[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.76,0:00:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's easy to be captivated\Nby the world out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.05,0:00:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a fascinating place.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.11,0:00:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's deserving of this attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.89,0:00:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if we were to invert\Nour focus and look inside?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.79,0:00:39.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What would we find?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.06,0:00:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I study psychedelic drugs for a living,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.03,0:00:44.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the reason why I do this -
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.54,0:00:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,apart from good fortune -
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.98,0:00:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because I think they're special.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.08,0:00:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason why I think they're special
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.04,0:00:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that I believe\Nthey have a unique ability
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.63,0:00:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reveal to us\Nthe very depths of our minds.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.52,0:01:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dreams and perhaps\Na select few other states
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.44,0:01:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may hint at what lies beyond the reaches\Nof normal consciousness,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.52,0:01:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but psychedelics, in my view, are really\Nunrivaled in their ability to do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.43,0:01:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, many of you will be familiar\Nwith the word "psychedelic,"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.03,0:01:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I doubt so many of you are familiar\Nwith its origins or what it means.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.96,0:01:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, psychedelic was a word\Nthat was coined in the 1950s
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.37,0:01:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the British psychiatrist\NHumphry Osmond,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.48,0:01:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with reference to this class\Nof drugs that I study,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.80,0:01:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it combines two Greek words,\N"psyche" and "delos,"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.42,0:01:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, when put together,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.04,0:01:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mean "to make the mind manifest"\Nor "to reveal the soul."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.37,0:01:55.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I've been fascinated by psychology\Nfor most of my adult life,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.51,0:01:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one question that has always bugged me
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.18,0:02:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is why can't it prove the existence\Nof the unconscious mind?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.29,0:02:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it because it doesn't exist?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.18,0:02:10.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or is it because it\Nis especially difficult to see?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.73,0:02:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I've come to believe\Nquite strongly that it's the latter,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.78,0:02:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then the key question is
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.31,0:02:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how could we make it easier to see?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.78,0:02:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Freud famously told us about dreams,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.97,0:02:24.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they're a window in\Non the unconscious, a "royal road."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.53,0:02:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the problem is\Ndreaming happens while we're asleep,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.81,0:02:29.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then when we wake up,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.02,0:02:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all we're left with is this flimsy memory\Nof what we actually experienced.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.20,0:02:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's while I was studying\Nfor my Masters
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.01,0:02:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I found myself asking\Nwhether a drug exists
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.24,0:02:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could facilitate\Naccess to the unconscious mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.88,0:02:49.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I did a brief library search,\Nand I came across this book:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.83,0:02:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Realms of the Human Unconscious:\NObservations from LSD Research,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.64,0:03:00.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,written by the Czech psychiatrist\NStanislav Grof in 1975.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.89,0:03:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I swiftly took this book\Nout of the library;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.77,0:03:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I brought it back to my room;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.95,0:03:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I opened it and I read:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.16,0:03:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Many of the phenomena\Nin these LSD sessions
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.62,0:03:16.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be understood in psychological\Nand psychoanalytic terms;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.95,0:03:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had a structure\Nnot dissimilar to that of dreams.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.26,0:03:23.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Freud once said of dreams
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.64,0:03:26.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they are a royal road\Nto a knowledge of the unconscious mind,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.73,0:03:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to an even greater degree,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.77,0:03:32.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this seems to be true\Nfor the LSD experience."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.59,0:03:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally: "The capacity\Nof psychedelic drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.81,0:03:38.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to exteriorise otherwise\Ninvisible phenomena
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.05,0:03:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make them the subject\Nof scientific investigation
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.06,0:03:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gives these substances
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.24,0:03:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a unique potential as research tools\Nfor the exploration of the human mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.53,0:03:50.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It does not seem inappropriate\Nor an exaggeration
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.61,0:03:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to compare their potential significance\Nfor psychiatry" - and for psychology -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.12,0:04:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"to that of the microscope for medicine\Nor the telescope for astronomy."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.92,0:04:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, as you can imagine,\Nafter reading these things,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.31,0:04:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was filled with a very strong sense\Nof purpose and direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.60,0:04:10.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wrote to Professor David Nutt, \Nthen at the University of Bristol,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.99,0:04:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I told him I wanted\Nto study the brain on LSD
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.46,0:04:17.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to see whether it looks\Nlike the dreaming brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.16,0:04:21.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway, David was kind enough\Nto allow me to join his team,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.54,0:04:24.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then four years later,\NI completed my PhD with him.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.85,0:04:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soon after that,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.04,0:04:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was lucky enough to begin\Nsome quite exciting brain-imaging research
