Dialogue: 0,1:27:22.50,1:27:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what I would suggest
Dialogue: 0,1:27:24.00,1:27:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is if you look back in Earth's history
Dialogue: 0,1:27:26.51,1:27:28.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if God is working today
Dialogue: 0,1:27:28.01,1:27:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in concert with the laws of nature,
Dialogue: 0,1:27:30.51,1:27:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with physical laws and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:32.01,1:27:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He probably worked in concert with them in the past.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:34.02,1:27:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a sense... in a sense
Dialogue: 0,1:27:35.52,1:27:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's the guy who made up the rules of the game
Dialogue: 0,1:27:37.52,1:27:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and He manages to act within those rules.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:43.52,1:27:48.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: For Miller, and millions of followers of all major religions
Dialogue: 0,1:27:48.03,1:27:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,notions of God and evolution are fully compatible.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:52.03,1:27:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CONGREGATION: "You take away the sins of..."
Dialogue: 0,1:27:54.04,1:27:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: But not everyone agrees.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:59.54,1:28:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DENNETT: When we replace
Dialogue: 0,1:28:01.54,1:28:06.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the traditional idea of God, the creator, with the idea
Dialogue: 0,1:28:06.05,1:28:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the process of natural selection doing the creating
Dialogue: 0,1:28:10.55,1:28:13.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the creation is as wonderful as it ever was.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:13.55,1:28:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All that great design work had to be done.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:16.56,1:28:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It just wasn't done by an individual; it was done
Dialogue: 0,1:28:19.56,1:28:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by this huge process distributed over billions of years.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:23.56,1:28:27.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,God created man in His image.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:27.57,1:28:31.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the image of God, He created him.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:31.57,1:28:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Male and female, He created them.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:35.08,1:28:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DENNETT: Whereas people used to think of meaning coming from on high
Dialogue: 0,1:28:38.58,1:28:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and being ordained from the top down
Dialogue: 0,1:28:40.58,1:28:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now we have Darwin saying, "No, all of this design can happen
Dialogue: 0,1:28:44.08,1:28:46.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"all of this purpose can emerge
Dialogue: 0,1:28:46.09,1:28:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the bottom up, without any direction at all."
Dialogue: 0,1:28:49.09,1:28:52.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a very unsettling thought for many people.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:52.09,1:28:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Darwin's day, science and politics and religion
Dialogue: 0,1:28:57.10,1:28:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were all of a piece
Dialogue: 0,1:28:58.60,1:29:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you talked about the origins of life and of species.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:03.10,1:29:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Astronomy could go along pretty well
Dialogue: 0,1:29:05.11,1:29:08.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it could testify to the wisdom and power of God
Dialogue: 0,1:29:08.11,1:29:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in holding the planets in place...
Dialogue: 0,1:29:10.61,1:29:12.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the idea of evolution
Dialogue: 0,1:29:12.61,1:29:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or "transmutation," people said with a snarl,
Dialogue: 0,1:29:15.62,1:29:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put in jeopardy the whole established social order.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:21.62,1:29:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is in this "Big Book" of his
Dialogue: 0,1:29:24.12,1:29:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you think?
Dialogue: 0,1:29:25.13,1:29:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Transmutation.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:27.13,1:29:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(sighing)
Dialogue: 0,1:29:28.63,1:29:29.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another Darwin
Dialogue: 0,1:29:29.63,1:29:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blotting God out of creation.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:31.13,1:29:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want to support
Dialogue: 0,1:29:32.63,1:29:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your scheme for a museum of natural history.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:35.64,1:29:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people see it
Dialogue: 0,1:29:37.14,1:29:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as rash, extravagant, grandiose.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:39.14,1:29:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it's grand, it's because it should house
Dialogue: 0,1:29:42.14,1:29:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as wide a display as possible.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:44.14,1:29:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we need your help in return.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:46.15,1:29:47.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is up to you
Dialogue: 0,1:29:47.65,1:29:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the country's leading anatomist and paleontologist
Dialogue: 0,1:29:51.15,1:29:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to prove man's superiority.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:52.65,1:29:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We won't have street ruffians tout man's monkey origin
Dialogue: 0,1:29:57.16,1:29:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Her Majesty's museums.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:59.16,1:30:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can rely on me, Bishop Wilberforce.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:03.16,1:30:11.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OWEN: The human brain differs markedly from that of all other mammals.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:11.67,1:30:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In man, not only do the cerebral hemispheres overlap
Dialogue: 0,1:30:17.18,1:30:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the olfactory lobes and the cerebellum...
Dialogue: 0,1:30:21.18,1:30:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they extend in advance of the one
Dialogue: 0,1:30:24.68,1:30:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and farther back than the other.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:27.69,1:30:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their posterior development is so marked, that I have assigned
Dialogue: 0,1:30:33.19,1:30:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to that part the character of a third lobe
Dialogue: 0,1:30:38.70,1:30:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,peculiar to Homo sapiens: the hippocampus minor.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:44.20,1:30:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience murmuring)
Dialogue: 0,1:30:46.21,1:30:49.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Peculiar mental faculties are associated
Dialogue: 0,1:30:49.21,1:30:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this highest form of brain, and I am led, therefore
Dialogue: 0,1:30:54.22,1:30:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to regard man not merely as representative
Dialogue: 0,1:30:57.72,1:31:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a distinct subclass...
