[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.06,0:00:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today I want to start my talk
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.97,0:00:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a story of my own bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.36,0:00:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I say 'bubble', you might wonder\Nwhat is this and what I'm talking about.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.82,0:00:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost more than 20 years ago,\Nwhen I was eight years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.24,0:00:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to a local food market\Nwith my mum and dad.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.38,0:00:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a very cold winter day.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.82,0:00:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were driving our green Hyundai Accent\Ncar, which was in trend at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.27,0:00:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My parents went into the market to shop\Nfor groceries while I stayed in the car.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.16,0:00:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was sitting in the car\Nand listening to music, relaxing,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.04,0:00:47.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not even paying attention to the cold.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.90,0:00:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there was a girl outside,\Nthe same age as me.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.61,0:00:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She had no hat or gloves\Nin that freezing cold weather
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.48,0:00:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was holding a younger sibling\Nin those little hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.17,0:01:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At first, I didn't pay much attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.01,0:01:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought: "Okay, it's just\Na poor girl standing there",
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.66,0:01:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and kept enjoying\Nthe music in the car.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.51,0:01:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But 20 minutes, 30 minutes passed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.26,0:01:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She wasn't simply\Nstanding there, doing nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.48,0:01:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was begging for money\Nfrom those who were passing by.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.95,0:01:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the people who were passing\Nseemed to be annoyed by her
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.36,0:01:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and walked faster to avoid interaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.30,0:01:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Looking at this, I suddenly\Nfelt uncomfortable.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.51,0:01:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What has she done wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.77,0:01:34.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be standing outside in the cold,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.43,0:01:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,holding such heavy load on her tiny back.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.83,0:01:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What have I done to deserve\Nsitting in a warm car,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.90,0:01:47.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,waiting for my parents to bring bags\Nfull of food while listening to music.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.63,0:01:49.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the difference between us?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.69,0:01:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why and how has this difference emerged?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.62,0:01:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I felt so bad at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.44,0:01:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Looking back now, I think that
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.76,0:02:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps, my choice of becoming\Na social researcher
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.04,0:02:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was dedicated to understanding\Nthis difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.86,0:02:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even today, the story\Nof the bubble still continues.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.82,0:02:16.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last year, I was standing\Nin a bank to transfer money
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.65,0:02:19.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I noticed this poster on the wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.79,0:02:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Dear citizens, beware of theft!!!]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.03,0:02:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Looking at that poster,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.16,0:02:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought the bubble hasn't burst.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.91,0:02:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The poster said:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.38,0:02:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Dear citizens, beware of theft!"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.35,0:02:39.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What this poster shows is that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.22,0:02:42.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see this boy selling\Nmagazines or gums
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.55,0:02:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as though he was a criminal.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.18,0:02:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people like us\Nwith jobs and a decent life
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.92,0:02:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who can afford to go to a cafe\Nfor a cup of tea
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.82,0:02:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should beware of these kids\Nand protect ourselves from them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.10,0:02:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This poster wasn't only\Nput up in this bank,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.84,0:03:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also in cafes, restaurants,\Ndepartment stores and everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.10,0:03:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of you have passed\Nby these posters?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.90,0:03:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of us haven't noticed them?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.80,0:03:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the first question arising from this is
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.93,0:03:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why are we living in the kind of society\Nwhere a small boy is working at night,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.74,0:03:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing hard labour\Nand being called a thief?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.16,0:03:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, why are we living in a society
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.97,0:03:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we have to be cautious of children?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.92,0:03:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've tried this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.92,0:03:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people answer\Nthese questions in similar ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.44,0:03:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because these kids' parents
