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Downloaded From www.AllSubs.org

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(barking)

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No, thank you.

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No.

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No, no.

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No.

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Venga.

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¿Quieren un poquito de agua?

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Me...

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Me llamo Charles Darwin

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y él Captain FitzRoy.

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Me soy naturalista.

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¿Hay hueso?

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¿Hueso?

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Bones.

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Sí, hueso, hueso.

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¿Sí? ¿Hueso gigante?

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¿Aquí? Here?

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Aquí estan los huesos.

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DARWIN: FitzRoy!

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FITZROY: A flood washed down part of a bank of earth.

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Mi hijo le pegó con una piedra

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y le sacó los dientes.

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Por eso que se caí tan afuera.

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It was perfect, but the boys knocked out some of the teeth

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throwing stones at it.

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How much?

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¿Cuánto cuesta?

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(conversation continues)

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I wonder why these creatures no longer exist.

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Perhaps the ark was too small

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to allow them entry

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and they perished in the flood.

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(laughing)

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What is there to laugh at?

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Nothing, nothing.

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Do you mock me, or the Bible?

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Neither.

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What sort of clergyman will you be, Mr. Darwin?

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Dreadful.

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Dreadful.

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FITZROY: "And God said, 'Let the waters bring forth abundantly

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"'the moving creature that hath life

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"'and fowl that may fly above the earth

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"in the open firmament of heaven.'

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"And God created great whales

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and every living creature that moveth..."

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Hello.

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FITZROY: "...which the waters brought forth..."

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What are you doing here?

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Why such beauty where no one can see?

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(FitzRoy continues scriptural reading)

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You can't have been blown here.

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FITZROY: "And God saw that it was good."

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MAN: If I were to give a prize

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for the single best idea anybody ever had

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I'd give it to Darwin for the idea of natural selection...

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ahead of Newton, ahead of Einstein

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because his idea unites

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the two most disparate features of our universe:

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the world of purposeless, meaningless matter and motion

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on the one side

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and the world of meaning and purpose and design on the other.

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He understood that what he was proposing

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was a truly revolutionary idea.

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MAN: The Darwinian revolution

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is about who we are,

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it's what we're made of, it's what our life means

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insofar as science can answer that question.

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So it, in many ways, was the singularly deepest

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and most discombobulating of all discoveries

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that science has ever made.

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MAN: In Darwin's day, the idea of evolution was regarded

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as highly unorthodox

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because it went against all of natural history

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in Great Britain.

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It jeopardized the standing of science;

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it did jeopardize the standing of a stable society, the Bible

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and the church as well.

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Darwin kept his thoughts to himself for many years

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and agonized over the problem.

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If it ever got out that he was doing something

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that ran slap counter to established science

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it would ruin his career, ruin his reputation.

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He was a respectable man with a dangerous theory.

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MAN: Did you never get your sea legs?

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Not once in five years.

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Whenever the sea was up

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so was the contents of my stomach.

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What a delightful thought.

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We should be able to squeeze 400 a year

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out of the governor.

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Why? What has he said?

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He hasn't said anything, but I've seen it

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in his eyes, the way he pored over your letters.

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A very proud father.

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I told him you were going to publish

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a journal of your travels.

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There was a definite flicker of interest.

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Publish?

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Yes, of course.

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No country parsonage for you, my boy.

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You're under my wing now.

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I'll take charge of your affairs;

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introduce you to all my clever, witty friends.

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Trade on your... your celebrity.

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Celebrity?

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Certainly!

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Everyone wants to meet you,

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hear stories of naked Tahitian women

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and giant sloths or whatever.

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(bird cawing)

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DARWIN: Captain FitzRoy!

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This is my brother, Erasmus.

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Mr. Darwin.

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Captain.

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Good God!

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A man can collect a lot of rubbish in five years.

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It's a wonder you didn't sink the ship, Charles.

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Named, I take it, after your grandfather?

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Yes, and an uncle...

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who drowned himself in the River Derwent.

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And are you a free thinker like him?

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I'm more of a free drinker, really.

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And how was the voyage for you, Captain?

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That's not for me to say.

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No?

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40 views of the coast as seen from the sea

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80 plans of harbors and 82 coastal maps,

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all for the Hydrographic Department of the Admiralty.

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Bravo.

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Dinner at sea must have been a jolly affair.

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Here... from the Galapagos Islands.

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DARWIN: Puma roasted over an open fire...

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rather like veal.

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(laughing)

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Armadillo, roasted in its shell... a lot like duck.

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Tortoise, of course.

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(chuckling)

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Of course.

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Some of them weigh as much as 500 pounds.

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One I measured was 96 inches around the waist.

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If one of them ever needs a suit of clothes

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we must send it to father's tailor.

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(all laughing)

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What else?

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Llama, ostrich...

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People wonder how it is

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some animals come to be extinct.

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Now we have the answer: eaten by Charlie Darwin.

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(all laughing)

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ERASMUS: You look as though you're going to the scaffold!

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Dignity!

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Poise!

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Smile!

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Remember, all eyes are on you.

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The judging has begun.

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Mr. President...

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my lords, ladies and gentlemen...

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No, no, no!

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Start with a bang.

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Men of Athens!

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What?

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Friends, Romans, countrymen!

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That sort of thing.

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Right.

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I can't do this.

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Yes, you can.

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You mustn't let the fact

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that every leading geologist in the land will be there

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put you off.

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Oh, God!

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Now, let me hear an interesting bit.

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There aren't any.

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The earthquake.

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Oh, stand still.

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And don't wave your arms around like that.

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Leave your tie alone.

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Don't squint.

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And speak up!

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The earthquake ran for 400 miles along the coast

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accompanied by the simultaneous eruption of a line of volcanoes.

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We found fresh mussel beds lying above high tide

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the shellfish all dead.

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The land had risen eight feet.

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Mountains must be the product

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of thousands and thousands of such rises

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occurring again and again throughout history.

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Even at the very crest of the Andes

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we found marine remains...

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The fossilized shells of creatures

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that once crawled about at the bottom of the sea

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elevated nearly 14,000 feet above its level.

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Time...

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unimaginable tracts of time...

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is the key.

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(Erasmus applauding)

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(others join in enthusiastically)

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MEN: Bravo! Bravo! Well done!

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Mr. Darwin, splendid.

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Thank you, thank you very much.

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Congratulations.

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Interesting paper.

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Thank you.

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Where have you placed your fossil specimens?

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I was thinking of the British Museum.

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Ah... you're happy to have them languish

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in some dusty Bloomsbury cellar?

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No, not at all.

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You'd better let me look over them for you then.

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We'll let you know.

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Thank you.

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Pompous oaf.

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Who does he think he is?

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He thinks he's Richard Owen

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the most brilliant anatomist in Europe.

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And you're Erasmus Darwin's little brother.

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Darwin of the Beagle Darwin!

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Lord it while you can.

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I don't want to lord it.

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Liar.

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What a brilliant red!

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Brighter than the actual plumage.

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I try to allow for the loss of color

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that comes with death.

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Can you do this

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with my Galapagos birds?

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I haven't finished identifying them yet, Mr. Darwin.

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I do know that your "wren" is a finch.

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Your "grosbeak" is a finch.

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Even your blackbird is a finch.

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And they're unique, all new, never described before.

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There's even evidence that there are

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separate species for each Galapagos island.

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But I didn't label mine by island.

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You didn't label them by island?

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FITZROY: Why do you want them?

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DARWIN: Why, I told you.

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I failed to label mine by island.

0:11:35.127,0:11:37.630
No, I mean, why are the birds I collected

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suddenly of such interest to you?

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The vice governor of the Galapagos told me

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he could identify which island a tortoise came from

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by its markings.

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Yes, yes... small variations are possible

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from island to island.

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Adaptations to climates and so on.

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Yes, but the islands all have the same climate.

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My expert, John Gould, tells me he's found

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different species of finches.

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What if these finches were blown to the Galapagos

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from South America

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and then began to change, adapt, if you will...

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become more and more different from their ancestors

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generation after generation?

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First into varieties, then into new species

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each new species marooned on its own island.

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What are you talking about?

0:12:17.670,0:12:19.672
"What if the finches were blown to the Galapagos"!

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God put those creatures there.

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That makes no sense.

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Why would God put different birds

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on almost identical islands?

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I have no idea.

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It's not a question that requires an answer.

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Species were commanded into existence by God.

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They are perfect forms

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and they've been perfect since the day of Creation.

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It's divine law, God's will.

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I'll see to it that your expert receives my birds.

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Thank you.

0:12:47.700,0:13:07.219
It's God you should give thanks to.

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Come on!

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Tonight, and for one night only, ladies and gentlemen

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a guided tour of Charles Darwin's Boneyard.

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Shh!

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And for goodness' sake, hurry up!

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Yes.

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OWEN: This is a large, extinct

0:13:21.734,0:13:23.736
llamalike creature...

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(observers murmur)

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and this is a giant ground sloth

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discovered by Mr. Darwin at Punta Alta.

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Lastly...

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The remains of Mr. Darwin's breakfast.

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This skull belongs to a huge rodent...

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(observers exclaiming)

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a relative of the South American capybara.

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If that's the size of a rat

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imagine how big the cats must have been.

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(laughing)

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I have named it Toxodon.

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Thank you, thank you, Professor Owen

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for identifying and describing

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the extraordinary array of fossils discovered by Mr. Darwin

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on his voyage to South America.

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We allow the planets and the Sun

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to be governed by natural laws

0:14:22.294,0:14:23.796
but the smallest insect

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we wish to be created by a special act of God.

0:14:26.799,0:14:29.802
Surely the creation of life has to be explained

0:14:29.802,0:14:31.804
in the same way as geology

0:14:31.804,0:14:34.306
using natural, ordinary, everyday causes.

0:14:34.306,0:14:35.808
Well, in theory, yes.

0:14:35.808,0:14:36.809
But in practice

0:14:36.809,0:14:37.810
there can be no question

0:14:37.810,0:14:38.811
about the prime cause:

0:14:38.811,0:14:39.812
divine will.

0:14:39.812,0:14:42.815
Shouldn't men of science be free to investigate

0:14:42.815,0:14:43.816
each and every means

0:14:43.816,0:14:45.818
by which new species come into being?

0:14:45.818,0:14:48.320
If by that you mean wild accusations

0:14:48.320,0:14:49.822
about man's ancestry

0:14:49.822,0:14:50.823
the answer is no.

0:14:50.823,0:14:52.825
To destroy man's unique status

0:14:52.825,0:14:55.327
is to open the floodgates to anarchy.

0:14:55.327,0:14:56.829
You might just as well

0:14:56.829,0:15:00.833
throw muskets to the rabble.

0:15:00.833,0:15:02.835
ERASMUS: People like Owen think

0:15:02.835,0:15:04.837
that if there was no Church of England

0:15:04.837,0:15:08.841
cucumbers wouldn't grow.

0:15:08.841,0:15:10.843
If the globe has undergone

0:15:10.843,0:15:12.845
such profound changes

0:15:12.845,0:15:15.347
in its history, geologically

0:15:15.347,0:15:18.350
then surely all living creatures

0:15:18.350,0:15:19.852
must have changed with it

0:15:19.852,0:15:22.354
to adapt to their new conditions.

0:15:22.354,0:15:25.357
Otherwise they would have perished.

0:15:25.357,0:15:27.359
Some did perish, it seems.

0:15:27.359,0:15:31.363
Yes, but the continued existence of life on Earth

0:15:31.363,0:15:34.867
can only be explained by the assumption

0:15:34.867,0:15:38.370
that a creature like this was replaced

0:15:38.370,0:15:43.375
by the modern-day armadillo.

0:15:43.375,0:15:45.878
There must be a law

0:15:45.878,0:15:50.883
which causes new species to appear

0:15:50.883,0:15:53.385
in place of the extinct ones.

0:15:53.385,0:15:56.889
Oh, that, my boy, is the mystery of mysteries.

0:15:56.889,0:15:59.391
The person who can solve that riddle

0:15:59.391,0:16:10.402
will take all of the scientific prizes.

0:16:10.402,0:16:13.405
GOULD: It's the variety of their beaks that's so amazing.

0:16:13.405,0:16:16.408
They graduate perfectly in size.

0:16:16.408,0:16:21.914
From this large parrot-like beak similar to a hawfinch

0:16:21.914,0:16:24.917
perfectly designed for cracking nuts

0:16:24.917,0:16:27.419
to this tiny warbler finch

0:16:27.419,0:16:29.421
fine as a chaffinch

0:16:29.421,0:16:31.924
to feed on insects.

0:16:31.924,0:16:36.428
And they're all descended from this one:

0:16:36.428,0:16:43.435
the common ground finch.

0:16:43.435,0:16:45.437
I've started to prepare some color plates.

0:16:45.437,0:16:48.440
They'll put my words to shame.

0:16:48.440,0:16:50.442
Ras?

0:16:50.442,0:16:51.944
Ras!

0:16:51.944,0:16:53.445
Oh.

0:16:53.445,0:16:56.448
Ras.

0:16:56.448,0:16:57.950
Wake up!

0:16:57.950,0:16:58.951
What time is it?

0:16:58.951,0:16:59.952
Lunch time.

0:16:59.952,0:17:00.953
(groans)

0:17:00.953,0:17:01.954
Well, then go away

0:17:01.954,0:17:02.955
and come back at tea time.

0:17:02.955,0:17:05.958
The Galapagos Islands are almost identical,

0:17:05.958,0:17:07.960
the same geology, the same climate.

0:17:07.960,0:17:09.461
I'm glad to hear it.

0:17:09.461,0:17:10.462
Now go away.

0:17:10.462,0:17:12.464
So why should different finches

0:17:12.464,0:17:13.966
inhabit identical islands?

0:17:13.966,0:17:15.467
Ras?

0:17:15.467,0:17:17.469
(groans)

0:17:17.469,0:17:20.472
Small changes over ages and ages

0:17:20.472,0:17:22.975
can throw up mountain ranges

0:17:22.975,0:17:24.476
and sink continents.

0:17:24.476,0:17:26.478
If mountains can move

0:17:26.478,0:17:27.980
and rivers can move

0:17:27.980,0:17:30.482
then why can't animals?

0:17:30.482,0:17:31.984
Finches.

0:17:31.984,0:17:33.986
Tortoises.

0:17:33.986,0:17:35.988
Iguanas.

0:17:35.988,0:17:36.989
If you trace animals

0:17:36.989,0:17:38.991
across the surface of the earth

0:17:38.991,0:17:41.493
or dig down and trace them back through time

0:17:41.493,0:17:42.995
you come face to face

0:17:42.995,0:17:44.496
with the same truth.

0:17:44.496,0:17:45.497
Which is?

0:17:45.497,0:17:58.010
New beings can appear on the earth.

0:17:58.010,0:18:02.514
Perhaps everything is part

0:18:02.514,0:18:07.953
of one ancestral chain.

0:18:07.953,0:18:17.463
Man... mouse... armadillo.

0:18:17.463,0:18:19.465
No.

0:18:19.465,0:18:23.969
It's nonsense to think of animals or man

0:18:23.969,0:18:26.472
as climbing some ladder...

0:18:26.472,0:18:27.973
to talk of one animal

0:18:27.973,0:18:30.476
being higher than another.

0:18:30.476,0:18:32.478
No.

0:18:32.478,0:18:35.981
No.

0:18:35.981,0:18:42.488
I think... it's more like a tree.

0:18:42.488,0:18:45.491
A tree of life.

0:18:45.491,0:18:48.494
Each new species

0:18:48.494,0:18:53.499
springs from the parent tree like a shoot.

0:18:53.499,0:18:58.003
These shoots branch and divide in their turn

0:18:58.003,0:19:00.005
and so on and so on.

0:19:00.005,0:19:02.007
Some branches die out;

0:19:02.007,0:19:04.009
others keep developing.

0:19:04.009,0:19:09.515
The trunk, the ancient common ancestor.

0:19:09.515,0:19:12.017
The stock...

0:19:12.017,0:19:17.523
the stock from which all animals and plants sprang.

0:19:17.523,0:19:21.527
"Nurs'd by warm sun-beams in primeval caves

0:19:21.527,0:19:25.531
"Organic life began beneath the waves

0:19:25.531,0:19:30.035
"Hence, without parent by spontaneous birth

0:19:30.035,0:19:34.039
Rise the first steps of animated Earth."

0:19:34.039,0:19:41.547
Grandfather's Zoonomia.

0:19:41.547,0:19:44.550
"Would it be too bold to imagine

0:19:44.550,0:19:48.053
"that all warm-blooded animals have arisen

0:19:48.053,0:19:50.556
from one living filament?"

0:19:50.556,0:19:53.058
It's in our blood, Charles.

0:19:53.058,0:19:55.060
And grandfather was vilified for it.

0:19:55.060,0:20:08.574
It's in our blood.

0:20:08.574,0:20:12.578
NARRATOR: What Charles Darwin glimpsed over 150 years ago

0:20:12.578,0:20:16.582
is now the bedrock of biology:

0:20:16.582,0:20:20.085
All forms of life on Earth have evolved

0:20:20.085,0:20:39.605
on a single, branching tree of life.

0:20:39.605,0:20:42.107
MAN: One of the most important ideas that Darwin had was

0:20:42.107,0:20:47.112
that all living things on Earth were related.

0:20:47.112,0:20:48.614
How can you realize

0:20:48.614,0:20:52.117
that you are part of this single tree of life

0:20:52.117,0:20:55.621
and not be fundamentally moved by that?

0:20:55.621,0:21:01.126
It's... it's something that stirs the soul.