Dialogue: 0,1:31:00.22,1:31:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(approving laughter)
Dialogue: 0,1:31:02.22,1:31:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as the inhabitant of one reserved for him alone.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:07.73,1:31:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The human brain is in itself proof
Dialogue: 0,1:31:11.23,1:31:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of man's moral and religious faculties.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:15.24,1:31:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such are the powers with which we, and we alone, are gifted.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:21.74,1:31:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience cheering)
Dialogue: 0,1:31:27.25,1:31:29.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARWIN: I wonder what a chimpanzee would have to say
Dialogue: 0,1:31:29.75,1:31:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about that, Mr. Huxley.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:30.75,1:31:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HUXLEY: I think it's priceless.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:32.75,1:31:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His theory is a house built on sand,
Dialogue: 0,1:31:34.76,1:31:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a Corinthian portico on cow dung.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:36.26,1:31:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARWIN: Yes.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:37.76,1:31:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Damn all the sanctimonious meddlers
Dialogue: 0,1:31:40.26,1:31:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who try and stifle troublesome research.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:43.26,1:31:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ultimate court of appeal of science
Dialogue: 0,1:31:46.27,1:31:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is observation and experiment
Dialogue: 0,1:31:48.27,1:31:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not authority, wealth and rank.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:50.77,1:31:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your disagreements with Owen should not be personal.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:54.78,1:31:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't help it.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:56.78,1:31:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's so pompous.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:58.28,1:32:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The prospect of his slipping
Dialogue: 0,1:32:00.28,1:32:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on one of his pickled brains
Dialogue: 0,1:32:02.28,1:32:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just too good to be true.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:04.28,1:32:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bad feeling will only cloud the issue
Dialogue: 0,1:32:07.29,1:32:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lead to bad science.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:09.29,1:32:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tell that to Owen.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:24.30,1:32:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ERASMUS: Huxley's saying in public
Dialogue: 0,1:32:26.81,1:32:28.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you think in private.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:28.31,1:32:30.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles, you've stalled long enough.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:30.31,1:32:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've collected enough barnacles
Dialogue: 0,1:32:32.31,1:32:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sink a ship-of-the-line.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:33.81,1:32:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, you're being upstaged.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:35.32,1:32:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not important.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:37.32,1:32:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My book is the thing... once my work is done.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:41.82,1:32:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will it deal with man?
Dialogue: 0,1:32:43.82,1:32:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's too surrounded by prejudices.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:46.83,1:32:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, whether it does or it doesn't
Dialogue: 0,1:32:49.33,1:33:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you must publish.
Dialogue: 0,1:33:20.86,1:33:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, my God.
Dialogue: 0,1:33:24.36,1:33:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ras...
Dialogue: 0,1:33:25.37,1:33:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is it?
Dialogue: 0,1:33:31.37,1:33:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ERASMUS: Who is Alfred Wallace?
Dialogue: 0,1:33:35.88,1:33:37.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARWIN: My dear Huxley
Dialogue: 0,1:33:37.38,1:33:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's like a précis of my theory.
Dialogue: 0,1:33:40.88,1:33:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All my originality, whatever its worth, has been smashed.
Dialogue: 0,1:33:44.38,1:33:48.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Had Wallace a copy of the essay I'd written in '44 in front of him
Dialogue: 0,1:33:48.39,1:33:51.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he couldn't have written a better short abstract!
Dialogue: 0,1:33:51.39,1:33:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Variations being pushed further and further from parent species
Dialogue: 0,1:33:55.40,1:33:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a struggle for existence...
Dialogue: 0,1:33:57.40,1:33:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,overpopulation...
Dialogue: 0,1:33:58.90,1:34:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's all there.
Dialogue: 0,1:34:00.40,1:34:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is your book ready for publication?
Dialogue: 0,1:34:02.40,1:34:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Publish!
Dialogue: 0,1:34:03.90,1:34:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can I publish?
Dialogue: 0,1:34:05.41,1:34:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Honorably?
Dialogue: 0,1:34:06.41,1:34:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd sooner burn the blasted thing
Dialogue: 0,1:34:08.41,1:34:10.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than have him, or anyone else, think
Dialogue: 0,1:34:10.91,1:34:12.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I behaved in a paltry spirit.
Dialogue: 0,1:34:12.91,1:34:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then publish a joint paper,
Dialogue: 0,1:34:14.42,1:34:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,excerpts from your work
Dialogue: 0,1:34:15.92,1:34:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along with Wallace's essay.
Dialogue: 0,1:34:17.92,1:34:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you must prepare a manuscript for publication.
Dialogue: 0,1:34:20.92,1:34:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who knows?
