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So some of the smallest
most insignificant work

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is everyday cos reflect
a lot about who we are.

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And I say this not
as a linguist,

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or a computer scientist
but as a social psychologist.

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And today I'd like
to tell you a story

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that summarizes
a lot of the research

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that my colleagues,
my students and I have done,

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that have helped me
to come to this realization.

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Now several years ago I was studying
the nature of traumatic experience

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and how it is related
to physical health

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and kept finding
that just completely perplexed me.

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Basically when people have
a major traumatic experience in their life,

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they are much more likely
to get sick after that event,

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if they keep the events secret,

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than if they actually
talk to other people.

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So, this really bugged me,
so keeping a secret it seems

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is somehow toxic.

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####this let me too

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brunson experiment we brought people in the laboratory

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and we asked them to write about

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the most dramatic experiences they've had

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especially if they kept a secret

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and these are big trauma cedras things like right

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they were like uh...

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major public humiliations or failure

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and the results that we got from this this study were stunning

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we discovered that

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harried

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people write as little as fifteen minutes a day for three or four

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consecutive days brought about

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meaningful change in people's physical health

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and even their immune function

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translating up saying experiences into words

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makes a difference

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book why

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since then there been hundreds of studies done by lab so all over the

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world trying to answer this and they haven't come up with the single life as

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a single explanation

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by own approach was to actually

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look at the essays that these people wrote

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and try to figure out

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was there something about the essays i can't predict who would benefit from

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writing verses he wouldn't

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i tried and i couldn't figure it out

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so i gotta number psychologists and other experts to read and write hundreds

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of these essays

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and they couldn't fixya pattern either

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units to try some other strategies cell

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with the help of one of my graduate students partha francis we're on a

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computer program

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and the idea of this computer program was to go into any given text

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and calculate the percentage of words in the attacks that were positive emotion

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words

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negative emotion words

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or words related to topics such as death or sex or violence or

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religion or family

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and as long as we are writing the computer program

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i thought well let's go ahead and throw in some parts of speech pronouns

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prepositions

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because it was easy who cares

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i go back

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start to analyze these dramatic essays

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squiggly discover that

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the content of what people were writing about

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hetnet didn't matter in terms of if they improved in their help they're not

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instead

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ulysses with these job boards pronouns and articles of prepositions and so

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forth

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that didn't matter

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not think about this

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here people are writing about

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deeply disturbing issues

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the actual topics that dealt with

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tragedies devastation horrible things

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the topics themselves in the words associate with those topics made no

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difference

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instead these little words like aryan vi and and didn't matter

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i get looking for the obvious

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but in fact

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and i don't pay attention to what people were saying

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but not how they were saying it

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so how do i go about

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analyzing watch versus how

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well turns out that they're difficult classes of words that makes these makes

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that look at this distinction whatever it is

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if you're looking at what people are writing about you look at when park all

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content word caesar now into the regular verbs it as yet since i'm a adverbs

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you know that's stuff of thought this is the stuff of communication we were

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trying to talk to somebody gogo

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and search terms are all based on these content words

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the other group of words are art class of words urgently cult

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function works

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at funship words

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are made up of the most boring

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words that you can imagine

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they're made up of

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pronouns army he she

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prepositions to of four

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auxiliary verbs and is have

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out wake you up by-catch they'll have to wake up i keep talking about these

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function worth dot

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it turns out these function words

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are really interested because first of all

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there's only about five hundred

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function words in english

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so they account for far less than one percent of all the words we know we hear

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weary

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nevertheless they reflect fifty-five dist

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to sixty percent of all the words that we

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that we are surrounded with their everywhere

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but we don't pay attention to them

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in english and in other languages

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there the shortest words there are a hand

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when they're spoken or with your reading

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pcf into your brain at the speed of less than two tenths of a second

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meaning that they're processed essentially not consciously

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but there's something even more interesting about that

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they are social they are

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profoundly social

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let me give me an example let's say you're walking along

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you see in note on the ground

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you pick it up and says

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i am placing it on the table

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well that kinda makes an skied it doesn't

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by places on the table this to content words placing in table

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all the rest of function worked

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i am yet

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on p

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now the reason this doesn't make sense to most of us

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is it was i

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no idea amma implies

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present tense when was it written

