WEBVTT 00:00:01.000 --> 00:00:07.872 The only place we were able to escape it was the river that runs behind our school. 00:00:26.520 --> 00:00:29.432 Near the station, about two miles from the flash, 00:00:29.560 --> 00:00:32.870 Teruko Fujii thought her tram had short-circuited on the overhead cables, 00:00:33.000 --> 00:00:36.390 and that the whole thing was her fault. 00:00:40.120 --> 00:00:42.680 I thought that I'd caused some kind of disaster. 00:00:43.080 --> 00:00:46.595 I thought I'd broken the tram and done something terrible! 00:00:53.080 --> 00:00:56.117 And then I thought, is it a bomb? 00:00:56.840 --> 00:01:00.992 That was when I realised it wasn't me who'd caused all this trouble. 00:01:05.040 --> 00:01:08.635 First I thought only the station area was affected. 00:01:08.760 --> 00:01:10.876 Then I saw people walking towards me with injuries, 00:01:11.000 --> 00:01:13.673 and skin hanging from them. 00:01:18.760 --> 00:01:22.673 Everybody thought, perhaps if I go over there, I could be saved. 00:01:23.760 --> 00:01:26.991 People to the west thought the east might be better. 00:01:27.360 --> 00:01:31.751 People were going in every direction, in total silence. 00:01:38.960 --> 00:01:42.748 Amid all the destruction, there was at least one miracle. 00:01:43.960 --> 00:01:46.474 Eight-year-old Takashi Tanemori was carried 00:01:46.600 --> 00:01:50.832 through the burning city by the soldier who rescued him. 00:01:50.960 --> 00:01:54.669 At last, the soldier reached the river, 00:01:54.800 --> 00:01:57.678 and from the crowds, the little boy heard a familiar voice. 00:02:00.920 --> 00:02:03.480 Somehow my father spotted me! 00:02:05.320 --> 00:02:09.836 I guess he called my name, and maybe I responded, 00:02:10.280 --> 00:02:13.033 and I said, that's my daddy! 00:02:13.280 --> 00:02:20.277 And then he stood straight to the soldiers, 00:02:21.200 --> 00:02:26.718 and then he bowed many, many times to the soldiers, said, thank you!You are saviour! 00:02:39.480 --> 00:02:43.712 Later on, after we were flying back, conversation started about, 00:02:43.840 --> 00:02:48.038 you know, the war being over, as a result of this bombing. 00:02:48.440 --> 00:02:50.476 Despite the number of people we killed, 00:02:50.600 --> 00:02:55.071 we saved multiple numbers over that from being in a war, 00:02:55.560 --> 00:02:58.552 and being killed, on America's side, and on the Japanese side. 00:02:59.760 --> 00:03:03.594 That time, there was such a hatred for the Japanese, 00:03:03.880 --> 00:03:08.112 that the more we killed, the better off we thought we were, 00:03:08.480 --> 00:03:12.109 because that means there's going to be less 00:03:12.240 --> 00:03:14.071 that we're going to have to contend with during the invasion. 00:03:19.840 --> 00:03:24.516 After a six-hour return flight, the Enola Gay reached Tinian Island. 00:03:25.640 --> 00:03:30.873 The following... Three, four, 500 people there. 00:03:31.480 --> 00:03:36.873 And when we got out of the airplane, of course we were all getting out,we're tired 00:03:37.080 --> 00:03:41.437 and I get out, I remember getting out, carrying my oxygen mask,I'm right behind Paul, 00:03:41.840 --> 00:03:45.753 and then some joker calls us to attention. 00:03:45.920 --> 00:03:49.708 I got out of the airplane,like I was told, he pins this thing on my shirt, 00:03:49.840 --> 00:03:53.879 guys are taking pictures of us,I saluted, and after that was over with. 00:03:54.000 --> 00:03:56.275 I'm back to my duty. 00:03:56.440 --> 00:03:59.796 We've got to go to de-briefing, by the intelligence people. 