Dialogue: 0,1:34:22.42,1:34:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may all be for the best.
Dialogue: 0,1:34:23.92,1:34:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At last we'll finally get to learn your views in full.
Dialogue: 0,1:34:45.65,1:34:47.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(gasping)
Dialogue: 0,1:34:47.65,1:34:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles, what is it?
Dialogue: 0,1:34:49.65,1:34:53.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(breathing heavily)
Dialogue: 0,1:34:53.15,1:34:55.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This book will be the death of me.
Dialogue: 0,1:34:55.66,1:34:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh...
Dialogue: 0,1:34:57.16,1:35:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shh...
Dialogue: 0,1:35:00.16,1:35:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What a miserable wretch I'd be without you near me.
Dialogue: 0,1:35:16.18,1:35:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARWIN: When on board H.M.S.Beagle as naturalist
Dialogue: 0,1:35:20.18,1:35:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution
Dialogue: 0,1:35:23.18,1:35:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the organic beings inhabiting South America...
Dialogue: 0,1:35:28.19,1:35:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the geological relations
Dialogue: 0,1:35:30.19,1:35:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent.
Dialogue: 0,1:35:39.20,1:35:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These facts seemed to throw some light
Dialogue: 0,1:35:42.20,1:35:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the origin of species...
Dialogue: 0,1:35:53.21,1:36:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that mystery of mysteries...
Dialogue: 0,1:36:19.74,1:36:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,EMMA: The Times is very positive.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:21.24,1:36:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I should think so, it's Huxley.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:25.25,1:36:29.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Athenaeum wants me tried, in the Divinity Hall, the College
Dialogue: 0,1:36:29.75,1:36:31.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lecture room and museum.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:31.75,1:36:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My book is no more unorthodox than the subject demands.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:35.26,1:36:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't discuss the origins of man;
Dialogue: 0,1:36:37.76,1:36:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't discuss Genesis.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:39.76,1:36:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles, don't be so naive.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:43.76,1:36:47.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's clear you think man is no exception.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:47.27,1:36:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether you're right or wrong
Dialogue: 0,1:36:49.27,1:36:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you must finish what you started.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:57.28,1:36:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OWEN: Darwin?
Dialogue: 0,1:36:58.78,1:37:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin!
Dialogue: 0,1:37:00.28,1:37:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah, Owen!
Dialogue: 0,1:37:01.78,1:37:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How dare you?!
Dialogue: 0,1:37:03.78,1:37:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How dare you paint me as a reactionary?!
Dialogue: 0,1:37:05.79,1:37:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't paint you as a reactionary.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:07.29,1:37:08.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How dare you put my name
Dialogue: 0,1:37:08.29,1:37:10.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the defenders of immutability?
Dialogue: 0,1:37:10.29,1:37:12.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is my concept of the ordained continuous becoming
Dialogue: 0,1:37:12.69,1:37:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of living things to be ignored?
Dialogue: 0,1:37:14.30,1:37:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what does it mean?
Dialogue: 0,1:37:15.30,1:37:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know what it means.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:16.80,1:37:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means...
Dialogue: 0,1:37:17.80,1:37:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means animals appearing out of thin air!
Dialogue: 0,1:37:19.80,1:37:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not at all!
Dialogue: 0,1:37:20.80,1:37:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You believe that selection
Dialogue: 0,1:37:22.80,1:37:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the only possible creative law.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:24.80,1:37:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pure chance, the roll of the dice.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:26.81,1:37:28.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, new species are created
Dialogue: 0,1:37:28.81,1:37:31.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by natural birth according to God's law!
Dialogue: 0,1:37:31.31,1:37:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I don't believe...
Dialogue: 0,1:37:32.81,1:37:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know who's put you up to this.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:33.81,1:37:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Huxley!
Dialogue: 0,1:37:34.82,1:37:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Please, Richard.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:35.82,1:37:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will have absolutely no truck
Dialogue: 0,1:37:37.32,1:37:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the Huxleys of this world
Dialogue: 0,1:37:38.82,1:37:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and nor should you!
Dialogue: 0,1:37:39.82,1:37:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is an abuse of science.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:40.82,1:37:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You should be ashamed of yourself!
Dialogue: 0,1:37:42.32,1:37:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your book is a snub to the clergy
Dialogue: 0,1:37:43.82,1:37:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an insult to humanity.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:44.82,1:37:46.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's nihilism!
Dialogue: 0,1:37:46.33,1:37:47.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only a man devoid of a soul
Dialogue: 0,1:37:47.83,1:37:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could find solace in a bestial ancestry.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:57.84,1:37:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughing)
Dialogue: 0,1:37:59.84,1:38:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it's as respectable to be modified monkey
Dialogue: 0,1:38:02.84,1:38:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as modified dirt.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:03.84,1:38:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Huxley, please...
