[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.14,0:00:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So some of the smallest\Nmost insignificant words
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.24,0:00:17.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we use everyday, can reflect\Na lot about who we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.100,0:00:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I say this not\Nas a linguist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.14,0:00:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a computer scientist\Nbut as a social psychologist.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.51,0:00:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And today I'd like\Nto tell you a story
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.74,0:00:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that summarizes\Na lot of the research
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.34,0:00:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that my colleagues,\Nmy students and I have done,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.06,0:00:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have helped me\Nto come to this realization.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.62,0:00:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now several years ago I was studying\Nthe nature of traumatic experience
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.14,0:00:40.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how it is related\Nto physical health
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.61,0:00:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what I kept finding,\Nthat just completely perplexed me.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.93,0:00:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically when people have\Na major traumatic experience in their life,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.96,0:00:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are much more likely\Nto get sick after that event,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.36,0:00:54.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they keep the events secret,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.47,0:01:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than if they actually\Ntalk to other people.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.14,0:01:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this really bugged me.\NSo keeping a secret it seems
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.13,0:01:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is somehow toxic.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.32,0:01:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this led me\Nto run some experiments
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.32,0:01:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we brought people\Nin the laboratory
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.44,0:01:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we asked them to write about
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.86,0:01:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most traumatic \Nexperiences they've had,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.12,0:01:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially if they'd kept them secret.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.38,0:01:23.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these were big traumas,\Nthese were things like rape.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.63,0:01:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were like\Nmajor public humiliations or failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.81,0:01:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the results that we got\Nfrom this study were stunning.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.28,0:01:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We discovered that having people write\Nas little as fifteen minutes a day,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.72,0:01:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for 3 or 4 consecutive days,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.74,0:01:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brought about meaningful changes\Nin people's physical health
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.48,0:01:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even their immune function.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.02,0:01:51.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Translating up, saying experiences\Ninto words makes a difference, but why?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.01,0:01:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since then there have been \Nhundreds of studies
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.46,0:01:55.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,done by labs all over the world\Ntrying to answer this
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.85,0:01:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they haven't come up \Nwith a single explanation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.76,0:02:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My own approach was to \Nactually look at the essays
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.54,0:02:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these people wrote,\Nand try to figure out,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.12,0:02:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was there something about \Nthe essays that could predict
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.86,0:02:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who would benefit\Nfrom writing versus who wouldn't?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.56,0:02:14.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I tried and I couldn't figure it out.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.01,0:02:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I got a number of psychologists\Nand other experts
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.74,0:02:19.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to read and write hundreds\Nof these essays,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.69,0:02:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they couldn't see a pattern either;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.97,0:02:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I needed to try some other strategies.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.05,0:02:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, with the help of\None of my graduate students,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.87,0:02:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Martha Francis,\Nwe wrote a computer program.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.23,0:02:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the idea of this computer program\Nwas to go into any given text
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.90,0:02:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and calculate the percentage\Nof words in that text
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.38,0:02:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were positive emotion words,\Nnegative emotion words
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.87,0:02:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or words related to topics such as
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.00,0:02:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,death or sex or violence \Nor religion or family.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.08,0:02:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as long as we were writing\Nthe computer program,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.19,0:02:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought well let's go ahead and\Nthrow in some parts of speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.98,0:02:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pronouns, prepositions. Why? \NBecause it was easy, who cares?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.72,0:03:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I go back, start to analyze\Nthese traumatic essays,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.41,0:03:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and quickly discover that the content\Nof what people were writing about
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.01,0:03:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't matter in terms of\Nif they improved in their health or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.24,0:03:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, it was these junk words,\Npronouns, and articles,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.68,0:03:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and prepositions and so forth,\Nthat did matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.58,0:03:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now think about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.39,0:03:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here people are writing about\Ndeeply disturbing issues,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.12,0:03:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the actual topics that dealt with\Ntragedies, devastation, horrible things,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.03,0:03:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the topics themselves\Nand the words associated
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.51,0:03:33.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with those topics made no difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.89,0:03:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead these little words\Nlike "I" and "the" and "and" did matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.62,0:03:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd been looking for the obvious,\Nbut in fact
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.89,0:03:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd been paying attention\Nto what people were saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.76,0:03:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not how they were saying it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.64,0:03:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do I go about\Nanalyzing "what" versus "how"?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.88,0:03:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it turns out that they're\Ndifferent kinds of classes of words
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.43,0:03:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that look at this distinction,\Nand one of them is
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.76,0:03:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're looking at\Nwhat people are writing about,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.53,0:04:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you look at what are called content words.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.08,0:04:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are nouns and regular verbs\Nand adjectives and some adverbs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.58,0:04:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the stuff of thought,\Nthese were the stuff of communication.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.87,0:04:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were trying to talk to somebody.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.98,0:04:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Google and search terms\Nare all based on these content words.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.54,0:04:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other group of words\Nare a class of words
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.16,0:04:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are generally called\Nfunction words.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.53,0:04:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And function words are made up\Nof the most boring words you can imagine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.08,0:04:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're made up of pronouns:\N"I", "me", "he", "she";
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.14,0:04:37.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prepositions: "to", "of", "for";\Nauxiliary verbs: "am", "is", "have".