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.01,0:03:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,weren't able to succeed in their lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.86,0:03:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's these kids' parents' fault.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.03,0:03:47.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's imagine one\Nof these parents' name is Turuu.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.43,0:03:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we say about Turuu\Nis that he's lazy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.90,0:03:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he likes to live on social welfare,\Nhe drinks a lot,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.82,0:03:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he doesn't work hard enough,\Nalso may be when he moved
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.38,0:03:58.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the countryside to the city
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.55,0:04:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he didn't think through and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.57,0:04:03.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People may think in different ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.16,0:04:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So by making these kinds of statements\Nwe conclude that this person
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.30,0:04:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is living in his own bubble, not depending\Non other socio-economic conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.12,0:04:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because the individual is not\Ntrying hard enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.75,0:04:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we conclude that it's his own\Npersonal problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.95,0:04:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, there are thousands, millions\Nand even billions of people in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.10,0:04:28.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who live in similar conditions as Turuu.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.16,0:04:31.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be wrong to assume\Nthat this poverty exists
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.42,0:04:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because individuals like Turuu\Nare not trying hard enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.53,0:04:39.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as if they wanted to live\Nin sub-standard conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.79,0:04:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the contrary, let's imagine\Nthat Turuu is a very successful man,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.72,0:04:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most of the members\Nof our society are doing well and
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.52,0:04:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,succeeding in their lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.06,0:04:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we conclude\Nthat it's not just because Turuu is
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.55,0:04:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a hard-worker and an achiever\Nthat he's doing well.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.06,0:04:58.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, our society is conducive\Nand has the right socio-economic
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.19,0:04:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conditions to make people successful.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.48,0:05:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What this tells us is that we can't just\Nsit comfortably inside our own bubbles
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.46,0:05:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and judge another person\Nas isolated from the society.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.35,0:05:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We shouldn't conclude\Nthat the problem is just his own.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.95,0:05:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since this phenomenon [poverty]\Nis too common in our society,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.25,0:05:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there should be something wrong\Nbeyond what we can see.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.21,0:05:20.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what is the current situation of\Npoverty and people like Turuu in Mongolia?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.64,0:05:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it similar to what we have imagined?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.25,0:05:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today there are 634,000 people\Nliving in poverty in Mongolia.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.91,0:05:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poverty means not being able
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.88,0:05:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to afford their basic needs\Nincluding food.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.22,0:05:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are people who spend less than
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.88,0:05:47.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,140,000 MNT [60 USD]\Nper month, as of 2014.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.58,0:05:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, 20 percent of Mongolian\Npopulation is living in poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.66,0:05:53.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it's more than 20 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.71,0:05:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we hypothetically increase\Nthe existing poverty line
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.34,0:06:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by 50,000 MNT [26 USD]\Nfrom 146,000 to 196,000 MNT,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.75,0:06:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then 40 percent of the population\Nwould be classified as living in poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.15,0:06:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means on top of the 20 percent\Nwho are currently classified as poor,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.76,0:06:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another 20 percent is living\Nin vulnerable conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.23,0:06:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they might fall\Ninto poverty easily.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.09,0:06:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As such in total 40 percent of us live\Nunder vulnerable conditions today.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.89,0:06:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moreover, nearly 80 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.32,0:06:29.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Mongolian population spend
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.63,0:06:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less than 400 thousand tugrugs\N[212 USD] per month.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.60,0:06:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only 20 percent spend\Nmore than 400 thousand.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.20,0:06:39.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those who spend more than 400 thousand\Nper month are less vulnerable to shocks
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.07,0:06:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as price increase and they have\Nmore or less secure lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.70,0:06:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The remaining 80 percent\Nare people who might be affected
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.60,0:06:50.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by various financial and personal crises.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.09,0:06:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's look at another statistics.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.82,0:06:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today we say that our society\Nis free and equal,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.18,0:07:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everyone can work hard\Nand achieve what they deserve.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.34,0:07:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we imagine our society as evenly\Ndistributing income and expenses,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.38,0:07:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wealth distribution should look like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.39,0:07:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you think the current\Nsituation is in Mongolia?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.98,0:07:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The top two ladders\Nof the society altogether