00:03:59.920 --> 00:04:03.435 They had certain things to ask,did you see this, and did you see that, and so forth. 00:04:03.560 --> 00:04:06.632 Confirming that we had bombed the right target. 00:04:06.840 --> 00:04:08.876 I said, sure. 00:04:19.360 --> 00:04:24.388 Dr Hida escaped from the rubble of the farmhouse four miles outside Hiroshima. 00:04:24.920 --> 00:04:27.229 After checking on the child he had been treating, 00:04:27.480 --> 00:04:29.789 he headed back towards the city. 00:04:34.480 --> 00:04:39.793 It's about six kilometres to Hiroshima from there. 00:04:40.440 --> 00:04:43.989 When I was halfway there, suddenly a strange creature appeared out of nowhere. 00:04:55.280 --> 00:04:59.637 As it was summer, if it were human, it would have been wearing white. 00:05:00.200 --> 00:05:03.954 What I saw was all black, from top to bottom. Pitch black. 00:05:04.080 --> 00:05:06.230 I though it was strange. 00:05:10.640 --> 00:05:16.954 At the top there was something round,like a head. It had shoulders,something like a body followed. 00:05:19.760 --> 00:05:23.116 But it was like it had no face. It was black. 00:05:24.400 --> 00:05:27.949 The area around the eyes had swollen up, it had no nose, 00:05:28.840 --> 00:05:33.311 the lower half of the face was just mouth! It was frightening! 00:05:34.840 --> 00:05:38.276 As a doctor,the first thing you do is take a pulse. 00:05:38.400 --> 00:05:40.868 But when I took his hand, there was no skin. 00:05:41.000 --> 00:05:43.309 There was nowhere I could hold. 00:05:44.000 --> 00:05:49.472 So I stood up, saying, please,pull yourself together,and walked around him. 00:05:52.000 --> 00:05:56.437 This person gave a small shudder, and then he stopped moving. He had died. 00:05:59.480 --> 00:06:03.155 He had fled three kilometres, and then he died there. 00:06:03.480 --> 00:06:07.473 That man was the first fatality caused by the bomb, that I saw. 00:06:12.600 --> 00:06:17.913 Army recruit, Shigeru Terasawa,had been stationed seven milesfrom the centre of the blast. 00:06:20.800 --> 00:06:23.997 His unit was sent to help survivors, 00:06:24.120 --> 00:06:26.714 but they soon faced a terrible conflict, 00:06:26.840 --> 00:06:30.196 between their compassion and their training. 00:06:33.240 --> 00:06:37.119 Even now there are things that I will never forget. 00:06:42.040 --> 00:06:45.112 One is the sound of people begging me for water. 00:06:56.200 --> 00:07:00.432 In those days,we had been told not to give water to the badly burned. 00:07:01.000 --> 00:07:07.155 To tell you the truth,we all had these big, military water flasks on our hips. 00:07:09.480 --> 00:07:13.234 People were begging for water, but we didn't give them any. 00:07:14.280 --> 00:07:17.955 We had been told that if we did, they would die straight away. 00:07:20.240 --> 00:07:23.915 And so I didn't give them any. A lot of people died. 00:07:25.280 --> 00:07:29.319 Now, looking back, I wish I had given them water. 00:07:37.000 --> 00:07:39.878 Burned, and bleeding, in the intense heat, 00:07:40.000 --> 00:07:43.072 people were desperate to find any water they could. 00:07:44.840 --> 00:07:48.389 They fled to the rivers, to pools, and reservoirs. 00:07:48.560 --> 00:07:50.994 Among them, nurse Kinuko. 00:07:54.480 --> 00:07:58.268 I knew there was a pool of water, in the back yard of the hospital. 00:08:02.960 --> 00:08:08.114 Lots of people had already got into the pool. More people had jumped on top of them. 00:08:14.520 --> 00:08:17.080 The people underneath drowned. 00:08:19.920 --> 00:08:25.392 This is one scene I can never forget. I still dream about it. 00:08:43.000 --> 00:08:48.552 Then came a strange deliverance. 