0:00:10.143,0:00:14.244
So some of the smallest[br]most insignificant work

0:00:14.244,0:00:17.995
is everyday, cos reflect[br]a lot about who we are.

0:00:17.995,0:00:20.137
And I say this not[br]as a linguist,

0:00:20.137,0:00:23.506
or a computer scientist[br]but as a social psychologist.

0:00:23.506,0:00:25.743
And today I'd like[br]to tell you a story

0:00:25.743,0:00:28.345
that summarizes[br]a lot of the research

0:00:28.345,0:00:31.060
that my colleagues,[br]my students and I have done,

0:00:31.060,0:00:34.623
that have helped me[br]to come to this realization.

0:00:34.623,0:00:38.137
Now several years ago I was studying[br]the nature of traumatic experience

0:00:38.137,0:00:40.607
and how it is related[br]to physical health

0:00:40.607,0:00:44.927
and kept finding[br]that just completely perplexed me.

0:00:44.927,0:00:48.965
Basically when people have[br]a major traumatic experience in their life,

0:00:48.965,0:00:52.355
they are much more likely[br]to get sick after that event,

0:00:52.355,0:00:54.462
if they keep the events secret,

0:00:54.468,0:01:02.145
than if they actually[br]talk to other people.

0:01:02.145,0:01:07.127
So, this really bugged me.[br]So keeping a secret it seems

0:01:07.127,0:01:09.319
is somehow toxic.

0:01:09.319,0:01:12.320
So this led me[br]to run some experiments

0:01:12.320,0:01:14.442
where we brought people[br]in the laboratory

0:01:14.442,0:01:16.863
and we asked them to write about

0:01:16.863,0:01:21.175
the most traumatic experiences they've had,[br]especially if they'd kept them secret.

0:01:21.175,0:01:23.632
And these were big traumas,[br]these were things like rape.

0:01:23.632,0:01:27.808
They were like major public humiliations[br]or failure.

0:01:27.808,0:01:31.285
And the results that we got[br]from this this study were stunning.

0:01:31.285,0:01:35.725
We discovered that having people write[br]as little as fifteen minutes a day,

0:01:35.725,0:01:37.740
for 3 or 4 consecutive days,

0:01:37.740,0:01:41.479
brought about meaningful changes[br]in people's physical health

0:01:41.479,0:01:44.015
and even their immune function.

0:01:44.015,0:01:51.006
Translating up, saying experiences[br]into words makes a difference, but why?

0:01:51.006,0:01:54.777
Since then there have been hundreds[br]of studies done by labs all over the world

0:01:54.777,0:01:59.764
trying to answer this and they haven't[br]come up with a single explanation.

0:01:59.764,0:02:04.746
My own approach was to actually look[br]at the essays that these people wrote,

0:02:04.746,0:02:06.735
and try to figure out,

0:02:06.735,0:02:08.856
was there something about the essays[br]that could predict

0:02:08.856,0:02:11.565
who would benefit[br]from writing versus who wouldn't?

0:02:11.565,0:02:14.013
I tried and I couldn't figure it out.

0:02:14.013,0:02:16.745
So I got a number of psychologists[br]and other experts

0:02:16.745,0:02:19.689
to read and write hundreds of these essays,

0:02:19.689,0:02:22.974
and they couldn't see a pattern either;

0:02:22.974,0:02:25.053
I needed to try some other strategies.

0:02:25.053,0:02:27.871
So, with the help of[br]one of my graduate students,

0:02:27.871,0:02:30.228
Martha Francis,[br]we wrote a computer program.

0:02:30.228,0:02:33.900
And the idea of this computer program[br]was to go into any given text

0:02:33.900,0:02:36.380
and calculate the percentage[br]of words in their texts

0:02:36.380,0:02:39.866
that were positive emotion words,[br]negative emotion words

0:02:39.866,0:02:46.914
or words related to topics such as death[br]or sex or violence or religion or family.

0:02:46.914,0:02:49.190
And as long as we were writing[br]the computer program,

0:02:49.190,0:02:51.976
I thought well let's go ahead and[br]throw in some parts of speech,

0:02:51.976,0:02:56.715
pronouns, prepositions.[br]Why? Because it was easy, who cares?