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.32,0:04:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with psychedelic drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.22,0:04:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First with psilocybin, which is\Nthe active ingredient in magic mushrooms,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.22,0:04:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more recently with LSD.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.10,0:04:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it's quite difficult\Nto explain to people
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.78,0:04:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how psychedelic drugs work in the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.17,0:04:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's harder still\Nto do that in 18 minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.92,0:04:52.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So instead what I'm going to do
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.59,0:04:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is show you a few pictures and\Ngive you a few analogies to think about.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.85,0:05:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we're looking at here\Nare communication pathways in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.75,0:05:04.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each line is a communication pathway
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.54,0:05:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between two different\Nregions in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.04,0:05:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And believe it or not,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.10,0:05:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's actually an equal number of lines,\Nor pathways, in these two circles,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.92,0:05:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet they look very different, don't they?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.87,0:05:17.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Essentially, what we're seeing\Nis the normal brain on the left,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.58,0:05:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where communication is confined
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.46,0:05:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to particular communities,\Nor cliques, in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.07,0:05:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.19,0:05:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,visual regions are talking\Nmostly with other visual regions;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.08,0:05:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is what happens ordinarily.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.10,0:05:35.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we look at the psychedelic\Nbrain on the right;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.59,0:05:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's much less of this cliquing,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.54,0:05:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and much more of an open,\Nfreer conversation
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.65,0:05:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going on across the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.01,0:05:47.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another useful way to think\Nof how psychedelics work in the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.69,0:05:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to think of what\Nit's like to be an infant:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.98,0:05:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Experiencing everything is novel;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.31,0:05:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feeling emotionally labile -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.75,0:05:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one minute you're laughing\Nand the next you're crying;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.61,0:06:03.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having a wildly overactive imagination;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.09,0:06:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being mesmerized by the likes\Nof Iggle Piggle or Makka Pakka.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.32,0:06:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's no coincidence, therefore,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.62,0:06:15.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if you look at how the brain develops\Nas we develop from infancy into adulthood
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.64,0:06:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you compare that with how the brain\Nchanges under a psychedelic,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.06,0:06:22.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you see are kind of mirror opposites.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.67,0:06:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So instead of a brain becoming\Nmore sophisticated as we develop,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.60,0:06:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more finessed,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.88,0:06:30.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also more constrained,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.34,0:06:35.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have a brain that is simpler\Nand freer in its functioning.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.76,0:06:40.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third useful way to think\Nof how psychedelics work in the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.25,0:06:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to think of the dream state.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.34,0:06:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we're looking at the effects\Nof LSD on the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.12,0:06:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what we're seeing\Nis that much more of the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.79,0:06:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contributes to the visual experience\Nunder LSD than it does ordinarily.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.31,0:06:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this effect correlated very strongly
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.21,0:07:00.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the dreamlike visions\Nthat people reported under LSD
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.89,0:07:03.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when their eyes were closed.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.46,0:07:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we could think of both these states,\Nthe dream state and the psychedelic state,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.37,0:07:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as conditions where the brain\Nbecomes untethered, or unanchored,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.95,0:07:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from incoming sensory information.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.72,0:07:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then in this state,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.84,0:07:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can operate in a more anarchic,\Nfreewheeling kind of way,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.96,0:07:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conjuring up imagery from the very depths\Nof the mind and the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.91,0:07:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than relying on sensory information\Ncoming into the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.53,0:07:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps the most important thing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.06,0:07:34.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have come out of our research\Nwith psychedelics
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.59,0:07:36.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't the knowledge\Nof how they work in the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.92,0:07:39.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather some idea\Nof how they may be useful
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.89,0:07:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or how they can be applied.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.22,0:07:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we've recently completed
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.02,0:07:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first phase of the first step\Nof clinical trial,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.92,0:07:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at psilocybin, magic mushrooms,\Nas a treatment for major depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.39,0:07:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it's important that I make you aware
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.16,0:07:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the magnitude\Nof the problem of depression;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.91,0:08:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it really isn't something\Nthat should be swept under the carpet