00:08:48.680 --> 00:08:53.151 Dark raindrops began to fall from the clouds above the burning city. 00:08:58.200 --> 00:09:02.273 We opened our mouths, and drank it. Our throats were parched, 00:09:02.880 --> 00:09:06.236 but it was difficult to capture the rain into our mouths. 00:09:12.320 --> 00:09:16.029 The rain had been made black by ash and smoke 00:09:16.160 --> 00:09:19.277 which had been sucked into the rising mushroom cloud. 00:09:19.600 --> 00:09:22.751 When these ashes mixed with cool, humid air in the upper atmosphere, 00:09:22.880 --> 00:09:26.236 they formed thick, black raindrops, 00:09:26.360 --> 00:09:29.477 and fell back down on to the city. 00:09:32.760 --> 00:09:34.671 The drops of rain were big enough to hurt, 00:09:34.800 --> 00:09:37.234 when they hit your skin. 00:09:38.000 --> 00:09:42.710 It descended in a torrent. Black fluid flowed where the rain fell. 00:09:43.400 --> 00:09:45.755 It was raining black fluid. 00:09:50.000 --> 00:09:54.118 What the people who drank the rain didn't realise, 00:09:54.240 --> 00:09:57.038 was that it was highly radioactive. 00:09:59.720 --> 00:10:03.156 In time, it would poison many thousands. 00:10:23.240 --> 00:10:25.196 On the day the bomb was dropped, 00:10:25.320 --> 00:10:29.108 President Truman was still travelling home from Europe. 00:10:31.680 --> 00:10:35.116 On our way back, on the Augusta, returning to Washington, 00:10:35.240 --> 00:10:38.277 we were on the edge of our chairs, 00:10:38.400 --> 00:10:42.188 because we expected any day: any time, any day, 00:10:42.320 --> 00:10:44.311 to have a flash from the War Department that the first bomb had been dropped. 00:10:44.600 --> 00:10:49.628 And on August 6th,as we were one day out from Norfolk,that flash came. 00:10:53.480 --> 00:10:55.471 George Elsie decoded the telegram 00:10:55.600 --> 00:10:59.070 that brought the news to President Truman on the Augusta. 00:10:59.640 --> 00:11:02.279 When something like that came, we would walk in to him immediately, 00:11:02.400 --> 00:11:04.197 we would interrupt whatever he was doing. 00:11:04.400 --> 00:11:07.472 He happened to be having lunch with the crew, at that point. 00:11:10.120 --> 00:11:13.112 I took it to Truman, who showed it to Secretary Burns, 00:11:13.240 --> 00:11:16.198 and to Admiral Leyhey, and Truman announced to the ship's crew 00:11:16.320 --> 00:11:18.675 this great accomplishment. 00:11:21.200 --> 00:11:26.320 We have dropped a single bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, 00:11:27.040 --> 00:11:31.318 with the power of 20,000 tons of TNT. 00:11:32.080 --> 00:11:35.277 The city has been completely destroyed! 00:11:36.840 --> 00:11:42.437 There was cheering, cheering by the crew,and by the officers,when he read it in the officers' mess. 00:11:46.560 --> 00:11:50.473 The Augusta was one of the ships that was destined for the Pacific, 00:11:50.600 --> 00:11:54.718 and would have been involved in the invasion. The crew knew that. 00:11:55.360 --> 00:12:00.718 Just about everybody who was in Europe knew that they would be headed for the Pacific, 00:12:00.840 --> 00:12:02.751 and an invasion of Japan. 00:12:03.000 --> 00:12:05.878 So they were just as overjoyed as the President was, 00:12:06.000 --> 00:12:08.594 that this damned thing is over! 00:12:08.760 --> 00:12:12.639 We hope this will be a warning to the Japanese military! 