0:02:56.715,0:03:01.413
So, I go back, start to analyze[br]these traumatic essays,

0:03:01.413,0:03:06.013
and quickly discover that the content[br]of what people were writing about

0:03:06.013,0:03:09.243
didn't matter in terms of[br]if they improved in their health or not,

0:03:09.243,0:03:15.385
instead, it was these junk words, pronouns,[br]articles, prepositions and so forth

0:03:15.385,0:03:19.347
that did matter.[br]Now think about this.

0:03:19.347,0:03:23.120
Here people are writing about[br]deeply disturbing issues

0:03:23.120,0:03:29.034
and the actual topics that dealt with[br]tragedies, devastation, horrible things,

0:03:29.034,0:03:31.512
the topics themselves[br]and the words associated

0:03:31.512,0:03:33.890
with those topics made no difference.

0:03:33.890,0:03:38.622
Instead these little words[br]like "I" and "the" and "and" did matter.

0:03:38.622,0:03:41.889
I'd been looking for the obvious,[br]but in fact

0:03:41.889,0:03:44.758
I'd been paying attention[br]to what people were saying,

0:03:44.758,0:03:47.637
but not how they were saying it.

0:03:47.637,0:03:51.883
So how do I go about[br]analyzing what verus how?

0:03:51.883,0:03:54.426
Well, it turns out that they're[br]different kinds of classes of words

0:03:54.426,0:03:57.757
that look at this distinction,[br]and one of them is

0:03:57.757,0:03:59.531
if you're looking at[br]what people are writing about,

0:03:59.531,0:04:04.786
you look at what are called content words.[br]These are nouns and regular verbs

0:04:04.786,0:04:08.231
and adjectives and some adverbs.[br]These are the stuff of thought,

0:04:08.231,0:04:11.979
these were the stuff of communication.[br]We were trying to talk to somebody.

0:04:11.979,0:04:16.543
Google and search terms[br]are all based on these content words.

0:04:16.543,0:04:19.165
The other group of words[br]are a class of words

0:04:19.165,0:04:21.526
that are generally called[br]function words.

0:04:21.526,0:04:27.084
And function words are made up[br]of the most boring words you can imagine.

0:04:27.084,0:04:31.141
They're made up of pronouns:[br]"I", "me", "he", "she";

0:04:31.141,0:04:37.560
prepositions: "to", "of", "for";[br]auxillary verbs: "am", "is", "have" â

0:04:37.560,0:04:42.128
I'll have to wake you up if I keep talking[br]about these function words.

0:04:42.128,0:04:46.758
But it turns out these[br]function words are really interesting,

0:04:46.758,0:04:52.461
because, first of all, there's only about[br]five hundred function words in English,

0:04:52.461,0:04:57.369
so they account for far less than 1%[br]of all the words we know, we hear, we read.

0:04:57.369,0:05:03.893
Nevertheless, they reflect 55% to 60% of[br]all the words that we are surrounded with,

0:05:03.893,0:05:06.784
they're everywhere,[br]but we don't pay attention to them.

0:05:06.784,0:05:10.142
In English and in other languages,[br]they're the shortest words there are,

0:05:10.142,0:05:12.710
and when they're spoken[br]or when you're reading,

0:05:12.710,0:05:16.583
they zip into your brain[br]at the speed of less than 0.2 seconds,

0:05:16.583,0:05:20.538
meaning that they're processed[br]essentially non-consciously.

0:05:20.538,0:05:22.933
But there's something[br]even more interesting about them,

0:05:22.933,0:05:26.897
they are social,[br]they are profoundly social.

0:05:26.897,0:05:29.399
Let me give me an example,[br]let's say you're walking along,

0:05:29.399,0:05:32.396
you see a note on the ground,[br]you pick it up and it says,

0:05:32.396,0:05:35.583
"I am placing it on the table."

0:05:35.583,0:05:37.732
Well, that kinda makes sense,[br]kinda doesn't.

0:05:37.732,0:05:41.788
"I'm placing it on the table" â there's[br]2 content words, "placing" and "table";

0:05:41.788,0:05:43.865
all the rest are function words:

0:05:43.865,0:05:47.955
"I", "am", "it", "on", "the".

0:05:47.955,0:05:51.328
Now the reason this doesn't[br]make sense to most of us is

0:05:51.328,0:05:53.444
who was "I"?[br]No idea.

0:05:53.444,0:05:56.687
"Am" implies present tense.[br]When was it written?

0:05:56.692,0:05:59.221
"It"? Pfft, no idea what "it" is.