Dialogue: 0,1:38:05.35,1:38:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's splendid.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:07.35,1:38:11.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Old ladies of both sexes say it's a dangerous book.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:11.35,1:38:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Splendid.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:13.35,1:38:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't worry.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:14.86,1:38:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll deal with him.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:16.86,1:38:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sharpening my beak and claws in readiness.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:20.86,1:38:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(sighs)
Dialogue: 0,1:38:22.86,1:38:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(men cheering and clapping)
Dialogue: 0,1:38:30.37,1:38:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any contribution to our natural history
Dialogue: 0,1:38:34.38,1:38:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the pen of Mr. Charles Darwin
Dialogue: 0,1:38:36.88,1:38:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is certain to command attention.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:38.88,1:38:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His latest publication, The Origin of Species,
Dialogue: 0,1:38:43.38,1:38:46.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is manifestly regarded by him
Dialogue: 0,1:38:46.39,1:38:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the opus upon which his future fame is to rest.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:51.89,1:38:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr. Darwin claims
Dialogue: 0,1:38:54.90,1:39:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that every living thing, every fish, plant, fungus...
Dialogue: 0,1:39:01.90,1:39:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience laughing)
Dialogue: 0,1:39:03.40,1:39:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fly...
Dialogue: 0,1:39:04.90,1:39:05.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughter)
Dialogue: 0,1:39:05.91,1:39:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,elephant...
Dialogue: 0,1:39:06.91,1:39:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughter increases)
Dialogue: 0,1:39:08.41,1:39:09.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,man...
Dialogue: 0,1:39:09.41,1:39:10.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughter and applause)
Dialogue: 0,1:39:10.91,1:39:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turnip...
Dialogue: 0,1:39:13.91,1:39:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are all equally the lineal descendants
Dialogue: 0,1:39:17.42,1:39:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the same common ancestor.
Dialogue: 0,1:39:20.42,1:39:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such a notion is absolutely incompatible
Dialogue: 0,1:39:24.92,1:39:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the word of God.
Dialogue: 0,1:39:27.43,1:39:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MEN: Hear, hear.
Dialogue: 0,1:39:30.93,1:39:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Man was made in the image of God and redeemed by the Eternal Son.
Dialogue: 0,1:39:37.44,1:39:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Natural selection is an ingenious theory for denying
Dialogue: 0,1:39:43.44,1:39:50.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the working, and therefore the existence, of the Creator.
Dialogue: 0,1:39:50.95,1:39:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the human brain differs markedly
Dialogue: 0,1:39:53.45,1:39:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from that of all other mammals.
Dialogue: 0,1:39:55.46,1:39:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HUXLEY: Unfortunately, my Lord Bishop
Dialogue: 0,1:39:57.96,1:40:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have been misinformed.
Dialogue: 0,1:40:05.47,1:40:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we are unprejudiced judges, we have to admit
Dialogue: 0,1:40:10.97,1:40:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there is as little interval (as animals)
Dialogue: 0,1:40:14.48,1:40:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the gorilla and the man
Dialogue: 0,1:40:16.98,1:40:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as there is between the gorilla and the baboon.
Dialogue: 0,1:40:21.98,1:40:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is... it is speech alone, and not some spiritual gift
Dialogue: 0,1:40:29.49,1:40:32.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that makes man a reasonable being.
Dialogue: 0,1:40:32.99,1:40:36.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the source of our unlimited intellectual progress.
Dialogue: 0,1:40:36.100,1:40:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that does not disguise the fact
Dialogue: 0,1:40:39.50,1:40:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that to the very root and foundation of his nature
Dialogue: 0,1:40:43.50,1:40:47.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,man is one with the rest of the organic world.
Dialogue: 0,1:40:47.01,1:40:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(booing and jeering)
Dialogue: 0,1:40:49.01,1:40:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one... no one who has ever dissected the brain of an ape
Dialogue: 0,1:40:53.51,1:40:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,agrees with Professor Owen.
Dialogue: 0,1:40:55.52,1:40:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His findings are wrong.
Dialogue: 0,1:40:57.02,1:41:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can only assume that Professor Owen's brain
Dialogue: 0,1:41:01.02,1:41:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,must have shrunk in the pickling jar.
Dialogue: 0,1:41:05.02,1:41:06.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I meant, of course
Dialogue: 0,1:41:06.03,1:41:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the chimpanzees' brains he had examined.
Dialogue: 0,1:41:08.53,1:41:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, Lord!
Dialogue: 0,1:41:11.03,1:41:14.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was then that God delivered Wilberforce
Dialogue: 0,1:41:14.03,1:41:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into my hands.
Dialogue: 0,1:41:15.54,1:41:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience clamoring)
Dialogue: 0,1:41:20.54,1:41:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wonder, Mr. Huxley.
Dialogue: 0,1:41:24.04,1:41:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it through your grandfather or your grandmother
Dialogue: 0,1:41:27.55,1:41:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you claim descent from an ape?
Dialogue: 0,1:41:30.05,1:41:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(uproarious laughter)
Dialogue: 0,1:41:33.55,1:41:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I stood up...
Dialogue: 0,1:41:35.56,1:41:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very quiet, very grave
Dialogue: 0,1:41:38.56,1:41:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and said my say with perfect good temper.