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.56,0:07:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,occupy 70 percent \Nof the total expenditure in Mongolia.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.31,0:07:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The remaining three ladders combined\Noccupy only 30 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.99,0:07:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More importantly, the lowest\Nladder occupies only seven percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.64,0:07:40.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can see from this
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.55,0:07:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to what extent has\Nincome inequality increased.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.59,0:07:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it shows that when we say\Nthat Turuu is the one at fault,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.74,0:07:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he is the one who has problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.03,0:07:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are thinking inside our bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.18,0:07:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we should ask\Nwhy so many people are poor,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.58,0:08:01.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why so much inequality has been\Ncreated in our society,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.66,0:08:07.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whether our explanations\Nto these questions are done
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.26,0:08:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside or outside the bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.92,0:08:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to tell you three\Nmost common answers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.35,0:08:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first answer is that people are\Nunequal anyways
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.51,0:08:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is human nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.00,0:08:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in contrast to this belief,\Nmany studies worldwide and in Mongolia
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.84,0:08:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,show that people almost\Nnaturally desire equality.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.34,0:08:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody says I'm living in better or worse
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.08,0:08:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conditions than that person.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.46,0:08:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet there is one condition\Nwhere we accept inequality.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.44,0:08:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is when the notion\Nabout fairness is considered.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.98,0:08:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fairness.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.80,0:08:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, today Turuu\Nworked less than me,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.29,0:08:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he should earn less than me.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.84,0:08:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I worked harder than him,\Nso I should earn more than him.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.91,0:09:01.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be unfair if Turuu earns the same\Nas me even though he worked less than me.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.99,0:09:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's unfair.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.69,0:09:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, our understanding\Nand interpretation about fairness
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.28,0:09:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not always fair itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.20,0:09:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me take a simple example.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.20,0:09:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In India, the caste system
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.26,0:09:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allows most people to think\Nthat it's fair that some people
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.03,0:09:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should be wealthy just because\Nthey are deemed to be born
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.70,0:09:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the head of the divinity,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.23,0:09:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whilst others should be poor because\Nthey were born from the foot of divinity.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.11,0:09:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is this fair? Not at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.09,0:09:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second commonly used explanation
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.86,0:09:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that our country is poor,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.81,0:09:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are barely surviving.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.43,0:09:37.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a wrong assumption.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.81,0:09:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our country is now\Na middle-income country.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.04,0:09:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our economy has been growing steadily
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.90,0:09:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for more than a decade.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.17,0:09:51.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Accordingly, the social welfare spending\Nhas also been increasing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.68,0:09:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet Turuu or those poor\N40 percent of population
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.72,0:09:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can't still benefit from this growth.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.45,0:10:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So despite economic growth we are left\Nwith a significant portion of our society
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.26,0:10:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,living in or very close to poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.98,0:10:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's see the next example.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.51,0:10:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are poorer people indeed lazy
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.86,0:10:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not trying hard enough\Nin their lives?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.28,0:10:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To see whether it's true I want to take\Nan example of successful young people.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.02,0:10:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not long ago, I've been reading\Nsome articles.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.55,0:10:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Including those that were\Nalso viral on Facebook.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.84,0:10:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are all very proud of the young\Npeople who graduated or studying
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.99,0:10:28.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Harvard or MIT, and share these posts.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.91,0:10:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are all outstanding.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.71,0:10:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So quite a few of them were interviewed.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.48,0:10:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've read all of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.04,0:10:39.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were asked to share\Nthe ingredients of their success.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.65,0:10:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The common ingredients were
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.47,0:10:44.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"to dedicate yourself and work harder"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.39,0:10:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or "good knowledge of English".