0:05:59.221,0:06:02.733
"On the table", "the table"[br]means it's a table

0:06:02.733,0:06:04.832
that the author knew about

0:06:04.838,0:06:07.704
and the intended recipient[br]of this note knew about,

0:06:07.704,0:06:14.025
but nobody else did. And, in fact,[br]this note only has meaning to the author

0:06:14.025,0:06:15.833
and the recipient of the note

0:06:15.833,0:06:18.994
at a particular time,[br]in a particular location.

0:06:19.008,0:06:23.557
And, in fact, if I took that note[br]to this author 6 months later and say,

0:06:23.557,0:06:27.283
"What's this all about?" there's[br]a good chance that the author will say,

0:06:27.283,0:06:30.342
"No idea."

0:06:30.342,0:06:32.960
Function words are social,

0:06:32.960,0:06:35.984
they tell us about the author,[br]they tell us about the relationship

0:06:35.984,0:06:37.783
between the author and the recipient

0:06:37.783,0:06:41.578
and the relationship between[br]the author and the topic itself.

0:06:41.578,0:06:45.731
And this is the heart of what[br]I want to talk to you about today.

0:06:45.731,0:06:49.535
By analyzing function words[br]we start to get a sense

0:06:49.535,0:06:51.945
of who people are,[br]what their relationships are,

0:06:51.945,0:06:57.451
how they think about theirselves[br]and how they connect with others.

0:06:57.451,0:06:59.343
Yeah, there're a lot of function words,

0:06:59.343,0:07:02.959
and honestly I could talk[br]for several hours about function words,

0:07:02.959,0:07:06.634
but I'm going to spare you that[br]and just focus on a couple today

0:07:06.634,0:07:10.745
to just give you a flavor[br]of why they're so interesting.

0:07:10.745,0:07:14.236
Let's start off with pronouns, and[br]let's start off with third-person pronouns

0:07:14.236,0:07:17.337
like "he", "she", "they".

0:07:17.337,0:07:19.332
Now it turns out some people[br]out there in the world

0:07:19.332,0:07:22.543
use these third-person pronouns[br]at high rates

0:07:22.543,0:07:24.947
and other people at low rates.

0:07:24.947,0:07:27.534
What kind of person would use them?

0:07:27.534,0:07:31.232
Well, you have to think about pronouns[br]and all function words

0:07:31.232,0:07:35.784
in terms of[br]where are people paying attention.

0:07:35.784,0:07:37.623
If you are using[br]these third-person pronouns,

0:07:37.623,0:07:40.527
by definition you're paying attention[br]to other people.

0:07:40.527,0:07:43.571
You care about other people,[br]you're thinking about other people,

0:07:43.571,0:07:45.579
and people who use these at high rates

0:07:45.579,0:07:47.709
are much more socially engaged.

0:07:47.709,0:07:49.981
We can analyze emails,[br]tweets and so forth

0:07:49.981,0:07:54.155
and get a sense of someone's[br]social engagement just by looking at this.

0:07:54.155,0:07:59.335
How about first-person singular pronouns,[br]"I", "me" and "my"?

0:07:59.335,0:08:01.713
OK, using the attentional arguments

0:08:01.713,0:08:04.629
someone who's attending[br]to their thoughts, feelings,

0:08:04.629,0:08:08.315
behaviors, to themselves in some way[br]would use these words more.

0:08:08.315,0:08:11.615
What kind of person[br]do you think uses "I" words the most?

0:08:11.615,0:08:15.674
I hope, you're sitting there,[br]you're thinking, "Well, somebody who's

0:08:15.674,0:08:18.317
self-centered, self-important,[br]narcissistic,

0:08:18.317,0:08:24.345
hungry for power and high in status."

0:08:24.345,0:08:27.278
You would be completely wrong.

0:08:27.278,0:08:33.743
In fact the person who is highest[br]in status uses "I" words the least.

0:08:33.743,0:08:35.481
Let me rephrase that,

0:08:35.481,0:08:39.376
the higher anybody is in status,[br]the less they use "I" words;

0:08:39.376,0:08:44.208
the lower someone is in status,[br]the higher they use a "I" words.

0:08:44.208,0:08:47.750
Now, I discovered this[br]by analyzing emails,

0:08:47.750,0:08:52.543
instant messages, natural conversations,[br]business groups and so forth.