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.59,0:08:06.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although, unfortunately, often it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.56,0:08:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a leading cause\Nof disability, worldwide.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.60,0:08:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It actually affects\Nsome 350 million people.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.21,0:08:15.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To put that in perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.51,0:08:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's more than the total population\Nof the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.57,0:08:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you care about money,\Nit's also especially costly.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.59,0:08:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the most costly\Nbrain disorder in Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.92,0:08:31.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's annual cost to the U.S. alone\Nis 200 billion dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.71,0:08:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's roughly the GDP\Nof the Republic of Ireland.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.42,0:08:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And depression is quite\Nan insidious disorder;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.21,0:08:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's often evident\Nby the absence of something.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.91,0:08:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That might be the absence of pleasure,\Nor positive mood more generally,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.68,0:08:48.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it could be the absence\Nof the individual themselves;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.75,0:08:53.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they may simply not get out of bed\Nin the morning and make it into work.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.91,0:08:59.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The depression is the leading cause\Nof absenteeism in the workplace.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.09,0:09:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But depression can also\Nbe more stark in its presentation
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.50,0:09:06.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and often, tragically, when it's too late.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.69,0:09:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some 15% of patients with major depression\Nwill take their own lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.80,0:09:15.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's a frightening statistic now\Nthat suicide is the leading cause
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.82,0:09:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of death among males\Nunder the age of 45 in the UK.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.32,0:09:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what can be done about these things?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.20,0:09:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How effective are current treatments?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.82,0:09:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the good news\Nis that they're not ineffective.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.91,0:09:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This chart here shows\Nthe relative effect size
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.70,0:09:35.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of different treatments for depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.100,0:09:37.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just to give you some perspective on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.91,0:09:41.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's convention to consider\Nthat an effect size of 0.8 -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.34,0:09:43.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is where the line is - as large.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.91,0:09:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.10,0:09:50.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that antidepressant medications,\Npsychotherapy and placebo
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.17,0:09:54.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all have pretty large\Neffect sizes in depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.54,0:09:58.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even so, around about 50% of patients
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.27,0:10:01.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,won't respond to the antidepressants\Nthat their doctors prescribe them,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.99,0:10:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as many of 20% fail to respond\Nto any treatment at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.41,0:10:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's these particularly refractory\Ntreatment-resistant cases
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.04,0:10:13.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're seeing in our current trial.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.19,0:10:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But before I tell you about our results,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.62,0:10:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's important\Nthat I emphasize to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.12,0:10:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially to those of you who are naive\Nto the effects of psychedelics,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.81,0:10:24.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that an experience with one of these drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.97,0:10:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be among the most profound\Nof the whole of your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.96,0:10:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So evidence suggests\Nthat in terms of meaningfulness,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.66,0:10:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can be up there\Nwith pretty much anything:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.44,0:10:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,facing death,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.24,0:10:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,falling in love
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.52,0:10:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or bringing in new life.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.36,0:10:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the key point is that these\Nare not party drugs;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.71,0:10:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're incredibly powerful substances\Nthat should be treated with respect,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.42,0:10:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they have been by certain cultures\Nfor hundreds, if not thousands, of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.63,0:11:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's also important to emphasize that\Nwhen we give psilocybin to our patients,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.43,0:11:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we do so with full legal\Nand ethical approval,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.09,0:11:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we simply don't tell them
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.87,0:11:12.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to chuck a bunch of magic mushrooms\Ndown their necks and hope for the best.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.29,0:11:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We carefully prepare them\Nfor their experiences.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.24,0:11:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're looked after\Nby a trained team of therapists.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.47,0:11:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have two sessions\Nwith the psilocybin;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.48,0:11:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're looked after throughout,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.54,0:11:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the therapists help them\Nmake sense of things afterwards.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.08,0:11:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, here we can see\Nthe magnitude of the effect
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.94,0:11:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're seeing with psilocybin so far.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.93,0:11:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psilocybin is shown in blue,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.28,0:11:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see the data\Nat two weeks post-treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.05,0:11:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and three months post-treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.59,0:11:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I should caution\Nthat it's early days yet;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.27,0:11:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had 12 patients\Nin the trial at this stage,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.75,0:11:54.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now, actually, we have more data\Nand the effects look even better.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.85,0:11:58.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even so, there was several\Nhundred patients in these other studies.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.19,0:12:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, all of our patients knew\Nthat they were going to receive psilocybin
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.75,0:12:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas these other studies\Nhad a placebo-control element -
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.41,0:12:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's actually what we\Nare going to be doing next.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.06,0:12:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even so with these caveats,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.75,0:12:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see that the magnitude\Nof the effect that we're seeing so far
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.43,0:12:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is pretty considerable,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.41,0:12:17.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even at the three-month\Npost-treatment period