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.56,0:04:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll have to wake you up if I keep talking\Nabout these function words.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.13,0:04:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it turns out these\Nfunction words are really interesting,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.76,0:04:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because, first of all, there's only about\Nfive hundred function words in English,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.46,0:04:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they account for far less than 1%
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.54,0:04:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all the words we know,\Nwe hear, we read.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.35,0:05:00.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nevertheless, they reflect 55% to 60%
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.49,0:05:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all the words that \Nwe are surrounded with,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.64,0:05:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're everywhere,\Nbut we don't pay attention to them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.78,0:05:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In English and in other languages,\Nthey're the shortest words there are,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.14,0:05:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when they're spoken\Nor when you're reading,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.71,0:05:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they zip into your brain\Nat the speed of less than 0.2 seconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.58,0:05:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning that they're processed\Nessentially non-consciously.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.54,0:05:22.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's something\Neven more interesting about them,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.93,0:05:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are social,\Nthey are profoundly social.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.90,0:05:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give me an example,\Nlet's say you're walking along,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.40,0:05:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see a note on the ground,\Nyou pick it up and it says,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.40,0:05:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I am placing it on the table."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.58,0:05:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that kinda makes sense,\Nkinda doesn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.73,0:05:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'm placing it on the table".\NThere's 2 content words:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.05,0:05:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"placing" and "table";
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.86,0:05:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the rest are function words:\N"I", "am", "it", "on", "the".
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.96,0:05:51.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the reason this doesn't\Nmake sense to most of us is
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.33,0:05:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was "I"?\NNo idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.44,0:05:56.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Am" implies present tense.\NWhen was it written?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.69,0:05:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It"? Pfft, no idea what "it" is.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.22,0:06:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"On the table", "the table"\Nmeans it's a table
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.73,0:06:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the author knew about
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.84,0:06:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the intended recipient\Nof this note knew about,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.70,0:06:09.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nobody else did.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.37,0:06:13.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, in fact, this note only \Nhas meaning to the author
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.75,0:06:15.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the recipient of the note
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.83,0:06:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a particular time,\Nin a particular location.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.01,0:06:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, in fact, if I took \Nthat note to this author now
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.06,0:06:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,6 months later and say,\N"What's this all about?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.46,0:06:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a good chance \Nthat the author will say,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.56,0:06:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"No idea."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.34,0:06:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Function words are social,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.96,0:06:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they tell us about the author,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.57,0:06:36.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they tell us about the relationship
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.17,0:06:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the author and the recipient
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.78,0:06:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the relationship between\Nthe author and the topic itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.58,0:06:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the heart of what\NI want to talk to you about today.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.73,0:06:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By analyzing function words,\Nwe start to get a sense
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.54,0:06:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of who people are,\Nwhat their relationships are,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.94,0:06:55.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they think about theirselves\Nand how they connect with others.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.45,0:06:59.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, there're a lot of function words,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.34,0:07:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and honestly, I could talk for \Nseveral hours about function words.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.96,0:07:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'm going to spare you that\Nand just focus on a couple today,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.63,0:07:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to just give you a flavor\Nof why they're so interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.74,0:07:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's start off with pronouns,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.37,0:07:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let's start off \Nwith third-person pronouns
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.52,0:07:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like "he", "she", "they".