00:12:14.160 --> 00:12:16.958 Come on, boys, we're going home! 00:12:18.280 --> 00:12:20.157 He was eager to get home, 00:12:20.280 --> 00:12:24.956 because he was sure that the Japanese surrender would come very soon. 00:12:27.280 --> 00:12:28.918 In case there was any doubt, 00:12:29.040 --> 00:12:32.589 Truman spelt it out to the Japanese High Command. 00:12:33.800 --> 00:12:37.429 It was to spare the Japanese people form otter destruction 00:12:37.920 --> 00:12:42.152 that the ultimatum of July 26th was issued at Potsdam. 00:12:43.160 --> 00:12:46.436 Their leaders promptly rejected that ultimatum. 00:12:47.240 --> 00:12:52.519 If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of war,from the air, 00:12:52.720 --> 00:12:56.156 the like of which has never been seen on this earth. 00:13:08.080 --> 00:13:11.277 Late that afternoon, the mayor of Hiroshima, 00:13:11.400 --> 00:13:13.994 issued his own proclamation. 00:13:16.360 --> 00:13:21.036 The present catastrophe is the result of a horrible and inhuman air raid. 00:13:24.480 --> 00:13:28.871 The enemy's intention is clearly to undermine the fighting spirit 00:13:29.000 --> 00:13:31.150 of the Japanese people. 00:13:32.840 --> 00:13:36.389 Citizens of Hiroshima, the damage is great, 00:13:37.320 --> 00:13:40.357 but that is only to be expected during a war. 00:13:41.280 --> 00:13:45.592 Keep up your spirits. Do not lose heart. 00:14:34.440 --> 00:14:38.831 The morning after the bomb, a full-scale rescue effort began. 00:14:40.640 --> 00:14:45.077 Squads of soldiers from surrounding garrisons were drafted in to help. 00:14:47.840 --> 00:14:50.195 They collected the dead bodies and disposed of them 00:14:50.320 --> 00:14:52.629 before disease could spread. 00:14:57.360 --> 00:15:00.557 The wounded were quickly taken away for treatment. 00:15:03.320 --> 00:15:07.996 Makeshift hospitals were set up,although there were only a handful of medical staff. 00:15:12.000 --> 00:15:15.629 Dr Hida found himself treating 3,000 survivors 00:15:15.760 --> 00:15:17.990 in a village outside Hiroshima. 00:15:22.600 --> 00:15:25.797 At first we had no medicine, no equipment. 00:15:26.640 --> 00:15:29.632 There was nothing we doctors could do. 00:15:29.920 --> 00:15:34.152 However, we gathered up some things, and started treating the burns. 00:15:38.000 --> 00:15:40.833 Nurse Kinuko had an extraordinary escape. 00:15:43.960 --> 00:15:48.351 I don't know whether I was unconscious for hours or for days. 00:15:51.680 --> 00:15:55.753 When I did come round, I thought, so, I'm still alive. 00:15:56.000 --> 00:15:59.037 God must have given me strength. 00:16:02.280 --> 00:16:06.956 She woke to find that she had been thrown into a mass grave. 00:16:09.080 --> 00:16:13.073 After I crawled out of the hole, I managed to cross the road, 00:16:13.200 --> 00:16:15.668 to get to the entrance of the hospital. 00:16:18.520 --> 00:16:22.752 It took me a terribly long time, as I could not stand, 00:16:22.880 --> 00:16:26.156 nor lift my arms, or move them to the side. 00:16:29.640 --> 00:16:31.471 I crawled like an insect, 00:16:31.640 --> 00:16:34.473 and finally reached the hospital entrance. 00:16:40.160 --> 00:16:43.789 Dr Hinoki from the pharmacy spotted me, and exclaimed, 00:16:43.960 --> 00:16:45.154 you're still alive! 00:16:50.080 --> 00:16:53.516 He picked me up, and carried me to the surgery area. 00:17:00.160 --> 00:17:04.278 The corridor was full of people lying side by side. 00:17:10.200 --> 00:17:17.117 This was where they operated on me, 00:17:17.480 --> 00:17:19.948 and removed all of the large pieces of glass that were stuck in me. 00:17:29.280 --> 00:17:33.637 All over the city, relatives searched the ruins for signs of survivors. 