0:21:01.126,0:21:03.128
NARRATOR: Following in Darwin's path

0:21:03.128,0:21:06.131
biologist Chris Schneider and his colleagues

0:21:06.131,0:21:10.135
have come to South America to a remote region of Ecuador

0:21:10.135,0:21:13.639
near the base of the Andes Mountains.

0:21:13.639,0:21:17.142
The rain forest may be home to more species of animals

0:21:17.142,0:21:21.146
than anywhere else on Earth.

0:21:21.146,0:21:27.653
Darwin had been awestruck by its endless variety of life.

0:21:27.653,0:21:31.657
He wrote that he felt like a blind man being given sight

0:21:31.657,0:21:34.660
and that the sounds of the rain forest were

0:21:34.660,0:21:46.672
like a great cathedral at Evensong.

0:21:46.672,0:21:48.173
For biologists today

0:21:48.173,0:21:52.678
the lowland rain forest and the nearby Andes Mountains

0:21:52.678,0:21:56.181
are laboratories for exploring Darwin's ideas.

0:21:56.181,0:22:05.190
(chirps)

0:22:05.190,0:22:06.191
Did he bite you?

0:22:06.191,0:22:08.193
NARRATOR: Over the next several days

0:22:08.193,0:22:10.696
Schneider's team will track down rats and frogs

0:22:10.696,0:22:17.703
bats, birds and lizards through day and night

0:22:17.703,0:22:22.207
both here in the rain forest and high up in the mountains.

0:22:22.207,0:22:25.210
By comparing the two groups of animals

0:22:25.210,0:22:27.212
they hope to better understand

0:22:27.212,0:22:30.215
how changing environments might trigger

0:22:30.215,0:22:31.717
the evolution of new species.

0:22:31.717,0:22:34.720
SCHNEIDER: You just can't help but be awestruck by the fact

0:22:34.720,0:22:38.223
that there are so many different kinds of things here.

0:22:38.223,0:22:40.726
There are 12 species of primates.

0:22:40.726,0:22:44.730
There are 550 species of birds that have been identified here.

0:22:44.730,0:22:50.235
There are 100 species of frogs right here in this little area.

0:22:50.235,0:22:54.740
(low conversation)

0:22:54.740,0:23:05.751
SCHNEIDER: Why is there such diversity here?

0:23:05.751,0:23:07.252
We got some good stuff.

0:23:07.252,0:23:08.754
(laughs)

0:23:08.754,0:23:10.756
We got a mindblower or two.

0:23:10.756,0:23:11.757
MAN: Did you?

0:23:11.757,0:23:15.260
MAN 2: I'll show you this one.

0:23:15.260,0:23:18.764
NARRATOR: Ornithologist Tom Smith wants to compare the size of birds' beaks

0:23:18.764,0:23:20.265
from the rain forest

0:23:20.265,0:23:24.269
with those he hopes to find in the mountains.

0:23:24.269,0:23:25.270
(bird squeaking)

0:23:25.270,0:23:28.273
Even subtle differences may offer clues

0:23:28.273,0:23:31.276
about how and why new species arise

0:23:31.276,0:23:34.279
just as it was the beaks of finches

0:23:34.279,0:23:36.782
from the nearby Galapagos Islands

0:23:36.782,0:23:43.288
that spurred Darwin's thinking in the 1830s.

0:23:43.288,0:23:47.793
Darwin saw that the finches he brought back

0:23:47.793,0:23:50.295
had uniquely shaped beaks

0:23:50.295,0:23:54.800
adapted to the different foods on the islands.

0:23:54.800,0:23:58.303
He envisioned that these different species of finch

0:23:58.303,0:24:00.806
had all descended (with modifications)

0:24:00.806,0:24:03.308
from a common ancestral population

0:24:03.308,0:24:09.314
that had flown over from the mainland.

0:24:09.314,0:24:12.818
Darwin's bold insight was to apply this vision

0:24:12.818,0:24:14.319
to all of life

0:24:14.319,0:24:17.823
to see that the great variety of life on Earth,

0:24:17.823,0:24:23.829
leopards and lichens, minnows and whales

0:24:23.829,0:24:30.335
flowering plants and flatworms, apes and human beings,

0:24:30.335,0:24:35.841
all descended from one root, one common ancestor.

0:24:35.841,0:24:39.845
MAN: It was indeed another one of his radical proposals

0:24:39.845,0:24:42.848
not only to say that evolution happened

0:24:42.848,0:24:45.350
but that there was a root of common ancestry

0:24:45.350,0:24:48.353
to everything that lived on this planet, including us.

0:24:48.353,0:24:49.855
You could construe it in other ways

0:24:49.855,0:24:52.858
that, as I like to say, are more user-friendly.

0:24:52.858,0:24:53.859
You could have thought

0:24:53.859,0:24:56.361
well, God had several independent lineages

0:24:56.361,0:24:59.865
and they were all moving in certain preordained directions

0:24:59.865,0:25:03.368
which pleased His sense of how a uniform and harmonious world

0:25:03.368,0:25:04.870
ought to be put together.

0:25:04.870,0:25:08.373
And Darwin says, "No, it's just history all coming

0:25:08.373,0:25:12.377
with descent, with modification, from a single common ancestry."

0:25:12.377,0:25:15.881
The key to Darwin's thought in every realm is

0:25:15.881,0:25:20.385
that given enough time and innumerable small events

0:25:20.385,0:25:25.891
anything can take place by the laws of nature.

0:25:25.891,0:25:28.894
So whether it's the raising of mountains

0:25:28.894,0:25:31.897
or the evolution of new species

0:25:31.897,0:25:40.405
all of these things happen through time and change.

0:25:40.405,0:25:46.411
NARRATOR: The rain forest holds striking examples.

0:25:46.411,0:25:49.414
SCHNEIDER: Take a look at this mantis here.

0:25:49.414,0:25:52.918
This thing is almost perfectly disguised as a leaf

0:25:52.918,0:25:55.420
but you can see, if you look at the underside

0:25:55.420,0:25:56.922
that it's a praying mantis

0:25:56.922,0:25:59.925
just like you'd find in a garden in North America.

0:25:59.925,0:26:01.927
But this one is highly modified.

0:26:01.927,0:26:04.930
Its thorax is flattened out to look like a leaf

0:26:04.930,0:26:07.933
and its wings are modified to look like leaves.

0:26:07.933,0:26:09.935
You can even see the veins.

0:26:09.935,0:26:11.937
If you imagined a population of mantises

0:26:11.937,0:26:14.439
and some looked more like leaves than others

0:26:14.439,0:26:17.442
those ones that look like leaves may tend to survive

0:26:17.442,0:26:18.944
and reproduce more than others.

0:26:18.944,0:26:22.447
And so a series of modifications could build up over time

0:26:22.447,0:26:28.453
to result in an almost perfectly leaflike mantis.

0:26:28.453,0:26:29.955
But if you put it on a background

0:26:29.955,0:26:31.456
on which it doesn't belong

0:26:31.456,0:26:33.458
I mean, it just sticks out like a sore thumb.

0:26:33.458,0:26:36.962
It would almost certainly... hey, where you going there, pal?

0:26:36.962,0:26:42.968
It would almost certainly get eaten by something.

0:26:42.968,0:26:44.970
NARRATOR: Before heading into the mountains

0:26:44.970,0:26:46.972
Smith collects more birds

0:26:46.972,0:26:49.474
to add to what he's learned in the rain forest.

0:26:49.474,0:26:51.476
Bill length...

0:26:51.476,0:26:53.979
NARRATOR: How different will the highland birds prove to be?

0:26:53.979,0:26:55.480
...is 9.2.

0:26:55.480,0:26:57.983
Common is 10.

0:26:57.983,0:27:01.486
NARRATOR: Different enough to be considered new species

0:27:01.486,0:27:22.974
branching off in a new direction on the tree of life?

0:27:22.974,0:27:25.477
SCHNEIDER: When the Andes were uplifted

0:27:25.477,0:27:28.480
it created a whole variety of new habitats.

0:27:28.480,0:27:30.982
The animals that were in the lowland rain forest

0:27:30.982,0:27:34.486
had an enormous opportunity to colonize these new habitats

0:27:34.486,0:27:39.491
and they did so.

0:27:39.491,0:27:40.992
The real question is

0:27:40.992,0:27:44.496
whether adaptation to these new environments

0:27:44.496,0:27:48.500
can lead to the formation of new species.

0:27:48.500,0:27:51.002
NARRATOR: Flying less than one hour

0:27:51.002,0:27:55.006
Schneider and Smith move from the steamy lowlands

0:27:55.006,0:27:57.509
to the windswept Andean peaks.

0:27:57.509,0:28:01.012
Animal populations made the same journey

0:28:01.012,0:28:04.516
but gradually, over many generations.

0:28:04.516,0:28:07.018
And as the environment changed

0:28:07.018,0:28:11.022
from rain forest to the high, cool grasslands

0:28:11.022,0:28:15.527
animal populations were forced to adapt.

0:28:15.527,0:28:20.031
These grasslands lie nearly two miles above sea level.

0:28:20.031,0:28:24.536
Seasons never change here, so close to the equator

0:28:24.536,0:28:28.540
but it is said that winter visits every night.

0:28:28.540,0:28:32.043
Temperatures often drop below freezing.

0:28:32.043,0:28:40.552
Animals not well adapted will not survive.

0:28:40.552,0:28:43.054
SMITH: Hummingbirds are amazing.

0:28:43.054,0:28:44.556
It turns out

0:28:44.556,0:28:47.559
that they can drop their body temperature 50 degrees

0:28:47.559,0:28:49.561
and go into a state of hibernation

0:28:49.561,0:28:54.566
to withstand the frigid nights here.

0:28:54.566,0:28:56.067
You can imagine

0:28:56.067,0:28:59.571
a small-billed hummingbird living in cloud forest

0:28:59.571,0:29:02.073
some thousand meters down slope from us.

0:29:02.073,0:29:05.577
And if those individuals were to expand their range

0:29:05.577,0:29:09.581
up into this habitat where perhaps flowers are much longer

0:29:09.581,0:29:11.082
you could expect

0:29:11.082,0:29:14.586
that individuals with slightly longer bills

0:29:14.586,0:29:16.588
might survive better.

0:29:16.588,0:29:18.590
And in fact, there are many examples in hummingbirds

0:29:18.590,0:29:21.593
where we know that small changes in bill length

0:29:21.593,0:29:26.097
can make important differences in how that bird extracts nectar

0:29:26.097,0:29:28.099
and how well it survives.

0:29:28.099,0:29:31.603
We're seeing that changes in the environment

0:29:31.603,0:29:33.104
can be very important

0:29:33.104,0:29:36.608
in changing the characteristics of those animals

0:29:36.608,0:29:39.110
as they move between environments.

0:29:39.110,0:29:43.615
And we believe very strongly that, in many cases, anyway

0:29:43.615,0:29:45.617
that this can be very important

0:29:45.617,0:29:47.619
in the progression to new species.

0:29:47.619,0:29:52.624
NARRATOR: From one species of bird, the common ancestor

0:29:52.624,0:29:57.629
hummingbirds with beaks of different lengths evolve

0:29:57.629,0:29:59.631
over many generations.

0:29:59.631,0:30:02.634
And if these populations change so much

0:30:02.634,0:30:06.137
that they can no longer reproduce with one another

0:30:06.137,0:30:14.145
they are considered separate species on the tree of life.

0:30:14.145,0:30:16.147
Smith and Schneider want to see

0:30:16.147,0:30:19.150
how closely related the highland birds are

0:30:19.150,0:30:22.654
to the birds they examined in the lowland rain forest.

0:30:22.654,0:30:28.660
They compare color, beak length, wingspan...

0:30:28.660,0:30:31.162
just as Darwin would have done.

0:30:31.162,0:30:37.168
But they have another tool that Darwin never even dreamed of...

0:30:37.168,0:30:42.674
DNA.

0:30:42.674,0:30:46.177
Darwin was convinced that traits were passed on

0:30:46.177,0:30:54.686
from generation to generation, but he didn't understand how.

0:30:54.686,0:30:56.187
We now know

0:30:56.187,0:30:59.691
that the sequence of the four chemical building blocks of DNA

0:30:59.691,0:31:02.694
determines the traits of all living things.

0:31:02.694,0:31:08.700
Each generation passes on this text of As, Ts, Cs and Gs

0:31:08.700,0:31:10.201
to its offspring.

0:31:10.201,0:31:15.206
But occasional mistakes in copying (mutations)

0:31:15.206,0:31:17.709
can result in new traits.

0:31:17.709,0:31:19.210
SCHNEIDER: By comparing DNA

0:31:19.210,0:31:22.213
we can determine who is most closely related to whom

0:31:22.213,0:31:24.215
we can determine when they had a common ancestor

0:31:24.215,0:31:27.719
and when they diverged from that common ancestor.

0:31:27.719,0:31:30.722
NARRATOR: Laboratory analysis reveals

0:31:30.722,0:31:33.725
that DNA from the rain forest hummingbirds

0:31:33.725,0:31:35.727
differs only very slightly

0:31:35.727,0:31:39.230
from that of the highland hummingbirds.

0:31:39.230,0:31:42.233
They must have diverged from a common ancestor

0:31:42.233,0:31:45.737
relatively recently in the history of life on Earth,

0:31:45.737,0:31:51.242
about three million years ago.

0:31:51.242,0:31:53.244
SCHNEIDER: We're examining the genetic material

0:31:53.244,0:31:54.746
that makes organisms what they are.

0:31:54.746,0:32:03.254
And written in that DNA is the history of their evolution.

0:32:03.254,0:32:06.758
NARRATOR: The fact that the blueprints for all living things

0:32:06.758,0:32:11.262
are in the same language, the genetic code of DNA,

0:32:11.262,0:32:12.764
is powerful evidence

0:32:12.764,0:32:18.269
that they all evolved on a single tree of life.

0:32:18.269,0:32:23.274
SCHNEIDER: How is it that organisms that are so different can be related?

0:32:23.274,0:32:28.279
That we are related to a flatworm or a bacteria?

0:32:28.279,0:32:29.781
Darwin emphasized

0:32:29.781,0:32:33.785
that small changes would accrue every generation

0:32:33.785,0:32:40.291
and these changes could build up to amount to enormous changes.

0:32:40.291,0:32:42.794
It's not really hard to understand

0:32:42.794,0:32:45.296
how major transitions could come about

0:32:45.296,0:32:50.802
given that life has been around for 3½ billion years.

0:32:50.802,0:32:57.809
Darwin really had it right.

0:32:57.809,0:33:02.814
(man chuckling and applauding)

0:33:02.814,0:33:04.816
WOMAN: Come here, Squib.

0:33:04.816,0:33:06.317
There.

0:33:06.317,0:33:08.319
There we are.

0:33:08.319,0:33:11.322
Well, Emma, you're a remarkably good shot!

0:33:11.322,0:33:12.323
(both chuckle)

0:33:12.323,0:33:13.825
Hello, Parker.

0:33:13.825,0:33:14.826
Miss Wedgwood.

0:33:14.826,0:33:17.328
You've met my cousin, Mr. Darwin, before?

0:33:17.328,0:33:18.329
Sir.

0:33:18.329,0:33:19.330
He's fast, eh?

0:33:19.330,0:33:21.833
The fastest in the county.

0:33:21.833,0:33:22.834
Did you breed him yourself?

0:33:22.834,0:33:23.835
I mated him

0:33:23.835,0:33:25.336
with a bitch who was pretty swift.

0:33:25.336,0:33:27.839
And how would you breed a fellow like Squib here?

0:33:27.839,0:33:29.340
From the runts, I suppose.

0:33:29.340,0:33:31.342
(men laugh)

0:33:31.342,0:33:32.844
How dare you!

0:33:32.844,0:33:35.847
Squib is quite as nice as any of your rotten dogs.

0:33:35.847,0:33:36.848
It's true.

0:33:36.848,0:33:38.850
It's from the runts and monsters

0:33:38.850,0:33:40.852
that breeders can produce tailless cats

0:33:40.852,0:33:42.854
or pygmies like Squib.

0:33:42.854,0:33:44.856
I'm not listening to any more of this.

0:33:44.856,0:33:46.858
Take me back to the house at once

0:33:46.858,0:33:48.860
and stop saying horrid things.

0:33:48.860,0:33:50.862
From wolves to greyhounds

0:33:50.862,0:33:53.865
from bulldogs to fellows like Squib

0:33:53.865,0:33:59.871
in what, a matter of a few hundred years.

0:33:59.871,0:34:01.873
I take it you don't find

0:34:01.873,0:34:05.376
talk of dogs all that interesting?

0:34:05.376,0:34:08.379
I can think of more interesting topics of conversation.

0:34:08.379,0:34:09.881
Such as?

0:34:09.881,0:34:11.883
The novels of Miss Austen.

0:34:11.883,0:34:14.385
And what does she have to say about selective breeding?

0:34:14.385,0:34:16.387
Nothing, as I recall.

0:34:16.387,0:34:20.892
Well, that's a great pity.

0:34:20.892,0:34:23.895
Why shouldn't nature produce such differences

0:34:23.895,0:34:26.397
these different breeds of dog?

0:34:26.397,0:34:27.398
Why should it?

0:34:27.398,0:34:29.400
What would be the point?

0:34:29.400,0:34:30.902
Survival.

0:34:30.902,0:34:33.905
In nature, a little poppet like Squib

0:34:33.905,0:34:36.908
who was the smallest in her litter, would die.

0:34:36.908,0:34:39.410
You nearly did die, didn't you?

0:34:39.410,0:34:40.411
Yes, that's true.