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.34,0:07:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it turns out some people\Nout there in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.33,0:07:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use these third-person pronouns\Nat high rates
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.54,0:07:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other people at low rates.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.95,0:07:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What kind of person would use them?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.53,0:07:31.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, you have to think about pronouns\Nand all function words
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.23,0:07:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of where are\Npeople paying attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.78,0:07:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you are using\Nthese third-person pronouns,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.62,0:07:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by definition you're paying \Nattention to other people.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.53,0:07:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You care about other people,\Nyou're thinking about other people,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.57,0:07:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people who use these at high rates
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.58,0:07:47.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are much more socially engaged.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.71,0:07:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can analyze emails,\Ntweets and so forth
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.98,0:07:52.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get a sense of someone's\Nsocial engagement
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.45,0:07:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just by looking at this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.10,0:07:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How about first-person singular pronouns,\N"I", "me" and "my"?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.34,0:08:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, using the attentional arguments,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.71,0:08:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,someone who's attending\Nto their thoughts, feelings,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.63,0:08:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,behaviors, to themselves in some way\Nwould use these words more.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.32,0:08:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What kind of person\Ndo you think uses "I" words the most?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.62,0:08:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope, you're sitting there,\Nyou're thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.58,0:08:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Well, somebody who's \Nself-centered, self-important,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.38,0:08:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,narcissistic, hungry for power \Nand high in status."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.34,0:08:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would be completely wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.28,0:08:30.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact the person who is\Nhighest in status
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.01,0:08:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uses "I" words the least.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.54,0:08:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me rephrase that,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.48,0:08:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the higher anybody is in status,\Nthe less they use "I" words;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.38,0:08:44.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lower someone is in status,\Nthe higher they use "I" words.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.21,0:08:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I discovered this\Nby analyzing emails,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.75,0:08:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instant messages, \Nnatural conversations,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.74,0:08:52.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,business groups and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.53,0:08:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the effects were huge.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.02,0:08:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I looked at these results \Nand I thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.39,0:09:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Wow, this must be true\Nfor other people
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.26,0:09:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it can't possibly be true for me."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.29,0:09:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know I love everybody equally.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.66,0:09:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I go in and analyze \Nmy own emails.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.40,0:09:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm the same as everybody else,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.95,0:09:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I look at the email that I get\Nfrom an undergraduate student,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.18,0:09:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Dear Dr Pennebaker,\NI would like to know
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.07,0:09:18.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I could possibly meet with you
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.95,0:09:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I think I need\Nto change my grade."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.84,0:09:25.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I write back, "Dear Student,\NThank you so much for your email.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.11,0:09:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, the way\Nthe grade systems work, blah, blah, blah."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.73,0:09:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I look at my email to the dean.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.22,0:09:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Dear Dean, I'm Jamie Pennebaker\Nand I would like to ask you
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.07,0:09:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I could do this and if I could \Ndo that and I could do this."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.37,0:09:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the dean writes back,\N"Dear Jamie,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.72,0:09:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you so much for your email..."\Nand so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.96,0:09:49.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now everybody is being completely polite,\Nnobody's putting anybody down.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.47,0:09:52.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the language \Nof power in status;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.15,0:09:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it tells us where people\Nare paying attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.54,0:09:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A high status person is\Nlooking out at the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.28,0:10:00.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the low status person tends\Nto be looking more inwardly.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.53,0:10:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about others' states?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.25,0:10:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's move beyond status,\Nlet's look at emotional states.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.24,0:10:09.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would think \Nthat someone would be
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.09,0:10:10.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,paying more attention to themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.63,0:10:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they're in pain. It could be\Nphysical pain or emotional pain.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.55,0:10:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, if we look at people\Nwho are depressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.57,0:10:20.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've done many studies on this,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.35,0:10:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we know that people \Nwho are depressed
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.87,0:10:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pay attention to themselves more
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.62,0:10:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they used the word "I" more.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.90,0:10:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact one of our very first studies\Nlooked at the poetry
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.43,0:10:31.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of suicidal and non-suicidal poets.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.01,0:10:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we did this research\Nwhere we went through,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.58,0:10:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,analyzed their poetry,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.16,0:10:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and initially I thought,\N"Well, the big difference is
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.35,0:10:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the degree that they use \Nnegative, emotion words."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.85,0:10:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not true.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.85,0:10:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suicidal and non-suicidal poets
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.54,0:10:46.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all use negative emotion \Nwords at high rate.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.93,0:10:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's part \Nof the job description.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.26,0:10:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.25,0:10:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The big difference was\Ntheir use of the word "I".