Dialogue: 0,1:41:43.56,1:41:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the question...
Dialogue: 0,1:41:45.06,1:41:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the question is put to me
Dialogue: 0,1:41:47.07,1:41:51.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would I rather have a miserable ape for a grandfather
Dialogue: 0,1:41:51.07,1:41:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a man, highly intelligent
Dialogue: 0,1:41:54.07,1:41:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possessed of great means of influence
Dialogue: 0,1:41:57.58,1:42:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet who employed these faculties and that influence
Dialogue: 0,1:42:01.58,1:42:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the mere purpose of introducing ridicule
Dialogue: 0,1:42:05.08,1:42:08.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a grave scientific discussion
Dialogue: 0,1:42:08.59,1:42:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I unhesitatingly affirm my preference for the ape.
Dialogue: 0,1:42:14.60,1:42:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You didn't!
Dialogue: 0,1:42:15.60,1:42:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said that, or something very like that.
Dialogue: 0,1:42:18.60,1:42:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How dare you attack
Dialogue: 0,1:42:20.10,1:42:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a live bishop in public?
Dialogue: 0,1:42:22.10,1:42:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you no respect for the purple waistcoat?
Dialogue: 0,1:42:24.10,1:42:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HUXLEY: Lady Brewster fainted, had to be carried from the room.
Dialogue: 0,1:42:27.11,1:42:28.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then Admiral FitzRoy
Dialogue: 0,1:42:28.11,1:42:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got to his feet.
Dialogue: 0,1:42:30.61,1:42:31.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FitzRoy?
Dialogue: 0,1:42:31.61,1:42:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience clamoring)
Dialogue: 0,1:42:35.62,1:42:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This!
Dialogue: 0,1:42:37.12,1:42:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Believe in this!
Dialogue: 0,1:42:38.62,1:42:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Believe in God, not man!
Dialogue: 0,1:42:44.62,1:42:54.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, my.
Dialogue: 0,1:42:54.97,1:42:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DARWIN: We'll probably never know the truth.
Dialogue: 0,1:42:58.47,1:43:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ERASMUS: Well, the truth, Charles, is in your book.
Dialogue: 0,1:43:00.97,1:43:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the most interesting thing I've ever read.
Dialogue: 0,1:43:03.98,1:43:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reasoning
Dialogue: 0,1:43:04.98,1:43:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is so entirely satisfactory to me
Dialogue: 0,1:43:07.48,1:43:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that... if the facts don't fit
Dialogue: 0,1:43:10.48,1:43:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then, well...
Dialogue: 0,1:43:11.48,1:43:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so much the worse for the facts.
Dialogue: 0,1:43:15.99,1:43:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The shakes.
Dialogue: 0,1:43:17.49,1:43:24.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Time I was naturally selected.
Dialogue: 0,1:43:24.100,1:43:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DENNETT: For more than a century, people have often thought
Dialogue: 0,1:43:28.50,1:43:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the conclusion to draw from Darwin's vision
Dialogue: 0,1:43:31.00,1:43:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that Homo sapiens, our species
Dialogue: 0,1:43:34.01,1:43:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're just animals too, we're just mammals;
Dialogue: 0,1:43:36.51,1:43:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there is nothing morally special about us.
Dialogue: 0,1:43:40.01,1:43:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I myself don't think
Dialogue: 0,1:43:41.52,1:43:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this follows at all from Darwin's vision
Dialogue: 0,1:43:43.52,1:43:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it is certainly the received view in many quarters.
Dialogue: 0,1:43:49.02,1:43:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Ever sinceThe Origin of Species was published
Dialogue: 0,1:43:52.02,1:43:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,strict believers in biblical creation
Dialogue: 0,1:43:54.03,1:44:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have attacked Darwin's vision.
Dialogue: 0,1:44:01.03,1:44:05.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their concerns aren't only about the science of evolution.
Dialogue: 0,1:44:05.54,1:44:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At stake, many believe
Dialogue: 0,1:44:07.54,1:44:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is nothing less than the human soul.
Dialogue: 0,1:44:13.05,1:44:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOORE: To suggest that animals and plants
Dialogue: 0,1:44:15.55,1:44:19.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and us, humans, came into being in a natural law-like way
Dialogue: 0,1:44:19.55,1:44:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the way the planets move
Dialogue: 0,1:44:21.56,1:44:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to put in jeopardy the human soul.
Dialogue: 0,1:44:24.06,1:44:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the human soul is the crux of the matter
Dialogue: 0,1:44:26.06,1:44:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if we are not different from animals
Dialogue: 0,1:44:29.06,1:44:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we don't live forever in heaven or in hell
Dialogue: 0,1:44:32.57,1:44:40.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then why should we behave other than like animals in this life?
Dialogue: 0,1:44:40.07,1:44:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MAN: In the 19th century, in Darwin's time
Dialogue: 0,1:44:42.58,1:44:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was audacious to claim
Dialogue: 0,1:44:44.08,1:44:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that humans and chimps were closely related.