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.97,0:12:23.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they haven't received any treatments\Nfrom us for that duration of time.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.98,0:12:28.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also remember that our patients\Nhad treatment-resistant depression;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.22,0:12:30.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of our patients reported
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.83,0:12:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having had their depression\Nfor most of their adult lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.01,0:12:38.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The average duration of the illness\Nin this sample was 18 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.33,0:12:41.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet all of them showed some improvement\Nin their depressive symptoms
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.91,0:12:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for at least three weeks\Nafter the treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.20,0:12:50.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some two-thirds, 67%, met criteria\Nfor remission one week post treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.86,0:12:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remission means they\Nare essentially depression free.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.08,0:12:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And 42% maintained that status\Nof being depression free
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.44,0:13:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for three months after the treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.55,0:13:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to finish, I'm just going\Nto read you a short case report
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.01,0:13:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,written by one of\Nthe patients in our trial.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.67,0:13:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's male, age 52,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.30,0:13:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a very long history of depression,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.88,0:13:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite severe depression\Nstretching back to his 20s.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.35,0:13:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's tried a number\Nof different medications,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.72,0:13:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of which haven't worked for him,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.69,0:13:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also psychotherapy.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.40,0:13:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So about his baseline state before\Nthe treatment, he says the following:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.24,0:13:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"For decades, I've battled depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.48,0:13:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The awful feeling that you don't matter,\Nyou're not making a difference,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.88,0:13:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that everyone else\Nis having a better life.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.91,0:13:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The utter pointlessness of it all,\Ngetting no real enjoyment from anything."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.74,0:13:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then about the experience, he says:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.56,0:13:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"There simply aren't words to describe it,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.09,0:13:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I can say that the usual\Nnegative self-narration that I have
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.50,0:13:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had vanished completely.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.78,0:13:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was replaced\Nby a sense of beautiful chaos,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.27,0:14:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a landscape of unimaginable\Ncolor and beauty.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.84,0:14:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I began to see that all of my concerns\Nabout daily living weren't relevant,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.42,0:14:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they were a result\Nof a negative spiral.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.86,0:14:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also felt like I was learning\Nwithout being taught;
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.10,0:14:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that intuition was being fed.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.45,0:14:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fleeting feelings\Nfrom my past came back,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.54,0:14:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,memories too,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.98,0:14:25.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both of which had seemed long forgotten."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.20,0:14:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then about the outcome;
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.66,0:14:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was written a couple of weeks\Nafter he completed the trial.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.68,0:14:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He says, "Although it's early days yet,\Nthe results are amazing.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.39,0:14:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I feel more confident and calm\Nthan I have in such a long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.72,0:14:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My outlook has changed significantly too.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.97,0:14:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm more aware that it's pointless\Nto get wrapped up in endless negativity.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.66,0:14:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also feel as if I've seen\Na much clearer picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.100,0:14:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another side to this is that I feel\Nlike I've had a second chance,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.23,0:15:00.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a survivor.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.60,0:15:02.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can enjoy things now the way I used to
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.99,0:15:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without the cynicism,\Nwithout the oppression.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.89,0:15:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At its most basic, I feel like I used to\Nbefore the depression."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.68,0:15:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're curious how this patient\Nis doing in the longer term,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.65,0:15:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've collected his six-month\Nfollow-up data now;
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.32,0:15:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm pleased to say\Nthat he's still in remission.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.38,0:15:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see his data\Nhighlighted here in blue.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.60,0:15:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, I've cherry-picked\Na particularly good example here,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.56,0:15:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see from\Nother patients on this chart
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.92,0:15:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that at the three-month follow-up period,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.04,0:15:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're showing some signs of relapse.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.98,0:15:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is an important opportunity\Nto say that this isn't a magic cure;
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.17,0:15:44.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not a golden bullet\Nthat's going to help everyone;
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.16,0:15:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's much more work\Nthat needs to be done
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.24,0:15:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to learn how to optimize this treatment\Nand further test its effectiveness.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.95,0:15:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But hopefully you've got a sense\Nfrom that case that I reported,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.60,0:16:00.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I can tell you from many\Nother cases I've sat with now
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.43,0:16:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when this is done properly -
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.92,0:16:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the right level of preparation,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.67,0:16:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good drug effects working in synergy,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.09,0:16:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with good therapy -
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.87,0:16:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to lift the veil on the mind\Nand exorcise what lies beneath,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.63,0:16:17.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can truly work like a dream.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.77,0:16:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.10,0:16:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)