0:08:52.543,0:08:57.216
And the affects were huge.[br]I looked at these results and I thought,

0:08:57.216,0:09:02.624
"Wow, this must be true for other people[br]but it can't possibly be true for me."

0:09:02.624,0:09:09.306
You know I love everybody equally.[br]So I go in and analyze my own emails.

0:09:09.306,0:09:10.952
I'm the same as everybody else,

0:09:10.952,0:09:15.183
I look at the email that I get[br]from an undergraduate student,

0:09:15.183,0:09:18.806
"Dear Dr Pennebaker, I would like to know[br]if I could possibly meet with you

0:09:18.806,0:09:20.835
because I think I need to change my grade."

0:09:20.835,0:09:25.114
And I write back, "Dear Student,[br]Thank you so much for your email.

0:09:25.114,0:09:29.730
Unfortunately, the way[br]the grade systems work, blah, blah, blah."

0:09:29.730,0:09:32.225
I look at my email to the dean.

0:09:32.225,0:09:35.074
"Dear Dean, I'm Jamie Pennebaker[br]and I would like to ask you

0:09:35.074,0:09:37.370
if I could do this and if I could do that[br]and I could do this."

0:09:37.370,0:09:39.715
And the dean writes back,[br]"Dear Jamie,

0:09:39.715,0:09:43.959
Thank you so much for your email..."[br]and so forth.

0:09:43.959,0:09:49.469
Now everybody is being completely polite,[br]nobody's putting anybody down.

0:09:49.469,0:09:52.151
This is the language of power in status;

0:09:52.151,0:09:54.526
it tells us where people[br]are paying attention.

0:09:54.543,0:09:57.273
A high status person is[br]looking out at the world,

0:09:57.277,0:10:00.532
the low status person tends[br]to be looking more inwardly.

0:10:00.532,0:10:02.247
What about others states?

0:10:02.247,0:10:07.237
Let's move beyond status,[br]let's look at emotional states.

0:10:07.237,0:10:10.822
You would think that someone would be[br]paying more attention to themselves

0:10:10.822,0:10:15.550
if they're in pain. It could be[br]physical pain or emotional pain.

0:10:15.550,0:10:18.568
In fact, if we look at people[br]who are depressed,

0:10:18.568,0:10:21.979
we've done many studies on this,[br]we know that people who are depressed

0:10:21.979,0:10:25.739
pay attention to themselves more[br]and they used the word "I" more.

0:10:25.739,0:10:28.426
In fact one of our very first studies[br]looked at the poetry

0:10:28.426,0:10:31.008
of suicidal and non-suicidal poets.

0:10:31.008,0:10:34.689
Now we did this research where[br]we went through, analyzed their poetry,

0:10:34.689,0:10:37.158
and initially I thought,[br]where the big difference

0:10:37.158,0:10:39.851
in the degree to which[br]they use negative and emotional words.

0:10:39.851,0:10:41.852
Not true.

0:10:41.852,0:10:47.498
Suicidal and non-suicidal poets all use[br]negative emotion words at high rate.

0:10:47.498,0:10:52.109
I think it's part of the job description.

0:10:52.109,0:10:54.904
The big difference was[br]their use of the word "I",

0:10:54.904,0:10:57.946
suicidal poets use the word "I" more.

0:10:57.946,0:11:03.213
Consider this poem, this is by Sylvia Plath[br]who later committed suicide.

0:11:03.213,0:11:08.297
Listen to the way that she uses[br]the word "I" and first-person singular.

0:11:08.297,0:11:14.488
I'm taking some lines from her poem[br]"Mad Girl's Love Song".

0:11:14.488,0:11:17.451
I shut my eyes and[br]all the world drops dead;

0:11:17.451,0:11:20.995
I lift my lid[s] and all is born again.

0:11:20.995,0:11:23.547
(I think I made you up inside my head.)

0:11:23.547,0:11:28.452
I fancied you'd return the way you said,[br]But I grow old and I forget your name.

0:11:28.462,0:11:32.633
(I think I made you up inside my head.)

0:11:32.633,0:11:35.643
You can almost see Plath

0:11:35.643,0:11:39.217
embracing her sorrow,[br]her misery and so forth

0:11:39.217,0:11:44.486
and you can compare her writing[br]with other poets, non-suicidal poets

0:11:44.486,0:11:46.255
who write about lost love.