Dialogue: 0,1:44:46.58,1:44:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There wasn't that much scientific evidence.
Dialogue: 0,1:44:49.08,1:44:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But since that time the evidence has become strong.
Dialogue: 0,1:44:52.08,1:44:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, we saw the fossil record appear.
Dialogue: 0,1:44:55.59,1:45:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Evidence of human ancestors that had apelike features
Dialogue: 0,1:45:01.60,1:45:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,established the plausibility of the idea
Dialogue: 0,1:45:04.10,1:45:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that humans and chimps had common ancestors.
Dialogue: 0,1:45:07.60,1:45:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then in the last 20 years
Dialogue: 0,1:45:09.60,1:45:12.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've seen the emergence of a whole new type of data
Dialogue: 0,1:45:12.61,1:45:15.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's established a close relationship
Dialogue: 0,1:45:15.11,1:45:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between chimps and humans.
Dialogue: 0,1:45:18.11,1:45:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that comes from the analysis of DNA.
Dialogue: 0,1:45:24.12,1:45:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PAGE: This is DNA.
Dialogue: 0,1:45:25.62,1:45:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've got DNA, chimps have got DNA,
Dialogue: 0,1:45:28.62,1:45:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bacteria have got DNA, petunias have got DNA,
Dialogue: 0,1:45:32.63,1:45:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crabs have got DNA.
Dialogue: 0,1:45:34.13,1:45:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every living animal, plant, fish, frog has got DNA
Dialogue: 0,1:45:38.63,1:45:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if we compare the DNAs of any two species
Dialogue: 0,1:45:41.64,1:45:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can establish how closely related they are one to another.
Dialogue: 0,1:45:48.64,1:45:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: In the early days of DNA research
Dialogue: 0,1:45:51.64,1:45:54.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a double strand of DNA was extracted
Dialogue: 0,1:45:54.65,1:45:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from each species to be compared.
Dialogue: 0,1:45:58.15,1:46:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When heated, the strands split apart.
Dialogue: 0,1:46:02.66,1:46:05.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the single strands from each creature
Dialogue: 0,1:46:05.66,1:46:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were put together and allowed to cool
Dialogue: 0,1:46:08.16,1:46:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the two always combined to form the familiar double helix.
Dialogue: 0,1:46:14.17,1:46:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The degree to which the strands mated successfully
Dialogue: 0,1:46:18.17,1:46:21.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a measure of their similarity.
Dialogue: 0,1:46:21.17,1:46:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turned out that human DNA and chimp DNA
Dialogue: 0,1:46:25.18,1:46:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,combined almost perfectly.
Dialogue: 0,1:46:28.18,1:46:32.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, this similarity can be seen even more precisely.
Dialogue: 0,1:46:32.69,1:46:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DNA sequences can now be "read" letter by letter.
Dialogue: 0,1:46:38.69,1:46:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PAGE: Here we're looking at the DNA sequences
Dialogue: 0,1:46:41.19,1:46:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of one particular gene as found in human and chimp
Dialogue: 0,1:46:44.70,1:46:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what's immediately evident
Dialogue: 0,1:46:46.70,1:46:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that humans and chimps have DNAs that are 98% identical.
Dialogue: 0,1:46:51.70,1:46:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're basically the same;
Dialogue: 0,1:46:53.21,1:46:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are just a couple of spelling changes.
Dialogue: 0,1:46:55.71,1:46:59.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why are there only a couple of spelling changes?
Dialogue: 0,1:46:59.21,1:47:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we and chimps had a common ancestor
Dialogue: 0,1:47:02.72,1:47:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only a few million years ago
Dialogue: 0,1:47:04.22,1:47:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these few spelling differences
Dialogue: 0,1:47:07.22,1:47:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have accumulated during the propagation of this DNA
Dialogue: 0,1:47:11.22,1:47:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during those few million years.
Dialogue: 0,1:47:12.73,1:47:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If more time had passed since we had our last common ancestor
Dialogue: 0,1:47:16.23,1:47:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more spelling changes would have accumulated.
Dialogue: 0,1:47:20.23,1:47:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: If the same gene from a rat is compared
Dialogue: 0,1:47:23.24,1:47:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many more spelling differences are seen.
Dialogue: 0,1:47:30.24,1:47:33.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because our common ancestor with the rat
Dialogue: 0,1:47:33.75,1:47:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lived about 80 million or 100 million years ago
Dialogue: 0,1:47:37.25,1:47:38.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's been much more time
Dialogue: 0,1:47:38.75,1:47:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for spelling differences to accumulate.
Dialogue: 0,1:47:48.26,1:47:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Chimpanzees and humans
Dialogue: 0,1:47:50.26,1:47:55.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are made from blueprints that are 98% the same.
Dialogue: 0,1:47:55.27,1:47:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what about the ways
Dialogue: 0,1:47:57.27,1:48:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humans and chimps think and act in the world?
Dialogue: 0,1:48:01.27,1:48:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are there similarities there as well?