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.27,0:10:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should be proud of these kids?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.47,0:10:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.98,0:11:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now let's look\Nat the drivers of their success
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.84,0:11:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a broader societal perspective.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.26,0:11:08.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we see here is that
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.32,0:11:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are many factors\Nbehind their success.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.41,0:11:14.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At least these kids are healthy,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.75,0:11:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are studying in private schools,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.08,0:11:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't need to look after\Na sick father or mother,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.44,0:11:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can afford to pay\Nthe tuition fee and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.15,0:11:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, these kids\Nare already very close to success,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.74,0:11:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with a little hard work they can climb\Nto seemingly high points on our ladder.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.41,0:11:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In contrast, those people\Nmentioned earlier
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.42,0:11:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who make up around 60 - 70 percent of\Nthe population at the bottom of the ladder
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.21,0:11:47.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not able to get to the same level\Nof the ladder if they work equally hard.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.23,0:11:50.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because their social\Nbarriers are very high
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.78,0:11:52.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the one we see here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.56,0:11:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one might be asking,\Nwhat are these barriers?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.86,0:11:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why can't one work harder\Nand climb up the ladder?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.61,0:12:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are so many factors.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.30,0:12:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, quality education\Nand health services.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.70,0:12:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because these people don't have sufficient\Neducation, don't have necessary skills.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.57,0:12:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because they don't have skills,\Nthey can't find job.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.06,0:12:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't have work\Nthen they don't have salaries.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.52,0:12:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No salaries, no savings.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.69,0:12:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No savings, no investment\Nin their own life.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.53,0:12:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As such that person\Nis trapped into poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.70,0:12:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But today we, the ones\Nstanding at the top of the ladder
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.40,0:12:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and inside our bubbles, are pointing down
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.87,0:12:34.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the people who are at the bottom\Nand telling them to work harder
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.11,0:12:38.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as if we have ever worked ourselves out\Nof the situations they find themselves in.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.43,0:12:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The main reason poverty\Nand other social issues persist is
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.76,0:12:48.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the big gap in society\Nand structural differences
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.03,0:12:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm trying to show\Nthis situation through this picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.01,0:13:02.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, the story is not finished.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.48,0:13:05.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've just criticised people\Nfrom inside our bubbles.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.90,0:13:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our imagination about society is
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.81,0:13:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created only within\Nour limited social boundary.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.55,0:13:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Looking at the results from this study,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.19,0:13:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our own trust and cooperation with others
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.44,0:13:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is limited by our parents,\Nfriends and relatives.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.02,0:13:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, we are still\Noperating inside a bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.71,0:13:42.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what can we do to burst this bubble?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.81,0:13:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather than just sitting here\Nand complaining,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.06,0:13:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we should look for solutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.46,0:13:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are two things that need to be done.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.51,0:13:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, we need to remove\Nsocial barriers or, in other words,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.84,0:13:53.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,narrow the gaps in this ladder,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.99,0:13:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that those people at the bottom\Ncan move up the ladder.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.22,0:13:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to make social reform.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.79,0:14:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what is constraining this\Nsocial reform from happening is that we -
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.95,0:14:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the young people\Nwho are the future of Mongolia-
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.91,0:14:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still remain in our bubbles, if we don't\Nburst them, this change will never happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.85,0:14:15.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's reduce the height of the ladder\Nwith the two arrows pointing
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.83,0:14:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and provide equal opportunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.70,0:14:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, let's burst our bubbles.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.56,0:14:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.46,0:14:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a picture of a bubble
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.79,0:14:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we blame or praise the individual
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.94,0:14:37.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and imagine the individual as isolated\Nfrom the rest of the society.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.31,0:14:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should become the young professionals\Nwho don't blame the individual
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.68,0:14:47.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather who try to see the underlying\Nreasons and conditions for problems
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.27,0:14:52.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a much broader way based on evidence,\Nresearch and using our intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.13,0:14:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then why should we burst our bubble\Nand what change can this bring?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.38,0:15:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like this picture\NI'm showing you right here,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.65,0:15:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we want a society where everyone\Nhas an equal opportunity to move up there
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.07,0:15:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reach success and a society\Nwith adequate structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.32,0:15:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The basis of creating this kind of society\Nis that we ourselves leave our bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.98,0:15:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of us, to burst this bubble, like I\Nwas trying to convince you earlier,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.08,0:15:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than seeing Turuu\Nor someone else's success
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.50,0:15:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or failure through the matter\Npurely of personal effort,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.57,0:15:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we should learn to ask ourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.52,0:15:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do we have skills to see\Nthe society as a whole?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.92,0:15:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.93,0:15:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)