00:17:38.320 --> 00:17:42.757 Before midday, my friend's father came to get us. 00:17:48.360 --> 00:17:51.397 But my friend, who had escaped from the bank with me, 00:17:51.520 --> 00:17:53.954 turned out to have a broken spine. 00:17:57.840 --> 00:18:02.960 She died a week later. She was a year younger than me. 00:18:04.160 --> 00:18:08.472 I am nearly 80 years old now, but she was only 18 at the time. 00:18:08.600 --> 00:18:12.309 whenever I think of her, she is still 18 years old. 00:18:13.480 --> 00:18:16.358 She was a very pretty, gently person. 00:18:27.320 --> 00:18:30.630 - Untranslated subtitle - 00:18:30.760 --> 00:18:34.753 - Untranslated subtitle - 00:18:35.480 --> 00:18:37.675 - Untranslated subtitle - 00:18:43.800 --> 00:18:49.113 - Untranslated subtitle - 00:18:50.560 --> 00:18:54.792 - Untranslated subtitle - 00:18:57.400 --> 00:19:04.556 - Untranslated subtitle - 00:19:05.480 --> 00:19:08.153 - Untranslated subtitle - 00:19:13.600 --> 00:19:16.194 - Untranslated subtitle - 00:19:16.720 --> 00:19:19.837 - Untranslated subtitle - 00:19:20.000 --> 00:19:22.434 - Untranslated subtitle - 00:19:28.360 --> 00:19:30.954 - Untranslated subtitle - 00:19:35.080 --> 00:19:38.675 - Untranslated subtitle - 00:19:38.800 --> 00:19:42.713 - Untranslated subtitle - 00:19:53.880 --> 00:19:56.269 Three days after the Hiroshima bomb, 00:19:56.400 --> 00:19:59.870 despite all the destruction, Japan still hadn't surrendered. 00:20:00.480 --> 00:20:04.871 A second bomb was made ready, and Truman issued another warning. 00:20:06.400 --> 00:20:10.871 The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base. 00:20:11.160 --> 00:20:15.915 If Japan does not surrender, 00:20:16.040 --> 00:20:18.156 bombs will have to be dropped on more industries. 00:20:26.440 --> 00:20:30.672 I urge Japanese civilians to leave industrial cities immediately, 00:20:30.880 --> 00:20:33.553 and save themselves from destruction. 00:20:35.560 --> 00:20:39.348 I realise the tragic significance of the atomic bomb. 00:20:40.200 --> 00:20:43.397 Having found the atomic bomb, we have used it. 00:20:44.120 --> 00:20:49.240 We have used it against those who attacked us, without warning, at Pearl Harbour. 00:20:49.480 --> 00:20:51.789 Against those who have starved, and beaten, 00:20:51.920 --> 00:20:55.310 and executed American prisoners of war. 00:20:55.440 --> 00:20:59.672 Against those who have abandoned all pretence of obeying international laws of warfare. 00:21:02.080 --> 00:21:05.152 We have used it in order to shorten the agony of war, 00:21:05.280 --> 00:21:10.274 in order to save the lives of thousands and thousands of young Americans. 00:21:25.160 --> 00:21:29.915 A second bomb was intended for the city of Kokura, 00:21:30.200 --> 00:21:33.112 but it was too cloudy, so the plane moved on to Nagasaki. 00:21:34.400 --> 00:21:38.393 Desperately short of fuel, 00:21:38.520 --> 00:21:40.715 the crew released the bomb, despite more clouds. 00:21:42.080 --> 00:21:45.436 The bomb missed the aiming point, and fell into a valley. 00:21:46.040 --> 00:21:48.600 This time there was no firestorm, 00:21:48.720 --> 00:21:52.315 but even so, more than 50,000 people were killed. 00:21:57.680 --> 00:22:02.037 The Supreme War Direction Council in Tokyo was meeting on the same day. 00:22:02.240 --> 00:22:05.118 By now, the Russians had declared war on Japan. 00:22:05.760 --> 00:22:08.194 Then came the news from Nagasaki. 00:23:36.640 --> 00:23:40.394 Then, Prime Minister Suzuki did something unheard of. 00:23:40.760 --> 00:23:44.389 He asked the Emperor to break the deadlock, and make a decision. 