0:34:40.411,0:34:43.915
But what about the one with a little more vigor

0:34:43.915,0:34:44.916
or a head start

0:34:44.916,0:34:46.918
because of some peculiarity?

0:34:46.918,0:34:48.920
Such as?

0:34:48.920,0:34:52.924
A puppy born with an extra-thick coat in a hot climate

0:34:52.924,0:34:54.425
would be a monstrosity

0:34:54.425,0:34:58.930
but in a cold climate that would be a good adaptation.

0:34:58.930,0:35:01.432
That puppy would have an advantage.

0:35:01.432,0:35:02.433
Got you.

0:35:02.433,0:35:03.935
Charles.

0:35:03.935,0:35:04.936
Emma.

0:35:04.936,0:35:06.437
Let me go.

0:35:06.437,0:35:08.439
Not until you've paid the toll.

0:35:08.439,0:35:09.440
Which is?

0:35:09.440,0:35:14.946
A kiss, for me rather than the dog.

0:35:14.946,0:35:17.949
You can make a big dog or a small dog

0:35:17.949,0:35:19.450
but you can't produce feathers on a dog

0:35:19.450,0:35:22.453
nor can you create organs as miraculous

0:35:22.453,0:35:25.456
as the heart and the eyes.

0:35:25.456,0:35:35.967
That can only be the work of God.

0:35:35.967,0:35:37.468
Hurry up.

0:35:37.468,0:35:45.476
It's these blasted ties!

0:35:45.476,0:35:47.979
"Marry. Not marry.

0:35:47.979,0:35:50.481
"Marry. Children, if it please God..."

0:35:50.481,0:35:51.482
Give me that!

0:35:51.482,0:35:52.984
It's private.

0:35:52.984,0:35:54.485
I'm your brother; you've no secrets from me.

0:35:54.485,0:35:56.487
Yes, I do; I have secrets from everybody.

0:35:56.487,0:35:57.488
Give it to me.

0:35:57.488,0:36:03.861
ERASMUS: Thank you, Garmon.

0:36:03.861,0:36:07.865
"Constant companion and friend in old age."

0:36:07.865,0:36:08.866
Ras!

0:36:08.866,0:36:10.868
(sighs)

0:36:10.868,0:36:13.371
"Object to be loved and played with

0:36:13.371,0:36:14.872
better than a dog anyhow."

0:36:14.872,0:36:17.375
(laughing)

0:36:17.375,0:36:18.376
You old romantic!

0:36:18.376,0:36:21.879
Well, it's intolerable to think of oneself

0:36:21.879,0:36:24.882
spending one's life like a neuter bee

0:36:24.882,0:36:26.384
working, working, working.

0:36:26.384,0:36:28.386
And all this is a response

0:36:28.386,0:36:30.388
to your trip to Cousin Emma's?

0:36:30.388,0:36:32.390
Not necessarily.

0:36:32.390,0:36:35.393
You don't know anyone else.

0:36:35.393,0:36:37.895
(both chuckle)

0:36:37.895,0:36:39.397
No, it's true,

0:36:39.397,0:36:40.898
your collection won't be complete

0:36:40.898,0:36:42.400
without that most interesting specimen

0:36:42.400,0:36:44.402
in the whole series of vertebrate mammals.

0:36:44.402,0:36:46.404
And why haven't you married

0:36:46.404,0:36:48.406
if it's such an enviable state?

0:36:48.406,0:36:51.110
Oh, I'm too lazy to take on anything requiring

0:36:51.110,0:36:53.611
as much effort as a wife and family.

0:36:53.611,0:37:04.922
But you're the marrying kind.

0:37:04.922,0:37:05.923
(glass breaks)

0:37:05.923,0:37:09.927
Good Lord, what was that?

0:37:09.927,0:37:11.429
We're being mobbed!

0:37:11.429,0:37:14.932
(yelling)

0:37:14.932,0:37:16.934
They probably think we're Poor Law Commissioners.

0:37:16.934,0:37:22.440
(people shouting)

0:37:22.440,0:37:23.941
Why would they think that?

0:37:23.941,0:37:26.944
It's enough that we're top- hatted toffs in a smart carriage

0:37:26.944,0:37:29.947
and they're scavenging on rubbish heaps, starving to death.

0:37:29.947,0:37:32.950
ERASMUS: Too many people, not enough food!

0:37:32.950,0:37:35.953
Thank God we'll always have food on our plates!

0:37:35.953,0:37:37.955
Speaking of which, I think I'll have

0:37:37.955,0:37:41.459
the turbot in the white sauce.

0:37:41.459,0:37:45.463
Cabbage, sprout, cauliflower,

0:37:45.463,0:37:47.965
all bred from the same ancestor.

0:37:47.965,0:37:51.469
Cabbage, the leaves; sprouts, the side buds;

0:37:51.469,0:37:53.471
cauliflower, the flower head.

0:37:53.471,0:37:55.473
All monstrously enlarged.

0:37:55.473,0:37:59.477
Sitting opposite me is that strange creature, Homo thesis:

0:37:59.477,0:38:01.979
half man, half theory.

0:38:01.979,0:38:02.980
A word of advice.

0:38:02.980,0:38:04.482
In my entire life

0:38:04.482,0:38:06.984
I have known only three women who were skeptics

0:38:06.984,0:38:09.987
and two of them were not permitted in polite society.

0:38:09.987,0:38:13.991
Keep your theory from Emma.

0:38:13.991,0:38:15.493
It's too late.

0:38:15.493,0:38:20.498
I told her... sort of... not a theory.

0:38:20.498,0:38:23.000
I don't have a theory, just thoughts.

0:38:23.000,0:38:24.502
How did she take it?

0:38:24.502,0:38:25.503
She asked me to read

0:38:25.503,0:38:27.505
her favorite part of the New Testament...

0:38:27.505,0:38:28.506
(laughs)

0:38:28.506,0:38:31.008
our Savior's farewell to his disciples.

0:38:31.008,0:38:32.510
You see what I mean?

0:38:32.510,0:38:36.514
"I am the vine, and ye are the branches.

0:38:36.514,0:38:41.018
If man abide not in me..."

0:38:41.018,0:38:43.020
ERASMUS: Wilberforce's ears have pricked up!

0:38:43.020,0:38:47.525
(softly): "If man abide not in me, he is cast forth as a branch

0:38:47.525,0:38:51.529
"and is withered; and men shall gather them

0:38:51.529,0:38:56.534
and they shall be cast into the fire, and they are burned."

0:38:56.534,0:38:58.035
And how is your sole?

0:38:58.035,0:38:59.036
What?

0:38:59.036,0:39:00.538
Your fish?

0:39:00.538,0:39:07.044
Oh... delicious.

0:39:07.044,0:39:09.046
I understand your carriage was stoned tonight.

0:39:09.046,0:39:10.047
Well...

0:39:10.047,0:39:12.049
We're meeting the threat on the streets head-on.

0:39:12.049,0:39:14.552
We're drilling with the Honorable Artillery Company.

0:39:14.552,0:39:15.052
Gentleman volunteers.

0:39:15.052,0:39:16.053
In the event of riots

0:39:16.053,0:39:17.555
we will back the police.

0:39:17.555,0:39:18.556
Every man, as long as he obeys

0:39:18.556,0:39:19.557
the law of the land

0:39:19.557,0:39:21.058
should be free to pursue

0:39:21.058,0:39:22.560
his own interest in his own way.

0:39:22.560,0:39:23.561
Yes, of course.

0:39:23.561,0:39:25.062
Charge what he likes for bread

0:39:25.062,0:39:27.064
or anything else for that matter.

0:39:27.064,0:39:28.566
Laissez-faire.

0:39:28.566,0:39:31.068
Let individuals compete and struggle

0:39:31.068,0:39:32.570
for their advantages.

0:39:32.570,0:39:33.571
Good night.

0:39:33.571,0:39:34.572
Good night.

0:39:34.572,0:39:36.073
Good night.

0:39:36.073,0:39:51.088
(snores)

0:39:51.088,0:39:55.593
(snoring lightly)

0:39:55.593,0:39:57.094
Whenever I can't sleep

0:39:57.094,0:39:58.596
I reach for Malthus.

0:39:58.596,0:40:01.098
Or, as I prefer to think of him

0:40:01.098,0:40:05.102
the Reverend T.R. Morpheus.

0:40:05.102,0:40:07.104
Still warm.

0:40:07.104,0:40:08.606
Two brandies, hmm?

0:40:08.606,0:40:09.607
Yes, sir.

0:40:09.607,0:40:15.613
"The natural tendency of mankind is to reproduce.

0:40:15.613,0:40:17.615
"Humans can double their numbers

0:40:17.615,0:40:20.117
every 25 years."

0:40:20.117,0:40:21.118
But they don't.

0:40:21.118,0:40:23.120
A struggle for resources slows growth

0:40:23.120,0:40:26.624
and death and disease, war and famine check the population.

0:40:26.624,0:40:28.626
I know the argument.

0:40:28.626,0:40:30.127
Yes, but don't you see

0:40:30.127,0:40:33.130
exactly the same struggle takes place throughout nature?

0:40:33.130,0:40:34.131
I don't know

0:40:34.131,0:40:36.133
why I didn't make the connection before.

0:40:36.133,0:40:38.636
Why are we not overrun with insects and frogs

0:40:38.636,0:40:40.638
given the rate at which they reproduce,

0:40:40.638,0:40:43.641
the number of eggs produced by each and every female?

0:40:43.641,0:40:47.144
Nature's broom sweeps away the ugly ducklings, the runts.

0:40:47.144,0:40:48.145
Yes, but it's not that simple.

0:40:48.145,0:40:49.647
(clears throat)

0:40:49.647,0:40:52.650
(quietly): It's not that simple.

0:40:52.650,0:40:54.652
Sometimes it's the ugly ducklings

0:40:54.652,0:40:58.155
that are better adapted to the situations of life.

0:40:58.155,0:41:00.658
They have longer legs and can run faster.

0:41:00.658,0:41:02.159
They have bigger beaks

0:41:02.159,0:41:06.163
that can crack harder nuts and seeds in harsh winters.

0:41:06.163,0:41:10.167
They survive, have more offspring.

0:41:10.167,0:41:14.171
Nature selects them to pass on their traits

0:41:14.171,0:41:15.172
to future generations.

0:41:15.172,0:41:16.674
And where do we fit in?

0:41:16.674,0:41:18.175
Hmm...

0:41:18.175,0:41:22.680
Well, the sun does not revolve around the earth.

0:41:22.680,0:41:26.183
Nature does not revolve around man.

0:41:26.183,0:41:30.187
Man must fall into nature's cauldron.

0:41:30.187,0:41:34.692
He's no deity, no exception.

0:41:34.692,0:41:39.697
Once you accept that species can pass into one another

0:41:39.697,0:41:41.699
the whole fabric totters and falls.

0:41:41.699,0:41:43.200
They'll burn you at the stake for this.

0:41:43.200,0:41:45.202
Yes.

0:41:45.202,0:41:47.204
But now you have a theory.

0:41:47.204,0:41:50.708
So I said, "Don't come down the ladder, Mother;

0:41:50.708,0:41:53.711
I've taken it away."

0:41:53.711,0:41:55.713
Good evening.

0:41:55.713,0:42:01.719
(pours brandy)

0:42:01.719,0:42:04.722
MOORE: Darwin's work began with the observation

0:42:04.722,0:42:08.225
that individuals differ from each other.

0:42:08.225,0:42:11.228
And these minute differences, Darwin believed

0:42:11.228,0:42:13.731
might be advantageous.

0:42:13.731,0:42:17.234
It might give each individual an edge

0:42:17.234,0:42:19.236
when it came to getting food

0:42:19.236,0:42:24.241
or finding a place to survive in nature.

0:42:24.241,0:42:26.744
NARRATOR: Darwin realized that in nature

0:42:26.744,0:42:31.248
individual organisms compete for limited resources.

0:42:31.248,0:42:34.251
Those with some kind of advantage

0:42:34.251,0:42:38.255
in coloration, for example...

0:42:38.255,0:42:41.258
or in speed...

0:42:41.258,0:42:45.763
or in vision...

0:42:45.763,0:42:49.266
are more likely to survive and reproduce

0:42:49.266,0:42:53.270
and pass on these advantages to their offspring.

0:42:53.270,0:42:58.275
Those who are less fit will not succeed.

0:42:58.275,0:43:01.779
Darwin called it "natural selection"

0:43:01.779,0:43:04.782
because the forces of nature

0:43:04.782,0:43:09.286
select which organisms will survive.

0:43:09.286,0:43:11.789
STEPHEN JAY GOULD: The survivors will be those

0:43:11.789,0:43:15.793
whose variation fortuitously adapts them better

0:43:15.793,0:43:17.294
to changing local environments.

0:43:17.294,0:43:21.298
And then because they pass on those traits to their offspring

0:43:21.298,0:43:22.800
the population changes.

0:43:22.800,0:43:25.302
That's natural selection; that's all it is.

0:43:25.302,0:43:26.804
It's not a principle of progress.

0:43:26.804,0:43:30.808
It's just a principle of local adaptation.

0:43:30.808,0:43:33.310
You don't make better creatures in any cosmic sense;

0:43:33.310,0:43:35.312
you make creatures that are better suited

0:43:35.312,0:43:39.316
to the changing climates of their local habitats.

0:43:39.316,0:43:41.318
That's it.

0:43:41.318,0:43:44.321
NARRATOR: Darwin couldn't actually see

0:43:44.321,0:43:46.824
natural selection acting in real time

0:43:46.824,0:43:49.326
but today, scientists can,

0:43:49.326,0:43:58.836
by observing the evolution of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.

0:43:58.836,0:44:04.842
Jeff Gustavson has been infected with HIV for over a decade.

0:44:04.842,0:44:09.346
He takes a host of medications, but to little avail:

0:44:09.346,0:44:10.848
the virus keeps adapting

0:44:10.848,0:44:15.352
evolving into new strains that evade the drugs.

0:44:15.352,0:44:17.354
GUSTAVSON: There's a pervasive feeling

0:44:17.354,0:44:19.356
that all you have to do is take your medicine

0:44:19.356,0:44:21.859
and you'll be okay, and that really isn't the case, you know.

0:44:21.859,0:44:26.363
HIV has the capacity to evolve no matter what you give it.

0:44:26.363,0:44:32.369
MAN: There are 19 HIV drugs on the market today, and of those 19

0:44:32.369,0:44:35.873
I've already been through 14 of them.

0:44:35.873,0:44:39.877
NARRATOR: Clarence Johnson, too, is locked in a daily struggle

0:44:39.877,0:44:42.379
against the rapidly evolving virus.

0:44:42.379,0:44:45.382
JOHNSON: Sometimes I feel like I'm fighting a losing battle.

0:44:45.382,0:44:48.385
I haven't given up yet but there have been times

0:44:48.385,0:44:53.390
that I just want to lay down and give up, but, um...

0:44:53.390,0:44:57.895
I can't leave my family behind.

0:44:57.895,0:45:01.899
NARRATOR: Clarence Johnson's doctor, Michael Saag

0:45:01.899,0:45:04.902
has seen HIV evolve into new varieties

0:45:04.902,0:45:06.904
over the last dozen years.

0:45:06.904,0:45:09.406
The virus is constantly changing

0:45:09.406,0:45:12.409
subject to the forces of natural selection

0:45:12.409,0:45:16.714
in the environment of a patient's body.

0:45:16.714,0:45:19.049
Imagine we didn't have the concept of evolution

0:45:19.049,0:45:21.051
and we started giving drugs to a patient

0:45:21.051,0:45:22.553
that in the test tube looked great

0:45:22.553,0:45:25.556
and all of a sudden the virus starts coming back

0:45:25.556,0:45:28.058
and it's not susceptible to the drugs anymore.

0:45:28.058,0:45:29.059
What a mystery!

0:45:29.059,0:45:31.061
How in the world did that happen?

0:45:31.061,0:45:35.566
There's only one way that it happened: through evolution.

0:45:35.566,0:45:39.570
NARRATOR: Once inside a patient's white blood cells

0:45:39.570,0:45:42.072
HIV replicates at an alarming rate.

0:45:42.072,0:45:46.577
Billions of new viruses are spawned every day

0:45:46.577,0:45:48.579
and each time it reproduces

0:45:48.579,0:45:51.081
random genetic copying mistakes

0:45:51.081,0:45:52.583
(mutations)

0:45:52.583,0:45:56.086
result in slightly different varieties of the virus

0:45:56.086,0:46:00.591
bursting forth into the bloodstream.

0:46:00.591,0:46:03.594
Some of these new varieties, just by chance

0:46:03.594,0:46:08.599
will have traits that make them resistant to certain drugs.

0:46:08.599,0:46:10.601
So when drugs enter the bloodstream

0:46:10.601,0:46:15.105
natural selection favors the drug-resistant forms:

0:46:15.105,0:46:17.608
they survive and reproduce.

0:46:17.608,0:46:21.612
Before long, drug-resistant viruses dominate

0:46:21.612,0:46:23.614
in the patient's body.

0:46:23.614,0:46:26.617
SAAG: Evolution seems pretty easy to understand

0:46:26.617,0:46:28.118
when we look at big animals.

0:46:28.118,0:46:30.120
We can kind of see it, in a sense.

0:46:30.120,0:46:34.625
But that's evolution that took centuries to develop.

0:46:34.625,0:46:36.627
When you're talking about something like a virus

0:46:36.627,0:46:38.629
that you can't see in everyday life

0:46:38.629,0:46:41.131
its hard to image how it changes.