Dialogue: 0,1:48:04.78,1:48:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,WOMAN: Boy, doing some pull-ups.
Dialogue: 0,1:48:07.78,1:48:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh... be careful.
Dialogue: 0,1:48:09.78,1:48:14.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NARRATOR: Psychologist Sally Boysen explores the commonalities
Dialogue: 0,1:48:14.79,1:48:17.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the minds of chimps and humans,
Dialogue: 0,1:48:17.29,1:48:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a quest that may help explain how the human mind evolved.
Dialogue: 0,1:48:26.30,1:48:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BOYSEN: The developmental milestones
Dialogue: 0,1:48:28.30,1:48:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really, throughout the life of a chimp
Dialogue: 0,1:48:30.30,1:48:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are almost exactly the same as humans.
Dialogue: 0,1:48:32.30,1:48:35.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything is so similar.
Dialogue: 0,1:48:35.31,1:48:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They respond to new things and new toys
Dialogue: 0,1:48:38.31,1:48:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have the same kinds of rough-and-tumble play.
Dialogue: 0,1:48:42.32,1:48:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Harper's rough and rowdy
Dialogue: 0,1:48:44.82,1:48:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and runs all over the place and climbs.
Dialogue: 0,1:48:48.32,1:48:54.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Emma really can almost entertain herself.
Dialogue: 0,1:48:54.83,1:48:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things that our work allows us to see
Dialogue: 0,1:48:58.83,1:49:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that chimpanzees can acquire
Dialogue: 0,1:49:01.84,1:49:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very sophisticated, complex cognitive skills
Dialogue: 0,1:49:05.34,1:49:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like learning to count
Dialogue: 0,1:49:07.34,1:49:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which they normally wouldn't learn in the wild.
Dialogue: 0,1:49:08.84,1:49:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One, two, three...
Dialogue: 0,1:49:10.84,1:49:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four, five!
Dialogue: 0,1:49:12.34,1:49:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ooh...
Dialogue: 0,1:49:13.85,1:49:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet they have the requisite neural capacity to do that.
Dialogue: 0,1:49:19.35,1:49:21.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where did that come from?
Dialogue: 0,1:49:21.35,1:49:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, Sheeb, we're going to do another turn now.
Dialogue: 0,1:49:24.02,1:49:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we go.
Dialogue: 0,1:49:27.53,1:49:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of those.
Dialogue: 0,1:49:29.03,1:49:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ooh, and a malted milk ball.
Dialogue: 0,1:49:32.03,1:49:34.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you tell me the answer to this?
Dialogue: 0,1:49:34.03,1:49:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With blue and brown?
Dialogue: 0,1:49:35.54,1:49:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Show me, yeah, go ahead.
Dialogue: 0,1:49:38.04,1:49:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(screen beeps)
Dialogue: 0,1:49:39.04,1:49:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Excellent!
Dialogue: 0,1:49:42.04,1:49:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BOYSEN: There's almost nothing
Dialogue: 0,1:49:44.04,1:49:46.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the chimps haven't been able to learn
Dialogue: 0,1:49:46.55,1:49:49.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we've tried to teach them.
Dialogue: 0,1:49:49.05,1:49:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've seen their ability to grasp extremely complex notions
Dialogue: 0,1:49:55.06,1:49:59.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the concept of zero, for example.
Dialogue: 0,1:49:59.56,1:50:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BOYSEN: Okay, Sheeb, look.
Dialogue: 0,1:50:00.56,1:50:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if I didn't put any candy here at all?
Dialogue: 0,1:50:03.56,1:50:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What would you say?
Dialogue: 0,1:50:07.57,1:50:08.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(computer beeping)
Dialogue: 0,1:50:08.57,1:50:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zero, that's right.
Dialogue: 0,1:50:10.07,1:50:11.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no candy here.
Dialogue: 0,1:50:11.57,1:50:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, that's too bad...
Dialogue: 0,1:50:13.07,1:50:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BOYSEN: There's no way the chimps would be able to do this
Dialogue: 0,1:50:16.08,1:50:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they didn't have a great deal of commonality
Dialogue: 0,1:50:19.58,1:50:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in, literally, the neurological structure
Dialogue: 0,1:50:22.58,1:50:30.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that supports their ability to learn... just like we do.
Dialogue: 0,1:50:30.59,1:50:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those things are absolutely comparable
Dialogue: 0,1:50:35.60,1:50:50.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had to come from a common ancestor.
Dialogue: 0,1:50:50.61,1:50:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,KENNETH MILLER: The similarities that we have with our primate relatives
Dialogue: 0,1:50:54.61,1:50:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are extraordinary.
Dialogue: 0,1:50:55.62,1:50:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We share so much of our DNA
Dialogue: 0,1:50:57.12,1:50:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we share so much of our morphology
Dialogue: 0,1:50:59.12,1:51:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we even share our blood types.
Dialogue: 0,1:51:00.12,1:51:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for all of those similarities
Dialogue: 0,1:51:02.12,1:51:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are striking differences.