0:11:46.255,0:11:50.012
When they do, you can almost see them[br]holding it off from a distance,

0:11:50.012,0:11:55.189
so they're looking at it from[br]a more distance, third-person perspective.

0:11:55.189,0:11:59.868
Now there's a really interesting,[br]important theory within psychology

0:11:59.868,0:12:02.946
about depression.[br]And people who are depressed

0:12:02.946,0:12:07.099
are thought to be people who are[br]very high in self-awareness or self-focus.

0:12:07.099,0:12:12.164
And part of this is[br]they also tend to be extremely honest.

0:12:12.164,0:12:19.546
In fact there are many studies showing[br]that they have this deficit

0:12:19.546,0:12:23.287
and they're not able to have[br]positive illusions about ourselves.

0:12:23.287,0:12:25.565
Those of us who aren't depressed[br]get by every day

0:12:25.565,0:12:28.804
by holding these insane illusions[br]about the life.

0:12:28.804,0:12:32.408
But these people are brutally honest.

0:12:32.408,0:12:36.115
Now this made me wonder,[br]throw away depression for just a second.

0:12:36.115,0:12:40.174
Could we turn this entire thing upside down[br]and find out if depressed people

0:12:40.174,0:12:44.797
or if we could use a computer program[br]as a linguistic lie-detector.

0:12:44.797,0:12:47.535
I mean for anybody.[br]So in fact we did some studies,

0:12:47.535,0:12:51.112
where we brought people in the lab,[br]we induced them to lie or tell the truth,

0:12:51.112,0:12:54.000
we analyze court transcripts of people[br]who were all found guilty,

0:12:54.000,0:12:56.679
the half of whom were later exonerated,

0:12:56.679,0:12:59.924
and the affects[br]were really quite impressive.

0:12:59.924,0:13:01.999
We did a pretty good job at telling

0:13:01.999,0:13:04.006
if someone who was telling[br]the truth versus lying,

0:13:04.006,0:13:07.367
and one of the best words[br]was the use of the word "I".

0:13:07.367,0:13:12.053
People who tell the truth use the word[br]"I" more, owning what they're saying.

0:13:12.053,0:13:17.759
Liars are tending to hold off,[br]distancing themselves.

0:13:17.759,0:13:23.878
Now, lie-detection and depression, status[br]are all some things that we can look at,

0:13:23.898,0:13:27.538
But one of the things that I'm most[br]interested in now is looking at groups,

0:13:27.538,0:13:29.640
looking at the relationship [br]between two people.

0:13:29.640,0:13:32.445
Can you tell how two people[br]are getting along

0:13:32.445,0:13:36.872
by analyzing the way that they're[br]using function words with each other?

0:13:36.872,0:13:40.387
And the answer is yes. We look[br]at the percentage of each class of words

0:13:40.387,0:13:44.823
and we come up with the metric[br]that we call language style matching.

0:13:44.842,0:13:48.244
And the more that two people are matching[br]in their function word use,

0:13:48.244,0:13:50.041
the more they're on the same page,

0:13:50.041,0:13:53.024
the more they're talking[br]about something in the same way.

0:13:53.024,0:13:57.113
Now one place we started to look at this[br]was with speed dating.

0:13:57.113,0:14:05.481
Now, I should tell you I love speed dating,[br]I would never do it in a million years,

0:14:05.481,0:14:09.297
but I encourage all of you[br]to go do speed dating and when you do,

0:14:09.297,0:14:14.832
invite a researcher along because[br]there is no paradigm that is better.

0:14:14.832,0:14:17.320
We've been involved[br]in speed-dating projects

0:14:17.320,0:14:21.816
where people come in and in[br]their four minute date, we tape-record it,

0:14:21.816,0:14:26.794
they know we are,[br]and then we transcribe the way they talk.

0:14:26.794,0:14:29.327
The more they match[br]in their language,

0:14:29.327,0:14:31.379
the more likely they are[br]to go out on a date.

0:14:31.379,0:14:33.242
We can predict[br]who will go on a date

0:14:33.242,0:14:37.591
at rates slightly better than[br]the people themselves can.

0:14:37.591,0:14:40.231
We've done studies[br]with young dating couples.

0:14:40.231,0:14:46.717
To be in our study they had to give us[br]10 days of their instant messages or IM's.

0:14:46.717,0:14:51.605
And then what we do is we analyze[br]their IM's with this style matching

0:14:51.605,0:14:54.070
and we do much, much better[br]than they do

0:14:54.070,0:14:58.122
at predicting if they'll be[br]together 3 months later.