00:23:46.880 --> 00:23:50.475 Emperor Hirohito told them he wanted to end the suffering, 00:23:50.600 --> 00:23:53.114 and bear the unbearable. 00:23:55.920 --> 00:23:57.273 Four days later, 00:23:57.400 --> 00:23:59.152 radical soldiers attempted a coup, 00:23:59.280 --> 00:24:01.919 to prevent the surrender. They failed. 00:24:03.760 --> 00:24:07.912 At dawn on the day that Emperor Hirohito was to broadcast an announcement 00:24:08.040 --> 00:24:11.316 to the Japanese people that the war was over, 00:24:11.480 --> 00:24:15.029 General Anami prepared to end his life 00:24:15.160 --> 00:24:17.674 in the time-honoured tradition of seppuku. 00:24:27.400 --> 00:24:29.834 His suicide note read: 00:24:29.960 --> 00:24:34.033 "My death is my apology for my great crime. " 00:24:47.640 --> 00:24:53.510 The war was over. At last the troops were going home. 00:24:55.280 --> 00:24:57.794 There was jubilation around the world. 00:25:12.880 --> 00:25:16.668 But then, came something that would forever change perception of the bomb. 00:25:16.800 --> 00:25:22.079 It started in the hospitals. 00:25:27.840 --> 00:25:30.957 A mysterious illness began to spread. 00:25:31.080 --> 00:25:35.949 I noticed it from about the fourth day. Of course, it had been there all along, 00:25:36.280 --> 00:25:40.159 but I thought people were dying of severe burns. 00:25:43.960 --> 00:25:48.112 The woman who lost her children in the fires, Shigei Hiratsuka, and her husband, 00:25:48.240 --> 00:25:51.676 were amongst those affected. 00:25:53.880 --> 00:25:57.873 They lined my bed up next to my husband's, and took his test first. 00:25:59.320 --> 00:26:03.233 When they had taken enough blood for the sample,they withdrew the needle. 00:26:08.080 --> 00:26:12.995 But the blood wouldn't stop. Nothing worked, whatever they did. 00:26:14.720 --> 00:26:18.759 Even when they applied pressure, he carried on bleeding. 00:26:20.040 --> 00:26:23.032 During this time, purple spots began breaking out 00:26:23.160 --> 00:26:25.310 all over my husband's body. 00:26:25.760 --> 00:26:28.991 He then vomited a large amount of brown liquid. 00:26:30.560 --> 00:26:34.633 Afterwards he went limp, and died an hour later. 00:26:36.360 --> 00:26:38.794 He had managed to survive that far, 00:26:38.920 --> 00:26:41.388 but then even he was taken away from me. 00:27:02.520 --> 00:27:06.229 Her husband was one of thousands 00:27:06.360 --> 00:27:08.316 who would die from this new and untreatable condition. 00:27:12.560 --> 00:27:17.475 They were rotting. It was necrosis. There were no white blood cells, 00:27:17.600 --> 00:27:20.876 so the blood had no power to fight against infection, 00:27:21.000 --> 00:27:22.877 and so, suddenly, the rotting set in. 00:27:23.000 --> 00:27:25.639 In the end, the hair would start to fall out. 00:27:26.040 --> 00:27:29.396 When you put your hand on the patient's head, 00:27:29.520 --> 00:27:31.795 tufts of hair would come away in your hand. 00:27:35.360 --> 00:27:38.318 It emerged that those who were worst affected 00:27:38.440 --> 00:27:40.874 had been close to the hyper centre, 00:27:41.000 --> 00:27:45.516 or had swallowed radioactive material, like the people who drank the black rain. 00:27:53.720 --> 00:27:57.872 In hindsight, we realised that it was radiation, 00:27:58.000 --> 00:28:00.036 but at that time, we didn't know what it was. 00:28:01.160 --> 00:28:04.755 Radiation sickness has become the single most disturbing legacy of the bomb. 00:28:07.720 --> 00:28:11.998 American scientist had always known the bomb would produce radiation, 00:28:12.240 --> 00:28:16.438 but the scale of the after effects came as a shocking surprise. 