0:46:41.131,0:46:45.135
In the case of HIV, we're talking about minutes to hours

0:46:45.135,0:46:48.138
to move from one species to another.

0:46:48.138,0:46:49.640
It's mind-boggling

0:46:49.640,0:46:54.645
in terms of the speed with which HIV can replicate.

0:46:54.645,0:46:58.649
Clarence?

0:46:58.649,0:47:00.150
SAAG: How are you feeling overall?

0:47:00.150,0:47:01.151
I'm doing okay.

0:47:01.151,0:47:02.152
Great.

0:47:02.152,0:47:04.154
SAAG: Every time I see a patient

0:47:04.154,0:47:06.156
in the back of my mind I'm thinking

0:47:06.156,0:47:10.160
"What is the virus doing in the environment of that patient?"

0:47:10.160,0:47:12.162
The virus is producing itself

0:47:12.162,0:47:15.165
on the order of billions of copies a day.

0:47:15.165,0:47:20.671
Those few that happen to be able to work in the presence of drug

0:47:20.671,0:47:23.173
say, "Hey, this is my chance," and they emerge.

0:47:23.173,0:47:24.675
So it creates the appearance

0:47:24.675,0:47:27.177
that the virus has thought this through

0:47:27.177,0:47:29.179
but in fact it's just a matter of chance.

0:47:29.179,0:47:31.181
It's a matter of a virus being there

0:47:31.181,0:47:33.183
that's not susceptible to the drugs.

0:47:33.183,0:47:37.688
It emerges, and the virus begins to win the war.

0:47:37.688,0:47:40.190
NARRATOR: That's just what happened to Jeff Gustavson.

0:47:40.190,0:47:46.196
Each time he tried a new drug, the virus evolved to resist it.

0:47:46.196,0:47:49.700
Even a cocktail of multiple drugs made little difference.

0:47:49.700,0:47:54.705
GUSTAVSON: Here's this puny little virus that doesn't have a brain

0:47:54.705,0:47:58.208
and yet it can outwit some of the top scientists in the world.

0:47:58.208,0:48:00.711
All the virus has going for it is

0:48:00.711,0:48:02.713
it can't copy itself too well.

0:48:02.713,0:48:08.719
I mean, that's pretty awe-inspiring and scary.

0:48:08.719,0:48:10.721
STEPHEN JAY GOULD: All that happens in evolution,

0:48:10.721,0:48:12.723
at least under Darwinian natural selection,

0:48:12.723,0:48:15.225
is that organisms are struggling

0:48:15.225,0:48:18.729
in some metaphorical and unconscious sense

0:48:18.729,0:48:22.232
for reproductive success, however it happens.

0:48:22.232,0:48:25.736
MAN: The process of natural selection feeds on randomness.

0:48:25.736,0:48:28.739
It feeds on accident and contingency

0:48:28.739,0:48:30.741
and it gradually improves the fit

0:48:30.741,0:48:32.743
between whatever organisms there are

0:48:32.743,0:48:36.246
and the environment in which they're being selected.

0:48:36.246,0:48:41.251
But there's no predictability about what particular accidents

0:48:41.251,0:48:47.257
are going to be exploited in this process.

0:48:47.257,0:48:52.262
NARRATOR: For millions of HIV patients, evolution is the enemy.

0:48:52.262,0:48:56.266
If only there were a way to take advantage of natural selection

0:48:56.266,0:49:02.773
to make it work in a patient's favor.

0:49:02.773,0:49:07.277
In 1997, at Goethe University in Frankfurt, Germany

0:49:07.277,0:49:10.781
a researcher may have discovered such a way...

0:49:10.781,0:49:14.785
quite accidentally.

0:49:14.785,0:49:15.786
WOMAN: We had a patient

0:49:15.786,0:49:18.789
and even though he was being treated with five drugs

0:49:18.789,0:49:23.293
his virus replication could not be controlled

0:49:23.293,0:49:25.796
and, at the same time, he was suffering

0:49:25.796,0:49:27.798
from a lot of side effects of the medications.

0:49:27.798,0:49:30.300
So at that point he asked his physician

0:49:30.300,0:49:32.302
if it wouldn't make sense

0:49:32.302,0:49:34.805
to just stop taking the drugs for a while

0:49:34.805,0:49:37.808
since he was really having nothing much from them

0:49:37.808,0:49:42.813
other than the toxicities he was experiencing.

0:49:42.813,0:49:45.816
NARRATOR: After three months off drugs

0:49:45.816,0:49:50.320
the patient's virus population was tested for drug resistance.

0:49:50.320,0:49:54.825
Dr. Miller could not believe the results.

0:49:54.825,0:49:57.828
At first I thought a mistake had happened

0:49:57.828,0:50:00.831
because the lab that did the resistance test

0:50:00.831,0:50:03.834
was not able to detect any resistance whatsoever

0:50:03.834,0:50:06.837
in this virus population.

0:50:06.837,0:50:11.341
We sent a second sample and this result was confirmed.

0:50:11.341,0:50:13.844
Within a matter of three months

0:50:13.844,0:50:17.347
his virus population had changed completely

0:50:17.347,0:50:20.851
from being resistant to every single drug

0:50:20.851,0:50:24.354
to appearing to be susceptible to every single drug

0:50:24.354,0:50:25.856
that we currently have.

0:50:25.856,0:50:31.361
NARRATOR: Here's what had happened.

0:50:31.361,0:50:33.864
With drugs present in the patient's bloodstream

0:50:33.864,0:50:37.868
only the drug-resistant strains of the virus could replicate.

0:50:37.868,0:50:41.872
But some of the nonresistant virus (the "wild type")

0:50:41.872,0:50:45.876
still lingered in the white blood cells.

0:50:45.876,0:50:48.879
When the patient stopped taking drugs

0:50:48.879,0:50:53.383
the environment changed, and the wild type came back.

0:50:53.383,0:50:56.887
It replicated extremely rapidly

0:50:56.887,0:50:59.890
and soon outnumbered the drug-resistant strains.

0:50:59.890,0:51:01.892
In Darwinian terms

0:51:01.892,0:51:09.399
the wild type virus was more fit in this drug-free environment.

0:51:09.399,0:51:11.902
NARRATOR: Dr. Miller's findings have led

0:51:11.902,0:51:14.905
to a new experimental treatment strategy:

0:51:14.905,0:51:19.276
take a patient off drugs for a time

0:51:19.276,0:51:23.280
and if the virus reverts to the nonresistant wild type

0:51:23.280,0:51:29.286
hit it hard with a combination of drugs.

0:51:29.286,0:51:30.287
Clarence!

0:51:30.287,0:51:33.790
How are you?

0:51:33.790,0:51:37.794
SAAG: The concept of a treatment interruption is a new strategy

0:51:37.794,0:51:40.797
that we might be able to apply in Clarence's case

0:51:40.797,0:51:43.300
but we've just got to make sure

0:51:43.300,0:51:45.802
that we aren't putting him at too much risk

0:51:45.802,0:51:47.804
if we choose that route.

0:51:47.804,0:51:48.805
SAAG: So one of the options

0:51:48.805,0:51:50.807
is to take all the drugs away for a while

0:51:50.807,0:51:54.311
let the virus spring back into its natural state

0:51:54.311,0:51:56.313
of not having any mutations

0:51:56.313,0:51:59.316
and then pounce on it again with the regimen,

0:51:59.316,0:52:04.821
and it might even be the same regimen that we used before.

0:52:04.821,0:52:07.824
SAAG: On first blush, the evolution back to wild type

0:52:07.824,0:52:09.826
would seem to be a great thing:

0:52:09.826,0:52:12.329
the drugs all of a sudden can work again.

0:52:12.329,0:52:14.331
But it's a double-edged sword:

0:52:14.331,0:52:16.833
as the virus goes back to wild type

0:52:16.833,0:52:19.836
it becomes more dangerous for the host,

0:52:19.836,0:52:23.340
it's a much more effective killer of cells.

0:52:23.340,0:52:28.345
And so we have to find a way to balance those two things out.

0:52:28.345,0:52:32.349
NARRATOR: Jeff Gustavson is also beginning a treatment interruption,

0:52:32.349,0:52:37.854
despite the risks.

0:52:37.854,0:52:41.358
GUSTAVSON: I feel like I've played all the cards that I have in my hand

0:52:41.358,0:52:44.861
with the medicines that are available.

0:52:44.861,0:52:48.865
I feel like it's worth the risk to try and take another card

0:52:48.865,0:52:53.370
or a different strategy and just stop taking medicine altogether

0:52:53.370,0:52:56.873
and hope that the next time that I do go on medicine

0:52:56.873,0:53:00.877
that it will actually work.

0:53:00.877,0:53:03.380
NARRATOR: After five weeks off drugs

0:53:03.380,0:53:06.383
Clarence Johnson is enjoying being free,

0:53:06.383,0:53:10.387
at least temporarily, from their debilitating effects.

0:53:10.387,0:53:12.889
If the wild-type virus is staging a comeback

0:53:12.889,0:53:19.896
it doesn't yet appear to be affecting his immune system.

0:53:19.896,0:53:21.398
SAAG: We took a bit of a gamble.

0:53:21.398,0:53:26.403
I think, so far, you know, it's paid off.

0:53:26.403,0:53:29.406
And the virus has gone from being resistant to certain drugs

0:53:29.406,0:53:31.908
and now that population has shifted

0:53:31.908,0:53:33.910
so that now they're susceptible again.

0:53:33.910,0:53:38.415
SAAG: What I hope for Clarence is that we can find the right course...

0:53:38.415,0:53:41.918
find a way to stretch his survival out even further

0:53:41.918,0:53:44.421
so that he's healthy and happy

0:53:44.421,0:53:46.423
until the next new approach to treatment

0:53:46.423,0:53:53.430
is able to get him to a point where he can live to 80.

0:53:53.430,0:53:57.434
JOHNSON: My greatest hope is that when I do go back on medications

0:53:57.434,0:53:59.436
those drugs will bring my viral load down

0:53:59.436,0:54:00.937
to an undetectable amount.

0:54:00.937,0:54:04.441
I don't know what it feels like to be undetectable

0:54:04.441,0:54:09.946
so that would be a great experience.

0:54:09.946,0:54:12.449
NARRATOR: Six weeks into his treatment interruption

0:54:12.449,0:54:16.453
Jeff Gustavson's virus also has changed

0:54:16.453,0:54:19.956
to the drug-susceptible wild type.

0:54:19.956,0:54:25.462
He's now on a new course of medication, and responding well.

0:54:25.462,0:54:27.464
SAAG: From day one of this epidemic

0:54:27.464,0:54:30.967
we were put into a race with HIV.

0:54:30.967,0:54:33.470
Over the last decade or so we've been catching up;

0:54:33.470,0:54:36.473
we've learned a lot about it; we've scouted out the enemy;

0:54:36.473,0:54:37.974
we've learned how it replicates;

0:54:37.974,0:54:39.976
we've learned how it tries to survive;

0:54:39.976,0:54:42.479
we learned how it evolves.

0:54:42.479,0:54:45.482
And we're now taking those principles that we've learned

0:54:45.482,0:54:46.983
and applying them

0:54:46.983,0:54:59.496
to putting the brakes on the virus in this race.

0:54:59.496,0:55:06.002
(birds chirping)

0:55:06.002,0:55:08.505
DARWIN: Towards me... towards me...

0:55:08.505,0:55:10.507
There!

0:55:10.507,0:55:14.010
The angle needs to be more acute.

0:55:14.010,0:55:15.011
DARWIN: More acute...

0:55:15.011,0:55:17.514
(knock at door)

0:55:17.514,0:55:19.015
Let's see if it works.

0:55:19.015,0:55:24.521
And... open!

0:55:24.521,0:55:26.523
Good God!

0:55:26.523,0:55:28.525
Ras!

0:55:28.525,0:55:31.528
What a horrible shock.

0:55:31.528,0:55:32.529
Thought I'd surprise you.

0:55:32.529,0:55:34.030
Welcome to Down House.

0:55:34.030,0:55:36.032
When is the moat to be dug?

0:55:36.032,0:55:37.534
When the drawbridge is in place.

0:55:37.534,0:55:39.536
Who are you trying to keep out, Charlie?

0:55:39.536,0:55:40.537
Everyone, especially you.

0:55:40.537,0:55:41.538
EMMA: Ras...

0:55:41.538,0:55:43.039
What a wonderful surprise!

0:55:43.039,0:55:45.542
My dear, what a journey.

0:55:45.542,0:55:46.543
It's not far.

0:55:46.543,0:55:48.545
Nature abhors a journey of 16 miles

0:55:48.545,0:55:50.046
almost as much as a vacuum.

0:55:50.046,0:55:52.048
Hello, Annie.

0:55:52.048,0:55:53.550
Tea, the man needs tea.

0:55:53.550,0:55:55.051
(laughing)

0:55:55.051,0:55:58.555
ERASMUS: One, and a two, and a three

0:55:58.555,0:56:00.056
and off you go!

0:56:00.056,0:56:02.058
I've thought of a new name for the village.

0:56:02.058,0:56:03.059
DARWIN: Oh, yes?

0:56:03.059,0:56:04.060
"Down-in-the-Mouth."

0:56:04.060,0:56:05.061
If you speak

0:56:05.061,0:56:07.564
I can find you really easily.

0:56:07.564,0:56:09.065
Shh!

0:56:09.065,0:56:10.567
How's your work progressing?

0:56:10.567,0:56:12.569
I've sent the manuscript off to be copied.

0:56:12.569,0:56:15.071
I've no idea what I'm going to do with it when it comes back.

0:56:15.071,0:56:17.073
Everyone be quiet!

0:56:17.073,0:56:18.575
Aren't we glad we're not blind?

0:56:18.575,0:56:21.578
If you're blind you can't see the sky...

0:56:21.578,0:56:23.079
BOTH: ...or the flowers.

0:56:23.079,0:56:24.581
Or anything else, for that matter.

0:56:24.581,0:56:27.584
I can get any of you any time I want!

0:56:27.584,0:56:29.586
Well, go on, then!

0:56:29.586,0:56:31.588
We feel sorry for moles, don't we?

0:56:31.588,0:56:33.590
DARWIN: Moles don't need to be able to see

0:56:33.590,0:56:34.591
because they live underground.

0:56:34.591,0:56:39.095
That's why their eyes have got smaller and smaller

0:56:39.095,0:56:42.098
BOTH: ...and owls' have got bigger and bigger.

0:56:42.098,0:56:43.600
WILLIAM: I can't play.

0:56:43.600,0:56:46.102
Everyone's talking about eyes all the time!

0:56:46.102,0:56:49.105
Oh... you going to talk to William, hmm?

0:56:49.105,0:56:50.106
Go on, Brodie.

0:56:50.106,0:56:51.107
William?

0:56:51.107,0:56:53.109
(chuckling)

0:56:53.109,0:56:54.110
William, wait for us!

0:56:54.110,0:56:55.111
She'll soon talk him round.

0:56:55.111,0:56:57.614
She has the knack.

0:56:57.614,0:56:59.616
You look pale.

0:56:59.616,0:57:02.118
My stomach rejects food.

0:57:02.118,0:57:04.621
I'm not strong anymore.

0:57:04.621,0:57:06.623
I'll never achieve anything in science now.

0:57:06.623,0:57:09.626
What rot!

0:57:09.626,0:57:11.628
You're coming back to London with me.

0:57:11.628,0:57:12.629
No, I'm not.

0:57:12.629,0:57:13.630
Yes, you are!

0:57:13.630,0:57:15.131
I'm not letting you stagnate down here

0:57:15.131,0:57:16.633
while your rivals make all the progress.

0:57:16.633,0:57:18.635
You must visit your publisher.

0:57:18.635,0:57:20.637
You don't understand, Ras.

0:57:20.637,0:57:22.138
Even when I talk about my theory with you

0:57:22.138,0:57:25.141
I feel like I'm confessing a murder.

0:57:25.141,0:57:26.643
No, I can't publish.

0:57:26.643,0:57:29.145
Well, you're coming back to London with me, Charlie

0:57:29.145,0:57:30.647
whether you like it or not.

0:57:30.647,0:57:32.649
If only to remind the opposition

0:57:32.649,0:57:34.651
you're still alive and kicking!

0:57:34.651,0:57:36.152
EMMA: Take care.

0:57:36.152,0:57:37.654
And make sure you get plenty of rest.

0:57:37.654,0:57:40.657
Erasmus, he's not to spend all night at the club with you.

0:57:40.657,0:57:42.158
No, Mother...

0:57:42.158,0:57:44.160
I mean it, or he'll be utterly done for the next day.

0:57:44.160,0:57:46.162
Yes, Mother.

0:57:46.162,0:57:54.938
Don't worry, it'll do him good.

0:57:54.938,0:57:56.439
Come on.

0:57:56.439,0:58:04.447
Your sloth awaits you, sir.

0:58:04.447,0:58:07.450
(gasps and chuckles)

0:58:07.450,0:58:11.454
What a magnificent beast, eh, Ras?

0:58:11.454,0:58:12.956
My word.

0:58:12.956,0:58:14.457
Owen's done a remarkable job.

0:58:14.457,0:58:18.461
He really is a splendid specimen.

0:58:18.461,0:58:20.964
Yes, I thought you'd be pleased.

0:58:20.964,0:58:21.965
Come through.

0:58:21.965,0:58:25.969
See what I've been working on.

0:58:25.969,0:58:27.971
The chimpanzee

0:58:27.971,0:58:31.474
being the highest organized four-handed ape

0:58:31.474,0:58:33.977
every difference between its anatomy and a human's

0:58:33.977,0:58:36.479
is instructive.