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no idea what it is

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on v table v table

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needs its a table that

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dot author knew about

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and they intended recipient of this note new about

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but nobody else did and in fact

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there's no only has meaning

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to the uh... authored

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and the recipient of the note

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at a particular time in a particular location in fact if i took that no to

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this all turn out six months later and say

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what's this all about there's a good chance that the the off was safe

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no idea

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function of words are social

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they tell us about the author they tell us about the relationship between the

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author of the recipient

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and relationship between the author

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and the topic itself

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is take heart of what i want to talk to you about today

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by analyzing function words

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we start to get a sense

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of who people are quick to relationships are

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how they think about theirselves

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and how they

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connect with others

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whether a lot of function words

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honestly i could talk for several hours about function words but i'm going to

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spare you that it just focus on it

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couple today to just give you a flavor of her

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why they're so interesting

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let's start off with pro downs of the storm up with third-person pronouns like

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t-shirt ye bang

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it turns out some people out there in the world used pronouns these

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third-person pronouns at high rates

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and other people at lower rates

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what kind of person would use

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well you have to think about pronouns as and all function words

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in terms of

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where our people paying attention

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if you are using these third-person pronounced by different definition

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you're paying attention to other people

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you care about other people you're thinking about other people

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at people who use these at high rates

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are much more socially engaged

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we can analyze emails tweets and so forth and get a sense someone's social

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engagement just by looking at this

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how about first-person singular part as a highly me in mind

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okay

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you see tential argument somewhat is attending to their thoughts feelings

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behaviors

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to themselves and subway would use these words more

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what kind of person you think uses aren't words the most

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you're sitting there you're speaking for them

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well somebody who's

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self-centered self-important narcissistic

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uh...

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hungry for power and highest status

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you would be completely wrong

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in fact the person who is

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highest instead issues is on words the least

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the new rephrase that

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the hire anybody isn't status the less they use a high were ds

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the lower so what is in status

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the higher they use a spy works

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i discovered this by analyzing emails

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isdn messages natural conversations business groups and so forth

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in the affects were huge

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i look at these results and i thought

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this must be true for other people but he can't possibly be true for me

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you know i'd love everybody equally

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isolated analyze my own emails

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on the same as everybody else

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alexey melt that i get from the undergraduate student

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dear doctor pennebaker i would like to know if i could possibly meet with you

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because i think i need to change my grades are right back

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dear student thank you so much for your email

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unfortunately uh... later which prices don't work well

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i look at my email to the dean

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dare denied jamie pennebaker and i would like to ask if i could do this and i

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could get that like to do this in the team rice packed

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dear jamie thank you so much for your email so forth

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not everybody is being completely polite

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nobody's putting anybody down

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this is the language of power in status

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it tells us where people are paying attention high status person

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is looking out at the world the los esperamos to be looking more inwardly

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what about others states

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lets move beyond status

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let's look at emotional states

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you would think that someone would be paying more attention to themselves

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if they're in pain

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it could be physical pain or emotional pain

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in fact you alive we look at people who are depressed we've done any studies on

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this we know the people who are depressed

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pay attention to themselves more and they used the word i'm more

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that one of our very first time he's looked at the poetry of suicidal and non

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suicidal poets that we get this research where we

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with through analyzer poetry and initially i thought

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whether big big differences in the degree that they use negative emotion

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words

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not true

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suicidal and non suicidal poets all use negative motion words at high rates

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i think it's part of it is part of the job description

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the big difference was their use of the word on

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suicidal poets used to work hard work

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consider this poll on this is by sylvia plath you later committed suicide

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despotic listen to the way that she uses the word i

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and first-person singular

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and this is the optus

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and taking some lines from her poland not bad girls love song

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eyes shut my eyes and all the world drops dead

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i've missed my live and always born again

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i think a major up inside my head

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by fitting in return the way you said but i grow old and i forget renee

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i think i made you up inside my head

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you can almost see plan

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embracing her sorrow her misery and so forth

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and you can compare her writing with uh... other poets who write about in but

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not suicidal poets who right about lost love

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when they gave him almost see them holding at all

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from a distance of their looking at it from aboard distance

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third-person perspective

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now there's a really interesting things head out uh...