0:14:58.122,0:15:00.928
The fact is, is these words[br]are telling us how individuals

0:15:00.928,0:15:03.551
and pairs of people are connecting.

0:15:03.551,0:15:06.547
What about groups. Now this is an area[br]that we're now working at.

0:15:06.547,0:15:10.303
We're looking at working groups,[br]some are groups that we've worked with,

0:15:10.303,0:15:14.166
people from the business school, we look[br]at people in the get-to-know-you groups,

0:15:14.166,0:15:16.746
we do educational groups.[br]And what we're finding is

0:15:16.746,0:15:21.006
by looking at a group of say 5 or 6 people,[br]we can now get a sense

0:15:21.026,0:15:25.512
of how productive the group will be,[br]and also how cohesive the group wil be,

0:15:25.521,0:15:27.969
simply by looking at the style matching.

0:15:27.976,0:15:30.912
Now here's where things are[br]beginning to get interesting:

0:15:30.912,0:15:36.151
by tracking a group that's interacting[br]and say they're all interacting online,

0:15:36.151,0:15:39.551
we can have a computer monitoring[br]how the group is behaving.

0:15:39.551,0:15:46.262
Imagine for example you are in this group[br]and a computer coach comes to your group

0:15:46.262,0:15:50.190
every now and then,[br]and a message comes and says,

0:15:50.190,0:15:53.296
"You guys are not paying attention[br]to one another,

0:15:53.296,0:15:57.396
you need to be more attentive to what[br]the other people are saying," or

0:15:57.396,0:16:00.396
"You guys for the last few minutes[br]have strayed off topic,

0:16:00.396,0:16:03.716
try to get back on topic,"[br]or that loud mouth in the group,

0:16:03.716,0:16:07.566
the computer comes in and says,[br]"John, for the last 5 minutes

0:16:07.566,0:16:11.142
you said 50% of the words,[br]why don't you stand back

0:16:11.142,0:16:13.884
and courage others to talk?"

0:16:13.884,0:16:17.199
Well, we have now created[br]a program that does this,

0:16:17.199,0:16:20.602
and we've now tested it out[br]with hundreds of groups

0:16:20.602,0:16:24.703
and we are getting very promising results.

0:16:24.703,0:16:30.256
Now you can start to see why I'm so excited[br]about this world of function words,

0:16:30.256,0:16:33.665
that we're now taking this[br]in all these directions,

0:16:33.665,0:16:36.249
that I never would've thought about.

0:16:36.249,0:16:39.533
We've been looking at it in terms[br]of looking at historical records.

0:16:39.533,0:16:43.876
Can you tell if a particular explorer[br]committed suicide or was murdered?

0:16:43.876,0:16:45.611
We've done a project on that.

0:16:45.611,0:16:48.056
Can you look at a company and get a sense

0:16:48.056,0:16:51.307
of how their internal communications[br]are working?

0:16:51.307,0:16:55.001
How well they are connecting with the people[br]in their company or with their clients?

0:16:55.001,0:16:59.752
We look at corporate earnings reports[br]or the quarterly phone calls

0:16:59.752,0:17:03.112
to get a sense of the internal[br]group dynamics of the company.

0:17:03.112,0:17:06.478
We've worked with the government[br]to try to get a sense of terroist groups

0:17:06.478,0:17:09.813
and if they are likely to behave badly.

0:17:09.813,0:17:14.595
We've helped people sort out[br]their love lives.

0:17:14.595,0:17:19.874
You can start to see that by harnessing[br]the power of these function words

0:17:19.874,0:17:26.336
We can get a sense of individuals[br]and groups and how people are connecting.

0:17:26.336,0:17:32.343
Now what I would urge you to do,[br]I'd like you to go home tonight

0:17:32.343,0:17:34.557
and I want you to start looking[br]at your emails,

0:17:34.557,0:17:37.728
your tweets, your IM's or whatever,

0:17:37.728,0:17:41.401
and in doing that what I hope[br]you start to see,

0:17:41.401,0:17:45.182
first of all you learn a little bit more[br]about your relationships with others,

0:17:45.202,0:17:49.643
but more than anything I hope[br]you learned a little bit about yourself.

0:17:49.658,0:17:50.800
Thank you very much.

0:17:50.977,0:17:56.459
(Applause)