0:58:36.479,0:58:37.480
I've been studying...

0:58:37.480,0:58:38.481
For example

0:58:38.481,0:58:42.485
the irrational ape has doglike canines

0:58:42.485,0:58:43.987
used as weapons of destruction

0:58:43.987,0:58:45.989
quite unlike the masters of the animal kingdom.

0:58:45.989,0:58:46.990
DARWIN: Yes, though...

0:58:46.990,0:58:48.491
OWEN: And the human foot

0:58:48.491,0:58:49.993
is of decisive taxonomic value.

0:58:49.993,0:58:52.495
Our feet are made for walking upon, our hands for grasping.

0:58:52.495,0:58:53.997
This brute's hands and feet are made

0:58:53.997,0:58:55.498
for nearly the same purpose.

0:58:55.498,0:58:57.000
There is a striking similarity...

0:58:57.000,0:58:58.501
I'm writing a book on the subject.

0:58:58.501,0:59:01.504
ERASMUS: My brother is working on a new book, too.

0:59:01.504,0:59:09.012
Come here, let me show you what I mean.

0:59:09.012,0:59:10.513
All the same pattern.

0:59:10.513,0:59:12.515
DARWIN: The bone structure in the hands and feet

0:59:12.515,0:59:15.018
are all nearly identical.

0:59:15.018,0:59:16.519
The blueprint, if you will

0:59:16.519,0:59:19.022
that existed first in the Creator's mind.

0:59:19.022,0:59:22.025
Of that there can be no doubt.

0:59:22.025,0:59:23.526
Utter tosh!

0:59:23.526,0:59:25.528
The similarity of structure indicates one thing

0:59:25.528,0:59:27.030
and one thing only:

0:59:27.030,0:59:29.032
an ancient common ancestor.

0:59:29.032,0:59:31.034
Real, flesh-and-blood parents.

0:59:31.034,0:59:33.036
Why didn't you say so, then?

0:59:33.036,0:59:34.537
Hmm?

0:59:34.537,0:59:36.539
You must publish your ideas.

0:59:36.539,0:59:39.542
If only to establish your priority.

0:59:39.542,0:59:50.553
What's holding you back?

0:59:50.553,1:00:01.564
(playing soft, lyrical piece)

1:00:01.564,1:00:02.565
(stops playing)

1:00:02.565,1:00:04.067
What is it?

1:00:04.067,1:00:08.071
I've completed a sketch of my species theory.

1:00:08.071,1:00:11.574
I believe it's a considerable step in science.

1:00:11.574,1:00:13.076
If anything should happen to me...

1:00:13.076,1:00:14.077
What do you mean?

1:00:14.077,1:00:15.578
If I should die...

1:00:15.578,1:00:17.580
Die! Charles, for goodness' sake...

1:00:17.580,1:00:19.582
Please, my love, it's important.

1:00:19.582,1:00:22.085
If anything should happen to me

1:00:22.085,1:00:25.088
I'd like you to see to it that it gets published.

1:00:25.088,1:00:27.390
£400 should be enough

1:00:27.390,1:00:29.592
to see it printed and promoted.

1:00:29.592,1:00:33.096
Nothing's going to happen to you.

1:00:33.096,1:00:37.100
You say here that the human eye

1:00:37.100,1:00:41.104
"may possibly have been acquired by gradual selection

1:00:41.104,1:00:44.607
of slight, but, in each case, useful deviations."

1:00:44.607,1:00:47.110
Yes.

1:00:47.110,1:00:49.112
That's a very great assumption, Charles.

1:00:49.112,1:00:52.615
Well, if I'm wrong about that, I'm wrong about everything.

1:00:52.615,1:00:55.618
My entire theory's in ruins.

1:00:55.618,1:00:57.620
Can your theory account for the way

1:00:57.620,1:01:01.624
my eyes and ears and hands and heart combine

1:01:01.624,1:01:04.627
to reproduce the sounds that Chopin heard in his head?

1:01:04.627,1:01:08.131
Isn't that a God-given gift?

1:01:08.131,1:01:10.133
It's given.

1:01:10.133,1:01:13.136
But not, I think, by God.

1:01:13.136,1:01:15.638
You are a man of science.

1:01:15.638,1:01:20.143
You don't want to believe anything until it's proved.

1:01:20.143,1:01:23.646
But some things are beyond proof.

1:01:23.646,1:01:26.149
It would be a nightmare to me if I thought

1:01:26.149,1:01:37.660
we didn't belong to each other forever in Heaven.

1:01:37.660,1:01:39.662
MOORE: Emma was a sincere believer

1:01:39.662,1:01:42.665
in the Christian plan of salvation

1:01:42.665,1:01:44.167
and that those who trusted in Jesus

1:01:44.167,1:01:46.169
and his resurrection from the dead

1:01:46.169,1:01:49.172
would spend eternity in Heaven.

1:01:49.172,1:01:53.176
She saw that her husband's speculations

1:01:53.176,1:01:57.180
about the origins of species and of humanity

1:01:57.180,1:02:00.683
would jeopardize the Christian plan of salvation.

1:02:00.683,1:02:04.687
God was being made remote in her husband's universe.

1:02:04.687,1:02:09.192
Now, if nature by itself, unaided by God

1:02:09.192,1:02:11.194
could make an eye

1:02:11.194,1:02:14.197
then what else couldn't nature do?

1:02:14.197,1:02:19.202
Nature could do anything, it could make everything.

1:02:19.202,1:02:21.704
In Darwin's day, the very existence

1:02:21.704,1:02:24.707
of an organ of extreme perfection like the eye

1:02:24.707,1:02:26.709
was taken by many as proof of God

1:02:26.709,1:02:29.712
as proof of a designer.

1:02:29.712,1:02:31.214
How else could all

1:02:31.214,1:02:33.716
of the intricate organs and substructures of the eye

1:02:33.716,1:02:35.718
have come together in just the right way

1:02:35.718,1:02:39.222
to make vision so possible and so perfect?

1:02:39.222,1:02:42.225
But it turns out the eye isn't exactly perfect, after all.

1:02:42.225,1:02:46.229
In fact, the eye contains profound optical imperfections.

1:02:46.229,1:02:48.731
And those imperfections are proof, in a sense

1:02:48.731,1:02:55.238
of the evolutionary ancestry of the eye.

1:02:55.238,1:02:59.242
NARRATOR: Eyes are imperfect because evolution does not create things

1:02:59.242,1:03:02.745
the way a designer or an artist does.

1:03:02.745,1:03:07.250
Natural selection simply favors random changes

1:03:07.250,1:03:11.754
that make an organism more fit to survive

1:03:11.754,1:03:14.257
and imperfections in design often result

1:03:14.257,1:03:19.262
from evolution's constant tinkering.

1:03:19.262,1:03:22.265
One such imperfection proved traumatic

1:03:22.265,1:03:25.768
for artist Valerie Young.

1:03:25.768,1:03:27.270
YOUNG: We had just come home from a party

1:03:27.270,1:03:31.274
and I saw a lot of lights flashing inside my eye,

1:03:31.274,1:03:35.278
especially on the outside edge of the right eye.

1:03:35.278,1:03:38.781
And I thought, "We may be in trouble here."

1:03:38.781,1:03:40.783
And it took me a while to really see

1:03:40.783,1:03:45.288
that it was my... this was coming from inside my eye.

1:03:45.288,1:03:46.789
Luckily, my husband was with me

1:03:46.789,1:03:52.795
because I wouldn't have been able to drive to the hospital.

1:03:52.795,1:03:55.798
So my vision was pretty obscured.

1:03:55.798,1:03:58.301
The only way I can describe it is like a jellyfish

1:03:58.301,1:04:00.803
with lots of little bubbles in it

1:04:00.803,1:04:07.810
and it just kept turning and floating in front of my eyes.

1:04:07.810,1:04:10.813
NARRATOR: Valerie had a retinal tear,

1:04:10.813,1:04:12.315
not an uncommon problem

1:04:12.315,1:04:14.817
due to the way human eyes evolved

1:04:14.817,1:04:17.320
from light-sensing patches of brain tissue

1:04:17.320,1:04:21.324
in our ancient ancestors.

1:04:21.324,1:04:22.325
In the human embryo

1:04:22.325,1:04:26.329
eyes develop from bulges in the brain's neural tube

1:04:26.329,1:04:29.832
that pinch in to form cavities.

1:04:29.832,1:04:31.834
This top layer, the retina,

1:04:31.834,1:04:34.337
(which tore in Valerie Young's eye)

1:04:34.337,1:04:37.840
contains cells that collect light.

1:04:37.840,1:04:40.843
It rests against a second, darker layer

1:04:40.843,1:04:42.845
that lines the back of the eye.

1:04:42.845,1:04:47.850
But the two layers are not attached to one another.

1:04:47.850,1:04:50.353
And when the jelly that fills the eye

1:04:50.353,1:04:52.355
liquefies as we age

1:04:52.355,1:04:56.859
it can cause the retina to tear.

1:04:56.859,1:05:00.363
The jelly can then seep into the space underneath

1:05:00.363,1:05:06.369
leading to a retinal detachment and, in some cases, blindness.

1:05:06.369,1:05:07.870
WOMAN: When Valerie Young came in

1:05:07.870,1:05:09.872
her floaters were an immediate clue

1:05:09.872,1:05:11.874
that she could have a retinal tear.

1:05:11.874,1:05:14.877
We were able to successfully apply laser treatment

1:05:14.877,1:05:16.879
in the office that day

1:05:16.879,1:05:20.883
to seal it off, like applying sandbags around something

1:05:20.883,1:05:22.885
to wall it off so that the vitreous jelly

1:05:22.885,1:05:29.892
would not get in the break and detach her retina.

1:05:29.892,1:05:32.395
NARRATOR: Valerie Young's retinal tear

1:05:32.395,1:05:34.897
is just one example of imperfections

1:05:34.897,1:05:39.402
in the design of human eyes.

1:05:39.402,1:05:43.406
Another occurs because nerve cells and blood vessels

1:05:43.406,1:05:46.409
evolved to lie in front of the retina

1:05:46.409,1:05:50.913
where they interfere with its ability to form sharp images.

1:05:50.913,1:05:52.415
It's like trying to take a picture

1:05:52.415,1:05:56.919
through a foggy piece of glass.

1:05:56.919,1:05:59.422
And the optic nerve itself evolved

1:05:59.422,1:06:03.926
to connect to the brain through a hole in the retina.

1:06:03.926,1:06:07.430
So the eyes of all vertebrates have a small blind spot,

1:06:07.430,1:06:11.934
right near the middle of the visual field.

1:06:11.934,1:06:14.437
KENNETH MILLER: Evolution starts with what's already there

1:06:14.437,1:06:16.439
tinkers with it and modifies it

1:06:16.439,1:06:19.442
but can never do a grand redesign.

1:06:19.442,1:06:22.945
So even the eye, with all of its optical perfection

1:06:22.945,1:06:24.947
has clues to the fact that its origin

1:06:24.947,1:06:32.955
is of the blind process of natural selection.

1:06:32.955,1:06:34.957
NARRATOR: Darwin believed that what he called

1:06:34.957,1:06:39.462
"an organ of extreme complexity," like the eye

1:06:39.462,1:06:44.467
could evolve by small steps, given enough time.

1:06:44.467,1:06:46.469
Any trait that improved vision

1:06:46.469,1:06:50.473
would aid in the search for food, or a mate

1:06:50.473,1:06:52.975
or in the avoidance of predators

1:06:52.975,1:07:01.250
so natural selection would most certainly favor those traits.

1:07:01.250,1:07:04.253
STEPHEN JAY GOULD: And what Darwin was able to do was to point out

1:07:04.253,1:07:06.255
that you might think, in logic

1:07:06.255,1:07:10.760
that it's difficult to imagine a set of intermediary stages

1:07:10.760,1:07:14.263
between the simplest little spot of nerve cells

1:07:14.263,1:07:16.265
that can perceive light

1:07:16.265,1:07:19.769
to a lens-forming eye that makes complex images.

1:07:19.769,1:07:25.274
But, in fact, these intermediary forms do exist in nature.

1:07:25.274,1:07:28.277
NARRATOR: At the University of Lund in Sweden

1:07:28.277,1:07:32.281
zoologist Dan-Eric Nilsson has developed models

1:07:32.281,1:07:34.283
to show how a primitive eyespot

1:07:34.283,1:07:36.786
could evolve through intermediate stages

1:07:36.786,1:07:39.288
to become a complex, humanlike eye

1:07:39.288,1:07:43.292
in less than half a million years.

1:07:43.292,1:07:45.294
NILSSON: I've been interested in eye evolution

1:07:45.294,1:07:46.796
for a long time.

1:07:46.796,1:07:49.799
In particular, I've been interested in the question

1:07:49.799,1:07:53.302
of how long time it would take for an eye to evolve.

1:07:53.302,1:07:57.306
NARRATOR: Nilsson envisioned a sequence of stages

1:07:57.306,1:07:59.809
by which a flat patch of light-sensitive cells

1:07:59.809,1:08:01.811
on an animal's skin

1:08:01.811,1:08:05.815
could evolve into a camera-type eye.

1:08:05.815,1:08:08.818
As a first step, nature would favor any changes

1:08:08.818,1:08:11.320
that made the flat patch more cuplike.

1:08:11.320,1:08:13.322
NILSSON: As soon as you've created

1:08:13.322,1:08:16.325
even the slightest depression in the center

1:08:16.325,1:08:19.829
means that the edges of the cup

1:08:19.829,1:08:23.833
will actually shade light from parts of the environment.

1:08:23.833,1:08:26.836
And of course, all the light-sensitive cells

1:08:26.836,1:08:28.337
in this little cup

1:08:28.337,1:08:31.340
they won't measure light in exactly the same direction

1:08:31.340,1:08:35.845
so already this cup has some pictorial information.

1:08:35.845,1:08:38.848
NARRATOR: Another model demonstrates

1:08:38.848,1:08:41.851
what a primitive cup-eye can do.

1:08:41.851,1:08:43.853
The brightly lighted skulls cast an image

1:08:43.853,1:08:45.855
onto a translucent screen

1:08:45.855,1:08:48.357
Nilsson installs at the back of the cup

1:08:48.357,1:08:51.861
to act like a retina.

1:08:51.861,1:08:54.864
But the image is not at all well-defined.

1:08:54.864,1:08:59.869
The cup-eye can do little more than detect movement.

1:08:59.869,1:09:05.374
This kind of eye can be found in nature today, in flatworms.

1:09:05.374,1:09:08.377
Their eyes evolved no further.

1:09:08.377,1:09:12.381
In their environment, that's all they needed.

1:09:12.381,1:09:14.884
NILSSON: But if the animals need to move faster

1:09:14.884,1:09:17.887
or evolve to become fast predators

1:09:17.887,1:09:20.389
or to see other fast predators

1:09:20.389,1:09:23.392
then the construction needs to be improved.

1:09:23.392,1:09:25.394
And one way of doing that

1:09:25.394,1:09:30.900
is to constrict the opening.

1:09:30.900,1:09:36.906
To make it smaller.

1:09:36.906,1:09:38.908
NARRATOR: That's just what happened to creatures

1:09:38.908,1:09:41.911
like the chambered nautilus.

1:09:41.911,1:09:43.913
Over thousands of generations

1:09:43.913,1:09:45.915
natural selection favored those

1:09:45.915,1:09:49.418
with slightly more constricted eye openings

1:09:49.418,1:09:51.921
which focused light more sharply.

1:09:51.921,1:09:57.927
This worked well, up to a point.

1:09:57.927,1:10:01.430
NILSSON: Since this strategy of making a sharp image

1:10:01.430,1:10:03.933
also has the drawback of creating a very dim image

1:10:03.933,1:10:06.435
it's not very popular in the animal kingdom.

1:10:06.435,1:10:09.438
And, um...

1:10:09.438,1:10:11.440
There is an alternative solution

1:10:11.440,1:10:14.443
which has become very popular in the animal kingdom

1:10:14.443,1:10:17.446
the solution that we use in our own eyes

1:10:17.446,1:10:22.952
and that is to put in a lens.

1:10:22.952,1:10:27.957
NARRATOR: Nilsson's model lens uses two thin layers of clear plastic.

1:10:27.957,1:10:29.959
He can inject water in between them

1:10:29.959,1:10:36.966
to make the plastic windows bulge out like a convex lens.

1:10:36.966,1:10:39.468
This mimics what natural selection might have done

1:10:39.468,1:10:42.972
over a few hundred thousand generations

1:10:42.972,1:10:45.474
favoring animals with a rounded, transparent layer

1:10:45.474,1:10:46.976
in their eyes

1:10:46.976,1:10:51.981
that caused light to be focused more sharply on the retina.

1:10:51.981,1:10:55.484
So we can make it gradually from no lens at all

1:10:55.484,1:11:00.489
and just continue to inject more water...

1:11:00.489,1:11:03.993
making the lenses bulge more and more

1:11:03.993,1:11:09.999
and the image becomes gradually sharper and sharper.

1:11:09.999,1:11:14.003
So we can go all the way, gradually, in very small steps

1:11:14.003,1:11:16.005
from a simple pigment cup-eye

1:11:16.005,1:11:18.007
which has barely got the ability

1:11:18.007,1:11:20.009
to determine the direction of a light source

1:11:20.009,1:11:22.511
all the way to a complete camera-type eye

1:11:22.511,1:11:26.515
of the same type as we have ourselves.

1:11:26.515,1:11:28.517
And that is really exactly

1:11:28.517,1:11:37.026
the way eye evolution must proceed.