00:28:45.120 --> 00:28:49.511 Today Hiroshima is a thriving city of over a million people. 00:28:53.720 --> 00:28:57.599 Japan, too, has been transformed into a prosperous country 00:28:57.720 --> 00:29:00.757 that has renounced the use of war entirely. 00:29:10.560 --> 00:29:13.950 Although no one has used a nuclear weapon since, 00:29:14.080 --> 00:29:18.073 arguments continue as to the morality of dropping the bomb. 00:29:18.240 --> 00:29:22.472 Was it really necessary? Could it have been avoided? 00:29:26.800 --> 00:29:28.836 The nation had no rice to eat, 00:29:29.000 --> 00:29:31.912 people had not eaten white rice for a whole year. 00:29:32.120 --> 00:29:34.918 How could such a country go to battle? 00:29:35.040 --> 00:29:39.670 The Americans knew that, very well, and still dropped the atomic bomb. Why? 00:29:39.800 --> 00:29:45.272 It was an experiment!They knew that the bomb had enormous explosive power. 00:29:46.280 --> 00:29:50.273 What they did not know was how much damage the radiation would cause. 00:29:50.400 --> 00:29:53.870 Some scientists thought they knew, but they had not tested it, 00:29:54.000 --> 00:29:58.516 so they made an experiment, to find out, by testing it on human beings. 00:29:59.440 --> 00:30:04.230 The final decision that resulted in the two bombs, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 00:30:04.520 --> 00:30:08.069 was not made in Potsdam, 00:30:08.200 --> 00:30:13.228 it wasn't made by Truman, it was made by the Japanese militarists 00:30:13.400 --> 00:30:17.632 when they rejected any opportunity to surrenderjust their armed forces, 00:30:17.960 --> 00:30:21.270 and save further massive loss of life. 00:30:27.160 --> 00:30:30.118 Today there are just a few places that 00:30:30.240 --> 00:30:32.117 bear the scars of August 6th 1945. 00:30:35.440 --> 00:30:37.795 There are burn marks on trees, 00:30:40.720 --> 00:30:44.474 the shadow of a vaporised man, left on stone. 00:30:47.840 --> 00:30:50.673 First hand memories are fading too. 00:30:52.800 --> 00:30:56.475 Akiko Takakura, the bank clerk, 00:30:56.600 --> 00:31:01.230 who had been just 260 metres from the hyper centre, 00:31:01.360 --> 00:31:04.113 is one of the last witnesses to the full horror of the bomb. 00:31:06.760 --> 00:31:10.116 There is a department store called Sogo, in Hiroshima, 00:31:10.320 --> 00:31:13.198 where I stop sometimes for tea. 00:31:15.480 --> 00:31:18.711 From the tearoom, 00:31:18.840 --> 00:31:21.832 I can see the road from the bank to the drill ground, where we escaped. 00:31:27.360 --> 00:31:30.796 I see old people walking happily down the street. 00:31:31.000 --> 00:31:34.834 Young people holding hands, and enjoying each other's conversation. 00:31:35.200 --> 00:31:39.398 Children holding their parents' hands, and looking happy. 00:31:45.600 --> 00:31:48.797 And I think about those awful scenes that I experienced, many years ago, 00:31:48.920 --> 00:31:52.959 now, and all the people that lost their lives. 00:31:54.800 --> 00:31:59.555 I think to myself, what was all that? Did it really happen? 00:32:07.800 --> 00:32:11.554 Every year, on 6th August, there are ceremonies 00:32:11.680 --> 00:32:14.353 to recall what took place on that day, 00:32:14.920 --> 00:32:17.832 to make sure that these events are never forgotten, 00:32:17.960 --> 00:32:19.916 or repeated. 00:32:22.520 --> 00:32:28.117 At sunset, tens of thousands of candles are released on the river in Hiroshima, 00:32:28.960 --> 00:32:34.432 each candle representing the soul of one of the dead. 00:32:35.432 --> 00:32:45.432 Downloaded From www.AllSubs.org