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.90,0:10:57.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suicidal poets use the word "I" more.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.95,0:11:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consider this poem,\Nthis is by Sylvia Plath
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.27,0:11:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who later committed suicide.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.21,0:11:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Listen to the way that \Nshe uses the word "I"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.70,0:11:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and first-person singular.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.74,0:11:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm taking some lines from her poem\N"Mad Girl's Love Song".
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.49,0:11:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I shut my eyes and\Nall the world drops dead;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.45,0:11:20.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I lift my lid[s] and all is born again.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.100,0:11:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(I think I made you up inside my head.)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.55,0:11:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I fancied you'd return the way you said,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.58,0:11:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I grow old and I forget your name.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.59,0:11:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(I think I made you up inside my head.)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.63,0:11:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can almost see Plath
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.64,0:11:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,embracing her sorrow,\Nher misery and so forth
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.22,0:11:44.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can compare her writing\Nwith other poets, non-suicidal poets
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.49,0:11:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who write about lost love.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.26,0:11:50.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they do, you can almost see \Nthem holding it off from a distance,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.01,0:11:55.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they're looking at it from a more \Ndistant, third-person perspective.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.19,0:11:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there's a really interesting,\Nimportant theory within psychology
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.87,0:12:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about depression.\NAnd people who are depressed
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.95,0:12:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are thought to be people who are\Nvery high in self-awareness or self-focus.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.10,0:12:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And part of this is\Nthey also tend to be extremely honest.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.16,0:12:19.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, there are many studies \Nshowing that they have this deficit
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.55,0:12:23.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're not able to have\Npositive illusions about ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.29,0:12:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those of us who aren't depressed\Nget by every day
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.56,0:12:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by holding these insane illusions\Nabout the life.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.80,0:12:32.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But these people are brutally honest.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.41,0:12:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this made me wonder:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.99,0:12:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throw away depression\Nfor just a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.38,0:12:38.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could we turn this entire thing\Nupside down
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.37,0:12:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and find out if depressed people
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.17,0:12:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or if we could use a computer program\Nas a linguistic lie-detector.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.80,0:12:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean for anybody.\NSo in fact we did some studies,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.54,0:12:49.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we brought people\Nin the lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.03,0:12:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we induced them to lie \Nor tell the truth,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.98,0:12:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we analyze court transcripts \Nof people who were all found guilty,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.00,0:12:56.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,half of whom were \Nlater exonerated,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.68,0:12:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the effects were \Nreally quite impressive.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.92,0:13:01.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We did a pretty good job at telling
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.100,0:13:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if someone who was telling\Nthe truth versus lying,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.01,0:13:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of the best words\Nwas the use of the word "I".
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.37,0:13:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People who tell the truth
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.94,0:13:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use the word "I" more, \Nowning what they're saying.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.70,0:13:16.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Liars are tending to hold off,\Ndistancing themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.76,0:13:21.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, lie-detection and depression,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.02,0:13:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,status, are all some things \Nthat we can look at,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.91,0:13:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one of the things that \NI'm most interested in now
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.01,0:13:27.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is looking at groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.73,0:13:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at the relationship \Nbetween two people.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.64,0:13:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you tell how two people\Nare getting along
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.44,0:13:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by analyzing the way that they're\Nusing function words with each other?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.87,0:13:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer is "yes".