1:11:37.026,1:11:39.028
NARRATOR: The extreme complexity of the eye

1:11:39.028,1:11:47.036
left Darwin "in a cold sweat," he wrote to a friend.

1:11:47.036,1:11:50.039
But still he was convinced that an eye could be formed

1:11:50.039,1:11:53.042
by natural selection.

1:11:53.042,1:11:56.045
He later wrote that eyes must have evolved

1:11:56.045,1:12:00.549
by "numerous gradations from an imperfect and simple eye

1:12:00.549,1:12:03.052
"to one perfect and complex

1:12:03.052,1:12:09.058
with each grade being useful to its possessor."

1:12:09.058,1:12:13.062
Nature, unaided by a designer, could produce an organ

1:12:13.062,1:12:25.574
of seemingly miraculous complexity.

1:12:25.574,1:12:28.577
What a horrid smell.

1:12:28.577,1:12:40.089
Annie. Come and look.

1:12:40.089,1:12:42.091
When I first started looking

1:12:42.091,1:12:46.095
I thought lots of the barnacles had tiny parasites.

1:12:46.095,1:12:47.596
That's an animal or plant

1:12:47.596,1:12:50.099
that lives on another animal or plant

1:12:50.099,1:12:52.101
and gets its food from it,

1:12:52.101,1:12:55.104
like mistletoe on an apple tree.

1:12:55.104,1:12:56.605
But they're not.

1:12:56.605,1:12:58.107
Do you know what they are?

1:12:58.107,1:12:59.608
No.

1:12:59.608,1:13:02.111
They're little, tiny husbands.

1:13:02.111,1:13:07.116
The females carrylittle, tiny males around with them

1:13:07.116,1:13:11.620
clinging to their skirt tails.

1:13:11.620,1:13:13.122
Just like you and Mama.

1:13:13.122,1:13:14.623
(chuckles)

1:13:14.623,1:13:17.626
Just like me and Mama.

1:13:17.626,1:13:21.130
I think it's the most interesting barnacle

1:13:21.130,1:13:24.133
in the whole wide world.

1:13:24.133,1:13:26.135
What do you think we should call it?

1:13:26.135,1:13:28.637
"Barnabus."

1:13:28.637,1:13:31.140
"Barney," for short.

1:13:31.140,1:13:32.641
"Barney Ickle."

1:13:32.641,1:13:35.644
(laughs)

1:13:35.644,1:13:37.646
The tiny parasitic males are rudimentary

1:13:37.646,1:13:40.149
in a way that I believe can hardly be equaled

1:13:40.149,1:13:41.650
in the whole of the animal kingdom.

1:13:41.650,1:13:43.652
They have no mouth or stomach.

1:13:43.652,1:13:45.654
They are really little more

1:13:45.654,1:13:48.657
than a tiny head atop an enormous coiled penis.

1:13:48.657,1:13:50.159
A bit like me, really

1:13:50.159,1:13:52.661
apart from the bit about the mouth and the stomach.

1:13:52.661,1:13:56.165
(both laughing)

1:13:56.165,1:13:57.166
What's funny?

1:13:57.166,1:13:59.668
Nothing, nothing.

1:13:59.668,1:14:01.670
(gasps)

1:14:01.670,1:14:03.172
Charles!

1:14:03.172,1:14:04.673
Charles, are you all right?

1:14:04.673,1:14:05.674
(gasping)

1:14:05.674,1:14:07.676
Erasmus, take him home!

1:14:07.676,1:14:13.682
(gasps)

1:14:13.682,1:14:18.687
Why must you work so hard at your... horrid little mollusks?

1:14:18.687,1:14:20.189
Ooh!

1:14:20.189,1:14:22.191
DARWIN: They're not horrid little mollusks

1:14:22.191,1:14:23.692
they're horrid little crustaceans.

1:14:23.692,1:14:27.696
And I have horrid pigeons and horrid worms, too.

1:14:27.696,1:14:32.201
They're providing the evidence I need for my theory.

1:14:32.201,1:14:36.705
(gasps in pain)

1:14:36.705,1:14:39.208
I don't have the right to publish the idea

1:14:39.208,1:14:40.709
unless I have the evidence.

1:14:40.709,1:14:46.715
We must do something about you.

1:14:46.715,1:14:50.719
(gasping)

1:14:50.719,1:14:54.723
Your stomach condition is nervous in origin,

1:14:54.723,1:14:58.227
brought on as a result of excessive mental exertion.

1:14:58.227,1:14:59.728
(gasps)

1:14:59.728,1:15:03.232
Cold water is used to stimulate the circulation

1:15:03.232,1:15:05.234
and draw the blood supply away

1:15:05.234,1:15:08.237
from the inflamed nerves of the stomach.

1:15:08.237,1:15:10.239
(panting)

1:15:10.239,1:15:14.243
No sugar, no salt, no bacon

1:15:14.243,1:15:17.746
no alcohol, no tobacco.

1:15:17.746,1:15:21.750
In fact, anything at all that's good is forbidden.

1:15:21.750,1:15:25.254
(continues panting)

1:15:25.254,1:15:28.757
(children giggling)

1:15:28.757,1:15:31.260
(panting)

1:15:31.260,1:15:32.261
I don't know how or why

1:15:32.261,1:15:34.263
but I feel so much better.

1:15:34.263,1:15:35.264
(chuckles)

1:15:35.264,1:15:38.767
I look around me... and I don't care two hoots

1:15:38.767,1:15:41.270
how any of this came to be created.

1:15:41.270,1:15:42.271
(thunder rumbles)

1:15:42.271,1:15:43.772
Children!

1:15:43.772,1:15:46.775
Last one back to the house is a rice pudding.

1:15:46.775,1:15:48.777
(laughing): Come on, William, you're last!

1:15:48.777,1:15:49.778
(children shouting)

1:15:49.778,1:15:51.280
Come on, run, quick, quick, quick!

1:15:51.280,1:15:52.781
Come on, Etty.

1:15:52.781,1:15:56.285
(chuckling)

1:15:56.285,1:16:04.793
(children laughing)

1:16:04.793,1:16:06.295
Annie!

1:16:06.295,1:16:07.796
Annie, you won!

1:16:07.796,1:16:14.303
(laughing)

1:16:14.303,1:16:15.804
Come here, my darling!

1:16:15.804,1:16:19.308
(grunts and laughs)

1:16:19.308,1:16:22.811
Oh, Annie, my dear and good child!

1:16:22.811,1:16:23.812
(kiss)

1:16:23.812,1:16:25.314
(chuckling)

1:16:25.314,1:16:26.315
Come on.

1:16:26.315,1:16:30.319
Come on, darling.

1:16:30.319,1:16:32.321
(church organ plays intro to "Rock of Ages")

1:16:32.321,1:16:36.291
CONGREGATION: "While I draw this fleeting breath..."

1:16:36.291,1:16:39.795
(Erasmus singing loudly, out of tune and out of sync)

1:16:39.795,1:16:46.802
"When my eyelids close in death"

1:16:46.802,1:16:50.305
"When I soar through tracts unknown"

1:16:50.305,1:16:52.808
(children giggling at Erasmus)

1:16:52.808,1:16:59.314
"See Thee on Thy judgment throne"

1:16:59.314,1:17:05.821
"Rock of Ages, cleft for me"

1:17:05.821,1:17:11.827
"Let me hide myself in thee."

1:17:11.827,1:17:14.329
(children laughing noisily)

1:17:14.329,1:17:29.845
"Amen."

1:17:29.845,1:17:34.349
Papa, Annie's woke me up.

1:17:34.349,1:17:40.856
Annie's woke me up.

1:17:40.856,1:17:43.859
Mum, wake up, wake up, Annie's crying.

1:17:43.859,1:17:49.364
(crying softly)

1:17:49.364,1:17:52.367
Oh, now, what's the matter, my darling?

1:17:52.367,1:17:53.869
What's wrong?

1:17:53.869,1:17:55.370
Does your head hurt?

1:17:55.370,1:17:57.372
Ah, there's no fever.

1:17:57.372,1:17:58.874
Does it hurt here?

1:17:58.874,1:17:59.875
(groans in pain)

1:17:59.875,1:18:02.377
(baby cries)

1:18:02.377,1:18:04.880
(cries softly)

1:18:04.880,1:18:06.381
That's all right, my darling.

1:18:06.381,1:18:12.888
You'll be all right.

1:18:12.888,1:18:13.889
The doctor's coming.

1:18:13.889,1:18:15.390
You go and get dressed.

1:18:15.390,1:18:16.391
I'll stay with her.

1:18:16.391,1:18:18.393
What if she's inherited my wretched digestion?

1:18:18.393,1:18:20.395
She'll be fine.

1:18:20.395,1:18:25.400
(Annie continues to cry)

1:18:25.400,1:18:33.408
EMMA: Poor dear.

1:18:33.408,1:18:34.910
What did he say?

1:18:34.910,1:18:38.914
Itisher stomach, but he has no idea what's wrong.

1:18:38.914,1:18:41.416
Perhaps I should take her to go see Dr. Gully.

1:18:41.416,1:18:45.420
He cured me.

1:18:45.420,1:18:47.422
EMMA: You'll be back soon

1:18:47.422,1:18:49.925
and Papa will look after you.

1:18:49.925,1:18:52.427
Soon there's going to be a new baby

1:18:52.427,1:18:54.429
and I shall need your help.

1:18:54.429,1:19:17.953
Say good-bye to Etty now.

1:19:17.953,1:19:19.454
DARWIN: I want you to sit up.

1:19:19.454,1:19:22.457
Now, come on, girl, take one big gulp of this.

1:19:22.457,1:19:23.959
Come on, that's a good girl.

1:19:23.959,1:19:24.960
That's a good girl.

1:19:24.960,1:19:27.462
Oh, quickly.

1:19:27.462,1:19:29.464
(crying)

1:19:29.464,1:19:30.465
Oh.

1:19:30.465,1:19:33.969
Come on, lie back.

1:19:33.969,1:19:39.975
(whispering): That's a good girl.

1:19:39.975,1:19:41.476
She seems so weak.

1:19:41.476,1:19:44.479
Isn't there anything you can do?

1:19:44.479,1:19:50.485
All you can do is pray.

1:19:50.485,1:19:52.988
It's my fault.

1:19:52.988,1:19:57.492
First-cousin marriages always produce weak children.

1:19:57.492,1:20:02.497
It's my fault.

1:20:02.497,1:20:16.511
(breathing noisily)

1:20:16.511,1:20:18.513
(screaming): Why?!

1:20:18.513,1:20:21.516
(crying)

1:20:21.516,1:20:36.531
(sobbing hysterically)

1:20:36.531,1:20:38.533
I've given the cause of death

1:20:38.533,1:20:43.538
as bilious fever with a typhoid character.

1:20:43.538,1:20:48.043
The Lord gives and the Lord takes away.

1:20:48.043,1:20:49.544
Please!

1:20:49.544,1:21:03.558
Don't!

1:21:03.558,1:21:08.563
Oh, Charles, God grant us strength.

1:21:08.563,1:21:25.580
(weeping)

1:21:25.580,1:21:55.110
(sniffling)

1:21:55.110,1:22:12.127
(bird calling)

1:22:12.127,1:22:19.634
Please, Charles, please.

1:22:19.634,1:22:25.640
Come along, children.

1:22:25.640,1:22:34.649
(church organ playing "All Things Bright and Beautiful")

1:22:34.649,1:22:39.154
CONGREGATION (inside church): "All things bright and beautiful"

1:22:39.154,1:22:43.658
"All creatures great and small"

1:22:43.658,1:22:47.662
"All things wise and wonderful"

1:22:47.662,1:22:52.167
"The Lord God made them all."

1:22:52.167,1:22:55.670
MOORE: What Annie's death did to Darwin's faith

1:22:55.670,1:22:58.673
was mainly to destroy Christianity.

1:22:58.673,1:23:00.675
He could no longer see

1:23:00.675,1:23:04.179
that a good God ordered and superintended

1:23:04.179,1:23:08.183
all the events of human life and of the universe.

1:23:08.183,1:23:11.686
And he believed that she did not deserve punishment

1:23:11.686,1:23:13.688
by God, or by nature either.

1:23:13.688,1:23:17.692
She had simply fallen victim to the struggle for existence:

1:23:17.692,1:23:20.195
the amoral, purposeless struggle

1:23:20.195,1:23:27.202
that ran according to laws of nature.

1:23:27.202,1:23:30.205
STEPHEN JAY GOULD: Darwin certainly didn't think

1:23:30.205,1:23:32.707
that evolution spoke either for or against

1:23:32.707,1:23:39.214
the unprovable existence of... God, or a form of God.

1:23:39.214,1:23:41.716
He didn't desire to cast disparagement

1:23:41.716,1:23:44.219
on anyone's religious convictions.

1:23:44.219,1:23:46.721
He regarded it as a private matter

1:23:46.721,1:23:51.226
which he was never able to hold with conventional zeal

1:23:51.226,1:23:58.233
following the tragedy of his life.

1:23:58.233,1:24:02.237
CHILDREN: "All things bright and beautiful"

1:24:02.237,1:24:06.741
"All creatures great and small"

1:24:06.741,1:24:10.745
"All things wise and wonderful"

1:24:10.745,1:24:15.250
"The Lord God made them all"

1:24:15.250,1:24:19.254
"The purple-headed mountains"

1:24:19.254,1:24:23.758
"The river running by..."

1:24:23.758,1:24:28.263
NARRATOR: Today scientists hold all conceivable views on religion:

1:24:28.263,1:24:32.267
from atheism to agnosticism to a general spirituality.

1:24:32.267,1:24:35.270
And many, like biologist Ken Miller

1:24:35.270,1:24:38.273
adhere to very traditional beliefs.

1:24:38.273,1:24:43.278
KENNETH MILLER: I am an orthodox Catholic, and I'm an orthodox Darwinist.

1:24:43.278,1:24:45.780
My idea of God is a supreme being

1:24:45.780,1:24:49.784
who acts in concert with the principles and the ideas

1:24:49.784,1:24:54.789
that Darwin explained to us about the origin of species.

1:24:54.789,1:24:57.792
My students often ask me, "You say you believe in God.

1:24:57.792,1:24:58.793
"Well, what kind of God?

1:24:58.793,1:25:01.796
"Is it a fashionable, new-age God?

1:25:01.796,1:25:03.298
"A pyramid-power kind of God?

1:25:03.298,1:25:05.300
"Do you think, like some scientists do

1:25:05.300,1:25:08.303
that God is the sum total of the laws of physics?"

1:25:08.303,1:25:09.804
And I shake those off

1:25:09.804,1:25:12.807
and say that my religious belief is entirely conventional.

1:25:12.807,1:25:15.877
PRIEST AND CONGREGATION: Our Father, who art in heaven

1:25:15.877,1:25:17.879
Hallowed be thy name.

1:25:17.879,1:25:22.003
MILLER: It surprises students very often that anyone could say that

1:25:22.003,1:25:25.887
that kind of very traditional, conventional religious belief

1:25:25.887,1:25:28.890
could be compatible with evolution, but it is.

1:25:28.890,1:25:30.892
PRIEST: ...peace and unity of Your Kingdom

1:25:30.892,1:25:32.393
where you live forever and ever.

1:25:32.393,1:25:34.395
CONGREGATION: Amen.

1:25:34.395,1:25:36.898
I find this absolutely wonderful consistency

1:25:36.898,1:25:39.901
with what I understand about the universe from science

1:25:39.901,1:25:42.904
and what I understand about the universe from faith.

1:25:42.904,1:25:45.907
ANNOUNCER (on radio): Tennessee's premier morning radio talk show;

1:25:45.907,1:25:49.410
the Hallerin Hilton Hill Morning Show

1:25:49.410,1:25:54.415
on NewsTalk 99, WNOX-AM/FM, Loudon/Knoxville.

1:25:54.415,1:25:56.918
(electronic beeping)

1:25:56.918,1:25:57.919
12 past the hour of 6:00.

1:25:57.919,1:25:59.420
It's my pleasure to welcome

1:25:59.420,1:26:01.422
to the broadcast this morning

1:26:01.422,1:26:02.423
Dr. Kenneth Miller.

1:26:02.423,1:26:04.926
He's a professor of biology at Brown University.

1:26:04.926,1:26:06.427
His book is entitled

1:26:06.427,1:26:09.430
Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search

1:26:09.430,1:26:12.433
for Common Ground between God and Evolution.

1:26:12.433,1:26:13.935
He's in town tonight.

1:26:13.935,1:26:17.939
Let me ask you this: as a cellular biologist

1:26:17.939,1:26:22.443
when in your experience... are you studying something

1:26:22.443,1:26:25.947
reading something, or doing some research...

1:26:25.947,1:26:30.451
when do you come to the point where you go, "That's God"?

1:26:30.451,1:26:32.954
As an experimental scientist, I don't find God

1:26:32.954,1:26:35.957
in the insufficiency of science to explain things.

1:26:35.957,1:26:38.459
In other words, I don't find God in ignorance;

1:26:38.459,1:26:41.462
I don't find God because we say, "Well, we can't explain that,

1:26:41.462,1:26:43.464
that must be something that God's doing."

1:26:43.464,1:26:44.966
But what did God do?

1:26:44.966,1:26:50.471
Did he just create some kind of primordial soup and say, "Go"?

1:26:50.471,1:26:53.474
Well, a long time ago people were sufficiently unknowing

1:26:53.474,1:26:55.476
of how things worked in the natural world

1:26:55.476,1:26:57.478
to see when the Sun moved across the sky

1:26:57.478,1:27:00.481
they imagined that God had to push that Sun across the sky.