Dialogue: 0,1:51:06.13,1:51:09.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the reason for this is really very simple.
Dialogue: 0,1:51:09.63,1:51:13.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is, the line of evolution that led to us
Dialogue: 0,1:51:13.63,1:51:17.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led, for reasons which we are only beginning to understand
Dialogue: 0,1:51:17.14,1:51:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to an explosive development of mental capacity.
Dialogue: 0,1:51:25.64,1:51:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what clearly happened is that natural selection
Dialogue: 0,1:51:29.15,1:51:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,favored the evolution of organisms that could communicate
Dialogue: 0,1:51:32.65,1:51:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could manipulate symbols, and could construct language.
Dialogue: 0,1:51:40.66,1:51:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin's great idea is a grand and marvelous explanation
Dialogue: 0,1:51:45.16,1:51:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that shows us that we are united with every other form of life
Dialogue: 0,1:51:48.67,1:51:51.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this planet.
Dialogue: 0,1:51:51.17,1:51:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I find that an exciting
Dialogue: 0,1:51:52.67,1:52:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe even an ennobling way to look at things.
Dialogue: 0,1:52:06.19,1:52:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(choir singing hymn)
Dialogue: 0,1:52:17.20,1:52:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOORE: Darwin died in April 1882, at the age of 73.
Dialogue: 0,1:52:25.20,1:52:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The family thought he would be buried
Dialogue: 0,1:52:26.71,1:52:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the parish churchyard.
Dialogue: 0,1:52:29.21,1:52:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin had said, months before he died
Dialogue: 0,1:52:31.21,1:52:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he would have to look forward to it
Dialogue: 0,1:52:33.71,1:52:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the sweetest place on earth.
Dialogue: 0,1:52:35.72,1:52:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was not to be.
Dialogue: 0,1:52:38.72,1:52:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In London, Darwin's friends
Dialogue: 0,1:52:41.22,1:52:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,determined to make his death and burial a state occasion.
Dialogue: 0,1:52:46.23,1:52:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They went to the Royal Society and they got signatures.
Dialogue: 0,1:52:49.73,1:52:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They went to the House of Commons
Dialogue: 0,1:52:52.23,1:52:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and got up a petition.
Dialogue: 0,1:52:53.73,1:52:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They telegraphed the Dean of Westminster
Dialogue: 0,1:52:55.74,1:52:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was abroad and got his approval.
Dialogue: 0,1:52:57.74,1:53:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A special anthem was even written for the occasion.
Dialogue: 0,1:53:01.24,1:53:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on the 26th of April, a week after the death
Dialogue: 0,1:53:04.74,1:53:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin's body was borne mightily in procession
Dialogue: 0,1:53:07.25,1:53:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down the aisle of Westminster Abbey
Dialogue: 0,1:53:09.75,1:53:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be interred in the shadow of the grave of Sir Isaac Newton.
Dialogue: 0,1:53:15.76,1:53:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin's interment celebrated the vast social transformation
Dialogue: 0,1:53:21.26,1:53:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that England was undergoing.
Dialogue: 0,1:53:23.76,1:53:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were new colonies, new industries
Dialogue: 0,1:53:26.77,1:53:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and new men to run them.
Dialogue: 0,1:53:28.77,1:53:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin's body was enshrined
Dialogue: 0,1:53:31.77,1:53:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the greater glory of these new professionals
Dialogue: 0,1:53:34.77,1:53:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for he had naturalized creation
Dialogue: 0,1:53:37.78,1:53:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and delivered human nature and human destiny into their hands.
Dialogue: 0,1:53:42.28,1:53:47.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Society would never be the same.
Dialogue: 0,1:53:47.29,1:53:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin's vision of nature
Dialogue: 0,1:53:48.79,1:53:51.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was, I believe, fundamentally a religious vision
Dialogue: 0,1:53:51.79,1:53:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one with which he ended his most famous work
Dialogue: 0,1:53:55.30,1:53:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the Origin of Species.
Dialogue: 0,1:53:59.80,1:54:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"There is grandeur in this view of life
Dialogue: 0,1:54:02.80,1:54:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"with its several powers
Dialogue: 0,1:54:04.30,1:54:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one
Dialogue: 0,1:54:08.31,1:54:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and that whilst this planet has gone cycling on...
Dialogue: 0,1:54:12.31,1:54:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Darwin's voice joins Moore's)
Dialogue: 0,1:54:13.81,1:54:15.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"according to the fixed law of gravity
Dialogue: 0,1:54:15.82,1:54:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"from so simple a beginning, endless forms most beautiful
Dialogue: 0,1:54:23.32,1:54:54.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most wonderful have been and are being evolved."
Dialogue: 0,1:54:54.55,1:54:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Continue the journey
Dialogue: 0,1:54:56.06,1:54:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into where we're from and where we're going
Dialogue: 0,1:54:58.56,1:55:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the Evolution web site.
Dialogue: 0,1:55:00.06,1:55:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Visit www.pbs.org.
Dialogue: 0,1:55:03.56,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Downloaded From www.AllSubs.org