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.31,0:13:40.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'd look at the percentage \Nof each class of words
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.83,0:13:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we come up with the metric\Nthat we call language style matching.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.18,0:13:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the more that two people are matching\Nin their function word use,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.24,0:13:50.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more they're on the same page,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.04,0:13:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more they're talking\Nabout something in the same way.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.02,0:13:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now one place we started \Nto look at this
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.84,0:13:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was with speed dating.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.33,0:14:00.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I should tell you\NI love speed dating,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.77,0:14:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.34,0:14:04.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would never do it in a million years,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.88,0:14:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.86,0:14:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I encourage all of you\Nto go do speed dating
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.04,0:14:09.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when you do,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.36,0:14:10.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,invite a researcher along
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.99,0:14:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there is \Nno paradigm that is better.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.67,0:14:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've been involved\Nin speed-dating projects
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.32,0:14:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where people come in
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.43,0:14:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in their 4 minute date,\Nwe tape-record it,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.80,0:14:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they know we are,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.74,0:14:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we transcribe \Nthe way they talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.82,0:14:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more they match\Nin their language,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.33,0:14:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more likely they are\Nto go out on a date.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.38,0:14:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can predict\Nwho will go on a date
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.24,0:14:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at rates slightly better than\Nthe people themselves can.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.59,0:14:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've done studies\Nwith young dating couples.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.23,0:14:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To be in our study, \Nthey had to give us
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.62,0:14:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 days of their instant \Nmessages or IM's.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.72,0:14:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then what we do\Nis we analyze their IM's
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.17,0:14:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this style matching,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.62,0:14:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we do much, \Nmuch better than they do
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.07,0:14:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at predicting if they'll be\Ntogether 3 months later.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.36,0:14:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.36,0:15:00.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact is, is these words\Nare telling us how individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.93,0:15:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pairs of people are connecting.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.55,0:15:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about groups?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.61,0:15:07.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this is an area\Nthat we're now working at.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.05,0:15:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're looking at working groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.07,0:15:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some are groups \Nthat we've worked with,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.41,0:15:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people from the business school,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.68,0:15:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'd look at people in \Nthe get-to-know-you groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.43,0:15:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we do educational groups.\NAnd what we're finding is
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.75,0:15:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by looking at a group of, \Nsay, 5 or 6 people,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.84,0:15:22.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can now get a sense \Nof how productive the group will be,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.55,0:15:25.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also how cohesive\Nthe group will be,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.26,0:15:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply by looking \Nat the style matching.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.98,0:15:30.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now here's where things are\Nstarting to get interesting:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.91,0:15:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by tracking a group \Nthat's interacting
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.45,0:15:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say they're all \Ninteracting online,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.77,0:15:39.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can have a computer monitoring\Nhow the group is behaving.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.55,0:15:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.87,0:15:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are in this group,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.54,0:15:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a computer coach \Ncomes to your group
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.21,0:15:50.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every now and then,\Nand a message comes and says,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.19,0:15:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You guys are not paying attention\Nto one another,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.30,0:15:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to be more attentive to what\Nthe other people are saying," or
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.40,0:16:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You guys for the last few minutes\Nhave strayed off topic,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.40,0:16:03.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,try to get back on topic,"\Nor that loud mouth in the group,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.72,0:16:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer comes in and says,\N"John, for the last 5 minutes
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.57,0:16:11.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you said 50% of the words,\Nwhy don't you stand back
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.14,0:16:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and encourage others to talk?"\N(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.88,0:16:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we have now created\Na program that does this,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.20,0:16:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've now tested it out\Nwith hundreds of groups
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.60,0:16:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we are getting \Nvery promising results.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.70,0:16:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you can start to see\Nwhy I'm so excited
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.91,0:16:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about this world of function words,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.24,0:16:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're now taking this\Nin all these directions,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.66,0:16:36.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I never would've thought about.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.25,0:16:39.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've been looking at it in terms\Nof looking at historical records.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.53,0:16:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you tell if a particular explorer\Ncommitted suicide or was murdered?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.88,0:16:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've done a project on that.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.61,0:16:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you look at a company \Nand get a sense
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.06,0:16:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how their internal \Ncommunications are working?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.31,0:16:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How well they are connecting\Nwith the people
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.07,0:16:54.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their company or with their clients.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.99,0:16:59.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We look at corporate earnings reports\Nor the quarterly phone calls
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.75,0:17:03.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get a sense of the internal\Ngroup dynamics of the company.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.11,0:17:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've worked with the government
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.62,0:17:06.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to get a sense \Nof terrorist groups
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.69,0:17:09.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if they are likely \Nto behave badly.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.81,0:17:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've helped people sort out\Ntheir love lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.60,0:17:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can start to see that
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.98,0:17:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by harnessing the power \Nof these function words,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.72,0:17:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can get a sense \Nof individuals and groups
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.95,0:17:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how people are connecting.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.30,0:17:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what I would urge you to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.18,0:17:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like you to go home tonight
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.80,0:17:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want you to start looking\Nat your emails,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.56,0:17:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your tweets, your IM's or whatever,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.73,0:17:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in doing that, \Nwhat I hope you start to see is,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.40,0:17:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first of all you learn \Na little bit more
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.28,0:17:44.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about your relationships with others,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.96,0:17:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but more than anything,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.90,0:17:49.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope you'll learn \Na little bit about yourself.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.41,0:17:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.98,0:17:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)