1:27:00.481,1:27:02.483
And gradually we began to realize

1:27:02.483,1:27:04.986
that the world works according to physical laws.

1:27:04.986,1:27:06.487
Science investigated those laws.

1:27:06.487,1:27:09.490
So, what room is there for God in... in present-day life?

1:27:09.490,1:27:11.993
Well, I think if you ask people who are believers

1:27:11.993,1:27:13.494
"How does God act?"

1:27:13.494,1:27:15.496
they would say he acts in a variety of ways:

1:27:15.496,1:27:17.498
he answers our prayers, he inspires us.

1:27:17.498,1:27:19.500
No doubt there are events that take place

1:27:19.500,1:27:22.503
that are part of what some people might call "God's plan."

1:27:22.503,1:27:24.005
And what I would suggest

1:27:24.005,1:27:26.507
is if you look back in Earth's history

1:27:26.507,1:27:28.009
if God is working today

1:27:28.009,1:27:30.511
in concert with the laws of nature,

1:27:30.511,1:27:32.013
with physical laws and so forth.

1:27:32.013,1:27:34.015
He probably worked in concert with them in the past.

1:27:34.015,1:27:35.516
In a sense... in a sense

1:27:35.516,1:27:37.518
He's the guy who made up the rules of the game

1:27:37.518,1:27:43.524
and He manages to act within those rules.

1:27:43.524,1:27:48.029
NARRATOR: For Miller, and millions of followers of all major religions

1:27:48.029,1:27:52.033
notions of God and evolution are fully compatible.

1:27:52.033,1:27:54.035
CONGREGATION: "You take away the sins of..."

1:27:54.035,1:27:59.540
NARRATOR: But not everyone agrees.

1:27:59.540,1:28:01.542
DENNETT: When we replace

1:28:01.542,1:28:06.047
the traditional idea of God, the creator, with the idea

1:28:06.047,1:28:10.551
of the process of natural selection doing the creating

1:28:10.551,1:28:13.554
the creation is as wonderful as it ever was.

1:28:13.554,1:28:16.557
All that great design work had to be done.

1:28:16.557,1:28:19.560
It just wasn't done by an individual; it was done

1:28:19.560,1:28:23.564
by this huge process distributed over billions of years.

1:28:23.564,1:28:27.568
God created man in His image.

1:28:27.568,1:28:31.572
In the image of God, He created him.

1:28:31.572,1:28:35.076
Male and female, He created them.

1:28:35.076,1:28:38.579
DENNETT: Whereas people used to think of meaning coming from on high

1:28:38.579,1:28:40.581
and being ordained from the top down

1:28:40.581,1:28:44.085
now we have Darwin saying, "No, all of this design can happen

1:28:44.085,1:28:46.087
"all of this purpose can emerge

1:28:46.087,1:28:49.090
from the bottom up, without any direction at all."

1:28:49.090,1:28:52.093
And that's a very unsettling thought for many people.

1:28:52.093,1:28:57.098
In Darwin's day, science and politics and religion

1:28:57.098,1:28:58.599
were all of a piece

1:28:58.599,1:29:03.104
when you talked about the origins of life and of species.

1:29:03.104,1:29:05.106
Astronomy could go along pretty well

1:29:05.106,1:29:08.109
because it could testify to the wisdom and power of God

1:29:08.109,1:29:10.611
in holding the planets in place...

1:29:10.611,1:29:12.613
but the idea of evolution

1:29:12.613,1:29:15.616
or "transmutation," people said with a snarl,

1:29:15.616,1:29:21.622
put in jeopardy the whole established social order.

1:29:21.622,1:29:24.125
What is in this "Big Book" of his

1:29:24.125,1:29:25.126
do you think?

1:29:25.126,1:29:27.128
Transmutation.

1:29:27.128,1:29:28.629
(sighing)

1:29:28.629,1:29:29.630
Another Darwin

1:29:29.630,1:29:31.132
blotting God out of creation.

1:29:31.132,1:29:32.633
We want to support

1:29:32.633,1:29:35.636
your scheme for a museum of natural history.

1:29:35.636,1:29:37.138
Some people see it

1:29:37.138,1:29:39.140
as rash, extravagant, grandiose.

1:29:39.140,1:29:42.143
If it's grand, it's because it should house

1:29:42.143,1:29:44.145
as wide a display as possible.

1:29:44.145,1:29:46.147
But we need your help in return.

1:29:46.147,1:29:47.648
It is up to you

1:29:47.648,1:29:51.152
as the country's leading anatomist and paleontologist

1:29:51.152,1:29:52.653
to prove man's superiority.

1:29:52.653,1:29:57.158
We won't have street ruffians tout man's monkey origin

1:29:57.158,1:29:59.160
in Her Majesty's museums.

1:29:59.160,1:30:03.164
You can rely on me, Bishop Wilberforce.

1:30:03.164,1:30:11.672
OWEN: The human brain differs markedly from that of all other mammals.

1:30:11.672,1:30:17.178
In man, not only do the cerebral hemispheres overlap

1:30:17.178,1:30:21.182
the olfactory lobes and the cerebellum...

1:30:21.182,1:30:24.685
but they extend in advance of the one

1:30:24.685,1:30:27.688
and farther back than the other.

1:30:27.688,1:30:33.194
Their posterior development is so marked, that I have assigned

1:30:33.194,1:30:38.699
to that part the character of a third lobe

1:30:38.699,1:30:44.205
peculiar to Homo sapiens: the hippocampus minor.

1:30:44.205,1:30:46.207
(audience murmuring)

1:30:46.207,1:30:49.210
Peculiar mental faculties are associated

1:30:49.210,1:30:54.215
with this highest form of brain, and I am led, therefore

1:30:54.215,1:30:57.718
to regard man not merely as representative

1:30:57.718,1:31:00.221
of a distinct subclass...

1:31:00.221,1:31:02.223
(approving laughter)

1:31:02.223,1:31:07.728
but as the inhabitant of one reserved for him alone.

1:31:07.728,1:31:11.232
The human brain is in itself proof

1:31:11.232,1:31:15.236
of man's moral and religious faculties.

1:31:15.236,1:31:21.742
Such are the powers with which we, and we alone, are gifted.

1:31:21.742,1:31:27.248
(audience cheering)

1:31:27.248,1:31:29.750
DARWIN: I wonder what a chimpanzee would have to say

1:31:29.750,1:31:30.751
about that, Mr. Huxley.

1:31:30.751,1:31:32.753
HUXLEY: I think it's priceless.

1:31:32.753,1:31:34.755
His theory is a house built on sand,

1:31:34.755,1:31:36.257
a Corinthian portico on cow dung.

1:31:36.257,1:31:37.758
DARWIN: Yes.

1:31:37.758,1:31:40.261
Damn all the sanctimonious meddlers

1:31:40.261,1:31:43.264
who try and stifle troublesome research.

1:31:43.264,1:31:46.267
The ultimate court of appeal of science

1:31:46.267,1:31:48.269
is observation and experiment

1:31:48.269,1:31:50.771
not authority, wealth and rank.

1:31:50.771,1:31:54.775
Your disagreements with Owen should not be personal.

1:31:54.775,1:31:56.777
I can't help it.

1:31:56.777,1:31:58.279
He's so pompous.

1:31:58.279,1:32:00.281
The prospect of his slipping

1:32:00.281,1:32:02.283
on one of his pickled brains

1:32:02.283,1:32:04.285
is just too good to be true.

1:32:04.285,1:32:07.288
Bad feeling will only cloud the issue

1:32:07.288,1:32:09.290
and lead to bad science.

1:32:09.290,1:32:24.305
Tell that to Owen.

1:32:24.305,1:32:26.807
ERASMUS: Huxley's saying in public

1:32:26.807,1:32:28.309
what you think in private.

1:32:28.309,1:32:30.311
Charles, you've stalled long enough.

1:32:30.311,1:32:32.313
You've collected enough barnacles

1:32:32.313,1:32:33.814
to sink a ship-of-the-line.

1:32:33.814,1:32:35.316
Meanwhile, you're being upstaged.

1:32:35.316,1:32:37.318
That's not important.

1:32:37.318,1:32:41.822
My book is the thing... once my work is done.

1:32:41.822,1:32:43.824
Will it deal with man?

1:32:43.824,1:32:46.827
It's too surrounded by prejudices.

1:32:46.827,1:32:49.330
Well, whether it does or it doesn't

1:32:49.330,1:33:20.861
you must publish.

1:33:20.861,1:33:24.365
Oh, my God.

1:33:24.365,1:33:25.366
Ras...

1:33:25.366,1:33:31.372
What is it?

1:33:31.372,1:33:35.876
ERASMUS: Who is Alfred Wallace?

1:33:35.876,1:33:37.378
DARWIN: My dear Huxley

1:33:37.378,1:33:40.881
it's like a précis of my theory.

1:33:40.881,1:33:44.385
All my originality, whatever its worth, has been smashed.

1:33:44.385,1:33:48.389
Had Wallace a copy of the essay I'd written in '44 in front of him

1:33:48.389,1:33:51.392
he couldn't have written a better short abstract!

1:33:51.392,1:33:55.396
Variations being pushed further and further from parent species

1:33:55.396,1:33:57.398
by a struggle for existence...

1:33:57.398,1:33:58.899
overpopulation...

1:33:58.899,1:34:00.401
it's all there.

1:34:00.401,1:34:02.403
Is your book ready for publication?

1:34:02.403,1:34:03.904
Publish!

1:34:03.904,1:34:05.406
How can I publish?

1:34:05.406,1:34:06.407
Honorably?

1:34:06.407,1:34:08.409
I'd sooner burn the blasted thing

1:34:08.409,1:34:10.911
than have him, or anyone else, think

1:34:10.911,1:34:12.913
that I behaved in a paltry spirit.

1:34:12.913,1:34:14.415
Then publish a joint paper,

1:34:14.415,1:34:15.916
excerpts from your work

1:34:15.916,1:34:17.918
along with Wallace's essay.

1:34:17.918,1:34:20.921
And then you must prepare a manuscript for publication.

1:34:20.921,1:34:22.423
Who knows?

1:34:22.423,1:34:23.924
It may all be for the best.

1:34:23.924,1:34:45.646
At last we'll finally get to learn your views in full.

1:34:45.646,1:34:47.648
(gasping)

1:34:47.648,1:34:49.650
Charles, what is it?

1:34:49.650,1:34:53.154
(breathing heavily)

1:34:53.154,1:34:55.656
This book will be the death of me.

1:34:55.656,1:34:57.158
Oh...

1:34:57.158,1:35:00.161
Shh...

1:35:00.161,1:35:16.177
What a miserable wretch I'd be without you near me.

1:35:16.177,1:35:20.181
DARWIN: When on board H.M.S.Beagle as naturalist

1:35:20.181,1:35:23.184
I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution

1:35:23.184,1:35:28.189
of the organic beings inhabiting South America...

1:35:28.189,1:35:30.191
and in the geological relations

1:35:30.191,1:35:39.200
of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent.

1:35:39.200,1:35:42.203
These facts seemed to throw some light

1:35:42.203,1:35:53.214
on the origin of species...

1:35:53.214,1:36:19.740
that mystery of mysteries...

1:36:19.740,1:36:21.242
EMMA: The Times is very positive.

1:36:21.242,1:36:25.246
I should think so, it's Huxley.

1:36:25.246,1:36:29.750
The Athenaeum wants me tried, in the Divinity Hall, the College

1:36:29.750,1:36:31.752
the lecture room and museum.

1:36:31.752,1:36:35.256
My book is no more unorthodox than the subject demands.

1:36:35.256,1:36:37.758
I don't discuss the origins of man;

1:36:37.758,1:36:39.760
I don't discuss Genesis.

1:36:39.760,1:36:43.764
Charles, don't be so naive.

1:36:43.764,1:36:47.268
It's clear you think man is no exception.

1:36:47.268,1:36:49.270
Whether you're right or wrong

1:36:49.270,1:36:57.278
you must finish what you started.

1:36:57.278,1:36:58.779
OWEN: Darwin?

1:36:58.779,1:37:00.281
Darwin!

1:37:00.281,1:37:01.782
Ah, Owen!

1:37:01.782,1:37:03.784
How dare you?!

1:37:03.784,1:37:05.786
How dare you paint me as a reactionary?!

1:37:05.786,1:37:07.288
I didn't paint you as a reactionary.

1:37:07.288,1:37:08.289
How dare you put my name

1:37:08.289,1:37:10.291
with the defenders of immutability?

1:37:10.291,1:37:12.694
Is my concept of the ordained continuous becoming

1:37:12.694,1:37:14.295
of living things to be ignored?

1:37:14.295,1:37:15.296
But what does it mean?

1:37:15.296,1:37:16.797
I don't know what it means.

1:37:16.797,1:37:17.798
It means...

1:37:17.798,1:37:19.800
It means animals appearing out of thin air!

1:37:19.800,1:37:20.801
Not at all!

1:37:20.801,1:37:22.803
You believe that selection

1:37:22.803,1:37:24.805
is the only possible creative law.

1:37:24.805,1:37:26.807
Pure chance, the roll of the dice.

1:37:26.807,1:37:28.809
In fact, new species are created

1:37:28.809,1:37:31.312
by natural birth according to God's law!

1:37:31.312,1:37:32.813
Well, I don't believe...

1:37:32.813,1:37:33.814
I know who's put you up to this.

1:37:33.814,1:37:34.815
Huxley!

1:37:34.815,1:37:35.816
Please, Richard.

1:37:35.816,1:37:37.318
I will have absolutely no truck

1:37:37.318,1:37:38.819
with the Huxleys of this world

1:37:38.819,1:37:39.820
and nor should you!

1:37:39.820,1:37:40.821
It is an abuse of science.

1:37:40.821,1:37:42.323
You should be ashamed of yourself!

1:37:42.323,1:37:43.824
Your book is a snub to the clergy

1:37:43.824,1:37:44.825
and an insult to humanity.

1:37:44.825,1:37:46.327
It's nihilism!

1:37:46.327,1:37:47.828
Only a man devoid of a soul

1:37:47.828,1:37:57.838
could find solace in a bestial ancestry.

1:37:57.838,1:37:59.840
(laughing)

1:37:59.840,1:38:02.843
Well, it's as respectable to be modified monkey

1:38:02.843,1:38:03.844
as modified dirt.

1:38:03.844,1:38:05.346
Huxley, please...

1:38:05.346,1:38:07.348
I think it's splendid.

1:38:07.348,1:38:11.352
Old ladies of both sexes say it's a dangerous book.

1:38:11.352,1:38:13.354
Splendid.

1:38:13.354,1:38:14.855
Don't worry.

1:38:14.855,1:38:16.857
I'll deal with him.

1:38:16.857,1:38:20.861
I'm sharpening my beak and claws in readiness.

1:38:20.861,1:38:22.863
(sighs)

1:38:22.863,1:38:30.371
(men cheering and clapping)

1:38:30.371,1:38:34.375
Any contribution to our natural history

1:38:34.375,1:38:36.877
from the pen of Mr. Charles Darwin

1:38:36.877,1:38:38.879
is certain to command attention.

1:38:38.879,1:38:43.384
His latest publication, The Origin of Species,

1:38:43.384,1:38:46.387
is manifestly regarded by him

1:38:46.387,1:38:51.892
as the opus upon which his future fame is to rest.

1:38:51.892,1:38:54.895
Mr. Darwin claims

1:38:54.895,1:39:01.902
that every living thing, every fish, plant, fungus...

1:39:01.902,1:39:03.404
(audience laughing)

1:39:03.404,1:39:04.905
fly...

1:39:04.905,1:39:05.906
(laughter)

1:39:05.906,1:39:06.907
elephant...

1:39:06.907,1:39:08.409
(laughter increases)

1:39:08.409,1:39:09.410
man...

1:39:09.410,1:39:10.911
(laughter and applause)

1:39:10.911,1:39:13.914
turnip...

1:39:13.914,1:39:17.418
are all equally the lineal descendants

1:39:17.418,1:39:20.421
of the same common ancestor.

1:39:20.421,1:39:24.925
Such a notion is absolutely incompatible

1:39:24.925,1:39:27.428
with the word of God.

1:39:27.428,1:39:30.931
MEN: Hear, hear.

1:39:30.931,1:39:37.438
Man was made in the image of God and redeemed by the Eternal Son.

1:39:37.438,1:39:43.444
Natural selection is an ingenious theory for denying

1:39:43.444,1:39:50.951
the working, and therefore the existence, of the Creator.

1:39:50.951,1:39:53.454
In fact, the human brain differs markedly

1:39:53.454,1:39:55.456
from that of all other mammals.

1:39:55.456,1:39:57.958
HUXLEY: Unfortunately, my Lord Bishop

1:39:57.958,1:40:05.466
you have been misinformed.

1:40:05.466,1:40:10.971
If we are unprejudiced judges, we have to admit

1:40:10.971,1:40:14.475
that there is as little interval (as animals)

1:40:14.475,1:40:16.977
between the gorilla and the man

1:40:16.977,1:40:21.982
as there is between the gorilla and the baboon.

1:40:21.982,1:40:29.490
It is... it is speech alone, and not some spiritual gift

1:40:29.490,1:40:32.993
that makes man a reasonable being.

1:40:32.993,1:40:36.997
That is the source of our unlimited intellectual progress.

1:40:36.997,1:40:39.500
But that does not disguise the fact

1:40:39.500,1:40:43.504
that to the very root and foundation of his nature

1:40:43.504,1:40:47.007
man is one with the rest of the organic world.