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important theory within psychology about depression

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and people who are depressed arf

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thought to be people who are very high in self-awareness urself focus

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and part of this is a also tend to be

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extremely uh... honest

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there often

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today are it

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they're they're many study showing that they

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have this deficit in they're not able to have

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a positive illusions about ourselves

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those of us who are depressed

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get by every day but holding these insane illusions about the life

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but these people

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are brutally honest

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now this made me wonder

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throwaway depression for just a second could return this entire thing upside

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down to find out if depressed people

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or if we could use the computer program

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linguistic lie-detector let me for anybody so

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in fact we did some studies for we bra people no lab we do some to lie or tell

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the truth

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we analyze court transcripts of people who are all found guilty half of whom

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were exhausted later exonerated

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and the affects rectly quite impressive

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we did a pretty good job at telling to someone who is telling the truth verses

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lying in one of the best words

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was he uses the word i'm people who tell the truth

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used the word i border pony what they're saying liars

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pertaining to hold off distancing themselves

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lie detection depression

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status are all something so we can look at but one of the things that i'm most

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interested now is looking at groups looking at the relationship between two

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people can you tell how to people

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forget who won't bite

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by analyzing the weight they're using function worked with each other

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and the answer is yes we look at the percentage of each class of words and we

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come up with the metrics mccall language style matchy

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and the more that two people are matching their function word use

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the more there on the same page

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the more they're talking about something in the same way

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now what i said we started to look at this was with speed dating

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not going to tell you

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love speed dating i've really it just

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i would never do it in a million years

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but anchorage all of you to go do speed dating it when you do

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invite a researcher along because there is no carradine

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it is better

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we've been involved in st speed dating projects where

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people coming in

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and in there for a minute date we tape-recorded they know we are heavily

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transcribe the not the way they talk

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the more they match in their language

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the more likely they are to go out on a date we can predict who will go on a

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date at rates slightly better than the people themselves here

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we've done studies with young dating couples where we uh...

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they had to be in our study they have to give this ten days of the instant

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messages our audience

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and what we do is we analyze their audience with its this style matching

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and we do much much better than they do have prediction if they'll be together

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three months later

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the fact is his these words are telling us how individuals and

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pairs of people are connecting

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what about groups now this is an area that were network you know we're looking

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at working groups summary groups that we've uh... work with people in the

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business school would look at uh... people you get to know you groups

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we do at occasional groups and what we're finding his bike looking at group

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of say five a six people we cannot get a sense of how productive the group will

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be and also how cohesive the group

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simply by looking at the style matching

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but here's where things are starting to get you christine

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bite tracking a groups this interacting and say they're all interacting online

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we can't have a computer of monitoring how the group is behaving imagine for

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example

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you are up

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in this group

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and a computer approach

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comes to your group every now and then

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anna message comes and says

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you guys are not paying attention to one another

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you need to be you'd be more attentive to what the other people are saying or

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you guys for the last few minutes have strayed off topic

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try to get back on topic or that loud mouth in the group the computer comes in

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missus

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joan for the last five minutes you said fifty percent of the words when she

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stand back

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any courage others to talk

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we have now created a program that does the s

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and we've now tested out with hundreds of groups and that we are getting very

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very promising results

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now you can start to see

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why a m so excited about this world the function works

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that we're not taking this in all these in

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directions that uh... i'd never would've thought about

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we've been looking at it in terms of looking at historical records can you

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tell if a particular uh... explorer committed suicide tourist murdered we've

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got a project on that

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can you look at a company and get a sense of how their internal

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communications are working how well they are connected with the people in their

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company or with their clients we look at that to corporate uh... earnings reports

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or the quarterly phone calls to get a sense of the internal groups dynamics of

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the company we've worked with the government to try to get a sense of

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terrorist groups and how if they are likely to behaved badly

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we help people sort out their love lives it

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you can start to say that

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bike harnessing these

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east the power of these function words we can get a sense of individuals and

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groups and help people are connected

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now but i wouldn't hurt you to do

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i'd like you to go home

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tonight

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and i want you to start looking at your emails here tweets year high amps or

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whatever

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added doing that

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what i hope you start to see is

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first of all you learn a little bit more about your relationship with others but

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more than anything

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i hope you learned a little bit of about yourself