1:40:47.007,1:40:49.009
(booing and jeering)

1:40:49.009,1:40:53.514
No one... no one who has ever dissected the brain of an ape

1:40:53.514,1:40:55.516
agrees with Professor Owen.

1:40:55.516,1:40:57.017
His findings are wrong.

1:40:57.017,1:41:01.021
I can only assume that Professor Owen's brain

1:41:01.021,1:41:05.025
must have shrunk in the pickling jar.

1:41:05.025,1:41:06.026
I meant, of course

1:41:06.026,1:41:08.529
the chimpanzees' brains he had examined.

1:41:08.529,1:41:11.031
Oh, Lord!

1:41:11.031,1:41:14.034
It was then that God delivered Wilberforce

1:41:14.034,1:41:15.536
into my hands.

1:41:15.536,1:41:20.541
(audience clamoring)

1:41:20.541,1:41:24.044
I wonder, Mr. Huxley.

1:41:24.044,1:41:27.548
Is it through your grandfather or your grandmother

1:41:27.548,1:41:30.050
that you claim descent from an ape?

1:41:30.050,1:41:33.554
(uproarious laughter)

1:41:33.554,1:41:35.556
I stood up...

1:41:35.556,1:41:38.559
very quiet, very grave

1:41:38.559,1:41:43.564
and said my say with perfect good temper.

1:41:43.564,1:41:45.065
If the question...

1:41:45.065,1:41:47.067
if the question is put to me

1:41:47.067,1:41:51.071
would I rather have a miserable ape for a grandfather

1:41:51.071,1:41:54.074
or a man, highly intelligent

1:41:54.074,1:41:57.578
possessed of great means of influence

1:41:57.578,1:42:01.582
and yet who employed these faculties and that influence

1:42:01.582,1:42:05.085
for the mere purpose of introducing ridicule

1:42:05.085,1:42:08.589
into a grave scientific discussion

1:42:08.589,1:42:14.595
I unhesitatingly affirm my preference for the ape.

1:42:14.595,1:42:15.596
You didn't!

1:42:15.596,1:42:18.599
I said that, or something very like that.

1:42:18.599,1:42:20.100
How dare you attack

1:42:20.100,1:42:22.102
a live bishop in public?

1:42:22.102,1:42:24.104
Have you no respect for the purple waistcoat?

1:42:24.104,1:42:27.107
HUXLEY: Lady Brewster fainted, had to be carried from the room.

1:42:27.107,1:42:28.108
And then Admiral FitzRoy

1:42:28.108,1:42:30.611
got to his feet.

1:42:30.611,1:42:31.612
FitzRoy?

1:42:31.612,1:42:35.616
(audience clamoring)

1:42:35.616,1:42:37.117
This!

1:42:37.117,1:42:38.619
Believe in this!

1:42:38.619,1:42:44.625
Believe in God, not man!

1:42:44.625,1:42:54.968
Oh, my.

1:42:54.968,1:42:58.472
DARWIN: We'll probably never know the truth.

1:42:58.472,1:43:00.974
ERASMUS: Well, the truth, Charles, is in your book.

1:43:00.974,1:43:03.977
It's the most interesting thing I've ever read.

1:43:03.977,1:43:04.978
The reasoning

1:43:04.978,1:43:07.481
is so entirely satisfactory to me

1:43:07.481,1:43:10.484
that... if the facts don't fit

1:43:10.484,1:43:11.485
then, well...

1:43:11.485,1:43:15.989
so much the worse for the facts.

1:43:15.989,1:43:17.491
The shakes.

1:43:17.491,1:43:24.998
Time I was naturally selected.

1:43:24.998,1:43:28.502
DENNETT: For more than a century, people have often thought

1:43:28.502,1:43:31.004
that the conclusion to draw from Darwin's vision

1:43:31.004,1:43:34.007
is that Homo sapiens, our species

1:43:34.007,1:43:36.510
that we're just animals too, we're just mammals;

1:43:36.510,1:43:40.013
that there is nothing morally special about us.

1:43:40.013,1:43:41.515
I myself don't think

1:43:41.515,1:43:43.517
this follows at all from Darwin's vision

1:43:43.517,1:43:49.022
but it is certainly the received view in many quarters.

1:43:49.022,1:43:52.025
NARRATOR: Ever sinceThe Origin of Species was published

1:43:52.025,1:43:54.027
strict believers in biblical creation

1:43:54.027,1:44:01.034
have attacked Darwin's vision.

1:44:01.034,1:44:05.539
Their concerns aren't only about the science of evolution.

1:44:05.539,1:44:07.541
At stake, many believe

1:44:07.541,1:44:13.046
is nothing less than the human soul.

1:44:13.046,1:44:15.549
MOORE: To suggest that animals and plants

1:44:15.549,1:44:19.553
and us, humans, came into being in a natural law-like way

1:44:19.553,1:44:21.555
in the way the planets move

1:44:21.555,1:44:24.057
was to put in jeopardy the human soul.

1:44:24.057,1:44:26.059
And the human soul is the crux of the matter

1:44:26.059,1:44:29.062
because if we are not different from animals

1:44:29.062,1:44:32.566
if we don't live forever in heaven or in hell

1:44:32.566,1:44:40.073
then why should we behave other than like animals in this life?

1:44:40.073,1:44:42.576
MAN: In the 19th century, in Darwin's time

1:44:42.576,1:44:44.077
it was audacious to claim

1:44:44.077,1:44:46.580
that humans and chimps were closely related.

1:44:46.580,1:44:49.082
There wasn't that much scientific evidence.

1:44:49.082,1:44:52.085
But since that time the evidence has become strong.

1:44:52.085,1:44:55.589
First, we saw the fossil record appear.

1:44:55.589,1:45:01.595
Evidence of human ancestors that had apelike features

1:45:01.595,1:45:04.097
established the plausibility of the idea

1:45:04.097,1:45:07.601
that humans and chimps had common ancestors.

1:45:07.601,1:45:09.603
And then in the last 20 years

1:45:09.603,1:45:12.606
we've seen the emergence of a whole new type of data

1:45:12.606,1:45:15.108
that's established a close relationship

1:45:15.108,1:45:18.111
between chimps and humans.

1:45:18.111,1:45:24.117
And that comes from the analysis of DNA.

1:45:24.117,1:45:25.619
PAGE: This is DNA.

1:45:25.619,1:45:28.622
We've got DNA, chimps have got DNA,

1:45:28.622,1:45:32.626
bacteria have got DNA, petunias have got DNA,

1:45:32.626,1:45:34.127
crabs have got DNA.

1:45:34.127,1:45:38.632
Every living animal, plant, fish, frog has got DNA

1:45:38.632,1:45:41.635
and if we compare the DNAs of any two species

1:45:41.635,1:45:48.642
we can establish how closely related they are one to another.

1:45:48.642,1:45:51.645
NARRATOR: In the early days of DNA research

1:45:51.645,1:45:54.648
a double strand of DNA was extracted

1:45:54.648,1:45:58.151
from each species to be compared.

1:45:58.151,1:46:02.656
When heated, the strands split apart.

1:46:02.656,1:46:05.659
When the single strands from each creature

1:46:05.659,1:46:08.161
were put together and allowed to cool

1:46:08.161,1:46:14.167
the two always combined to form the familiar double helix.

1:46:14.167,1:46:18.171
The degree to which the strands mated successfully

1:46:18.171,1:46:21.174
was a measure of their similarity.

1:46:21.174,1:46:25.178
It turned out that human DNA and chimp DNA

1:46:25.178,1:46:28.181
combined almost perfectly.

1:46:28.181,1:46:32.686
Today, this similarity can be seen even more precisely.

1:46:32.686,1:46:38.692
DNA sequences can now be "read" letter by letter.

1:46:38.692,1:46:41.194
PAGE: Here we're looking at the DNA sequences

1:46:41.194,1:46:44.698
of one particular gene as found in human and chimp

1:46:44.698,1:46:46.700
and what's immediately evident

1:46:46.700,1:46:51.705
is that humans and chimps have DNAs that are 98% identical.

1:46:51.705,1:46:53.206
They're basically the same;

1:46:53.206,1:46:55.709
there are just a couple of spelling changes.

1:46:55.709,1:46:59.212
Why are there only a couple of spelling changes?

1:46:59.212,1:47:02.716
Because we and chimps had a common ancestor

1:47:02.716,1:47:04.217
only a few million years ago

1:47:04.217,1:47:07.220
and these few spelling differences

1:47:07.220,1:47:11.224
have accumulated during the propagation of this DNA

1:47:11.224,1:47:12.726
during those few million years.

1:47:12.726,1:47:16.229
If more time had passed since we had our last common ancestor

1:47:16.229,1:47:20.233
more spelling changes would have accumulated.

1:47:20.233,1:47:23.236
NARRATOR: If the same gene from a rat is compared

1:47:23.236,1:47:30.243
many more spelling differences are seen.

1:47:30.243,1:47:33.747
That's because our common ancestor with the rat

1:47:33.747,1:47:37.250
lived about 80 million or 100 million years ago

1:47:37.250,1:47:38.752
and there's been much more time

1:47:38.752,1:47:48.261
for spelling differences to accumulate.

1:47:48.261,1:47:50.263
NARRATOR: Chimpanzees and humans

1:47:50.263,1:47:55.268
are made from blueprints that are 98% the same.

1:47:55.268,1:47:57.270
But what about the ways

1:47:57.270,1:48:01.274
humans and chimps think and act in the world?

1:48:01.274,1:48:04.778
Are there similarities there as well?

1:48:04.778,1:48:07.781
WOMAN: Boy, doing some pull-ups.

1:48:07.781,1:48:09.783
Oh... be careful.

1:48:09.783,1:48:14.788
NARRATOR: Psychologist Sally Boysen explores the commonalities

1:48:14.788,1:48:17.290
between the minds of chimps and humans,

1:48:17.290,1:48:26.299
a quest that may help explain how the human mind evolved.

1:48:26.299,1:48:28.301
BOYSEN: The developmental milestones

1:48:28.301,1:48:30.303
really, throughout the life of a chimp

1:48:30.303,1:48:32.305
are almost exactly the same as humans.

1:48:32.305,1:48:35.308
Everything is so similar.

1:48:35.308,1:48:38.311
They respond to new things and new toys

1:48:38.311,1:48:42.315
and they have the same kinds of rough-and-tumble play.

1:48:42.315,1:48:44.818
Harper's rough and rowdy

1:48:44.818,1:48:48.321
and runs all over the place and climbs.

1:48:48.321,1:48:54.828
And Emma really can almost entertain herself.

1:48:54.828,1:48:58.832
One of the things that our work allows us to see

1:48:58.832,1:49:01.835
is that chimpanzees can acquire

1:49:01.835,1:49:05.338
very sophisticated, complex cognitive skills

1:49:05.338,1:49:07.340
like learning to count

1:49:07.340,1:49:08.842
which they normally wouldn't learn in the wild.

1:49:08.842,1:49:10.844
One, two, three...

1:49:10.844,1:49:12.345
four, five!

1:49:12.345,1:49:13.847
Ooh...

1:49:13.847,1:49:19.352
Yet they have the requisite neural capacity to do that.

1:49:19.352,1:49:21.354
Where did that come from?

1:49:21.354,1:49:24.024
Okay, Sheeb, we're going to do another turn now.

1:49:24.024,1:49:27.527
Here we go.

1:49:27.527,1:49:29.029
One of those.

1:49:29.029,1:49:32.032
Ooh, and a malted milk ball.

1:49:32.032,1:49:34.034
Can you tell me the answer to this?

1:49:34.034,1:49:35.535
With blue and brown?

1:49:35.535,1:49:38.038
Show me, yeah, go ahead.

1:49:38.038,1:49:39.039
(screen beeps)

1:49:39.039,1:49:42.042
Excellent!

1:49:42.042,1:49:44.044
BOYSEN: There's almost nothing

1:49:44.044,1:49:46.546
that the chimps haven't been able to learn

1:49:46.546,1:49:49.049
that we've tried to teach them.

1:49:49.049,1:49:55.055
We've seen their ability to grasp extremely complex notions

1:49:55.055,1:49:59.559
like the concept of zero, for example.

1:49:59.559,1:50:00.560
BOYSEN: Okay, Sheeb, look.

1:50:00.560,1:50:03.563
What if I didn't put any candy here at all?

1:50:03.563,1:50:07.567
What would you say?

1:50:07.567,1:50:08.568
(computer beeping)

1:50:08.568,1:50:10.070
Zero, that's right.

1:50:10.070,1:50:11.571
There's no candy here.

1:50:11.571,1:50:13.073
Oh, that's too bad...

1:50:13.073,1:50:16.076
BOYSEN: There's no way the chimps would be able to do this

1:50:16.076,1:50:19.579
if they didn't have a great deal of commonality

1:50:19.579,1:50:22.582
in, literally, the neurological structure

1:50:22.582,1:50:30.590
that supports their ability to learn... just like we do.

1:50:30.590,1:50:35.595
Those things are absolutely comparable

1:50:35.595,1:50:50.610
and had to come from a common ancestor.

1:50:50.610,1:50:54.614
KENNETH MILLER: The similarities that we have with our primate relatives

1:50:54.614,1:50:55.615
are extraordinary.

1:50:55.615,1:50:57.117
We share so much of our DNA

1:50:57.117,1:50:59.119
we share so much of our morphology

1:50:59.119,1:51:00.120
we even share our blood types.

1:51:00.120,1:51:02.122
But for all of those similarities

1:51:02.122,1:51:06.126
there are striking differences.

1:51:06.126,1:51:09.629
I think the reason for this is really very simple.

1:51:09.629,1:51:13.633
And that is, the line of evolution that led to us

1:51:13.633,1:51:17.137
led, for reasons which we are only beginning to understand

1:51:17.137,1:51:25.645
to an explosive development of mental capacity.

1:51:25.645,1:51:29.149
And what clearly happened is that natural selection

1:51:29.149,1:51:32.652
favored the evolution of organisms that could communicate

1:51:32.652,1:51:40.660
that could manipulate symbols, and could construct language.

1:51:40.660,1:51:45.165
Darwin's great idea is a grand and marvelous explanation

1:51:45.165,1:51:48.668
that shows us that we are united with every other form of life

1:51:48.668,1:51:51.171
on this planet.

1:51:51.171,1:51:52.672
And I find that an exciting

1:51:52.672,1:52:06.186
and maybe even an ennobling way to look at things.

1:52:06.186,1:52:17.197
(choir singing hymn)

1:52:17.197,1:52:25.205
MOORE: Darwin died in April 1882, at the age of 73.

1:52:25.205,1:52:26.706
The family thought he would be buried

1:52:26.706,1:52:29.209
in the parish churchyard.

1:52:29.209,1:52:31.211
Darwin had said, months before he died

1:52:31.211,1:52:33.713
that he would have to look forward to it

1:52:33.713,1:52:35.715
as the sweetest place on earth.

1:52:35.715,1:52:38.718
It was not to be.

1:52:38.718,1:52:41.221
In London, Darwin's friends

1:52:41.221,1:52:46.226
determined to make his death and burial a state occasion.

1:52:46.226,1:52:49.729
They went to the Royal Society and they got signatures.

1:52:49.729,1:52:52.232
They went to the House of Commons

1:52:52.232,1:52:53.733
and got up a petition.

1:52:53.733,1:52:55.735
They telegraphed the Dean of Westminster

1:52:55.735,1:52:57.737
who was abroad and got his approval.

1:52:57.737,1:53:01.241
A special anthem was even written for the occasion.

1:53:01.241,1:53:04.744
And on the 26th of April, a week after the death

1:53:04.744,1:53:07.247
Darwin's body was borne mightily in procession

1:53:07.247,1:53:09.749
down the aisle of Westminster Abbey

1:53:09.749,1:53:15.755
to be interred in the shadow of the grave of Sir Isaac Newton.

1:53:15.755,1:53:21.261
Darwin's interment celebrated the vast social transformation

1:53:21.261,1:53:23.763
that England was undergoing.

1:53:23.763,1:53:26.766
There were new colonies, new industries

1:53:26.766,1:53:28.768
and new men to run them.

1:53:28.768,1:53:31.771
Darwin's body was enshrined

1:53:31.771,1:53:34.774
to the greater glory of these new professionals

1:53:34.774,1:53:37.777
for he had naturalized creation

1:53:37.777,1:53:42.282
and delivered human nature and human destiny into their hands.

1:53:42.282,1:53:47.287
Society would never be the same.

1:53:47.287,1:53:48.788
Darwin's vision of nature

1:53:48.788,1:53:51.791
was, I believe, fundamentally a religious vision

1:53:51.791,1:53:55.295
one with which he ended his most famous work

1:53:55.295,1:53:59.799
On the Origin of Species.

1:53:59.799,1:54:02.802
"There is grandeur in this view of life

1:54:02.802,1:54:04.304
"with its several powers

1:54:04.304,1:54:08.308
"having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one

1:54:08.308,1:54:12.312
"and that whilst this planet has gone cycling on...

1:54:12.312,1:54:13.813
(Darwin's voice joins Moore's)

1:54:13.813,1:54:15.815
"according to the fixed law of gravity

1:54:15.815,1:54:23.323
"from so simple a beginning, endless forms most beautiful

1:54:23.323,1:54:54.554
and most wonderful have been and are being evolved."

1:54:54.554,1:54:56.055
Continue the journey

1:54:56.055,1:54:58.558
into where we're from and where we're going

1:54:58.558,1:55:00.059
at the Evolution web site.

1:55:00.059,1:55:03.562
Visit www.pbs.org.

1:55:03.562,9:59:59.000
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