WEBVTT

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Let's explain a bit
the animation techniques.

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So, for starters,

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remember that animation is an illusion,

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so everything you see is not real.

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Even I am not really moving now.

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You're just seeing a semplification...

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...of the movement I made right now,

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because the video camera takes
thirty frames per second,

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which simplify my movement...

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...and create the illusion,
but you don't really see the movement.

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This illusion works incredibly well.

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How does animation work?

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Animation consists in:

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instead of taking someone
who is really moving,

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and using a movie camera
to record their movement...

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...and creating a simulation,

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we do the opposite.

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There is no movie camera in animation.

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There is none.

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You don't need
the techonolgy of the machine...

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...recording you
with thirty frames per second,

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because each picture can be taken...

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...potentially even years later.

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Animation is that illusion
in which I, human being,

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take pictures whenever I want,

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to create the illusion that something
that can't actually move, is moving.

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The most famous and used
technique ever is the traditional.

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The traditional technique
consists in a drawing,

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which gets redone from scratch,

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and redone again,

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and redone again.

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Each drawing you make has
some slight changes,

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so when you see
these drawings in sequence...

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...it creates
the illusion of movement.

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Pretty simple concept, right?
This is traditional animation.

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Then it takes many names
based on the support used to draw.

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If you use a cel,
that is an acetate sheet,

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with a paper sheet, strapped together,

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it's hard to explain,
but that is an animation cel.

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If you use a real classic drawing,

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done by pen nib and all that,

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that is traditional animation.

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If you instead used
the same technique,

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but the sheet was digital...

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...and the drawings are made
on a tablet, for instance,

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it's called paperless.

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And it's the same as
traditional technique,

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there's simply no paper waste.

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What if it's with pixels?

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That's pixel animation.

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Pixel animation is the same thing,

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but the drawing this time is made...

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...using little colored
squares called pixels.

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You could animate
in any other way, using sand,

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you could use any support...

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...but if every time
you have to redraw the character,

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it's traditional animation.

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Rotoscope is one of the types
of traditional animation.

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What is the rotoscope?

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It's the same thing,
but I didn't make up a drawing,

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I filmed a person...

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...and now I'm tracing
the individual frames.

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There are also full movies
made with rotoscope,

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tv series made with rotoscope,

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but in the past
the rotoscope was mainly used...

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...to create more realistic humans,

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who perhaps could
be a bit unsettling...

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...and, I don't know,
give off a strange feeling.

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In Pinocchio and 101 Dalmatians...

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...the vehicles are animated
with rotoscope,

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so there are tiny models
that actually move,

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they are filmed and then
the movement is traced.

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In The Lord of the Rings
everything is in rotoscope,

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there are real people actually moving,

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that get traced later.

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Nowadays we hear much
about cel-shading.

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What is cel-shading?

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It's just an effect
you apply to your drawing.

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So you make traditional animation,

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usually paperless, all chill,

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but then you use the computer
to help you with the lights.

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And maybe some other details too.

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That's what happened
in Klaus for example.

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So you drew everything by hand,

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the lights are simply
done with the computer.

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Disney already used
another technology called C.A.P.S.,

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which allowed it
to create drawings on paper...

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...then move them to the computer...

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...and handling them as it pleased.

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But you got the gist:
there's traditional animation,

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then there are the variants.

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The thousand ways to do it.

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Then there is stopmotion.

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Stopmotion is one of the most
talked about techniques ever,

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everyone knows the word stopmotion.

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And stopmotion animation,

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or stop frame, is the animation
where you take an inanimate object...

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...and you take a series of pictures...

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Don't take pictures
while you move the object,

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do it when it's alone,
so it will seem that it moved.

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The stopmotion type that almost
everyone thinks about is puppet,

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that is when you use
the so called articulated toys...

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...which move bit by bit
by taking many pictures.

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In traditional animation,

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if a character jumps it's not hard...

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...nor different than making it roll.

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In stopmotion animation,

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making a character jump means
having to find a special effect...

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...or visual effect
that lets you hide the fact...

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...that the toy can't stay
hanging in the air...

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...to get a picture taken.

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So you need an alternative solution
in order to have it hanging,

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looking like it's jumping
but it's really not.

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So in stopmotion things
like rain are very hard to achieve,

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when in traditional animation
it takes nothing.

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However if your stopmotion
toy isn't just a toy,

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but you can actually modify it,

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you can reshape it
because it's made of clay,

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we're talking about claymation.

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Claymation.

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Not claymotion
as I said in the last video.

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I said it because it's easy
to make mistakes,

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but I swear that actually no,
it's always been claymation.

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And claymation is
the same as stopmotion,

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but you can actually
change your characters,

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modify them, and use
a lot of clay or modelling materials.

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Then there's cut-out,
same as stopmotion...

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...but you move pieces of cut paper
on a sheet of paper.

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You're not redrawing the characters,

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because the face
and the body are still the same.

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You are moving them
with the stopmotion technique,

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but the visual result is much more
similar to the traditional technique.

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It's the animation you always saw
with South Park, for example.

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But careful, because South Park
at some point changed technique.

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Before it used
real pieces of paper layed on,

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then it started using
vector animation,

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also called rigged animation.

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Gosh how do I explain the vector now?

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Let's do this way,

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vector animation could
allow it to say:

00:06:22.070 --> 00:06:24.083
happy birthday NordVPN!

00:06:24.286 --> 00:06:25.971
In reality it's a drawing,

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that I then cut in its joints...

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...and I can move them.

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If you buy one of
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00:06:32.577 --> 00:06:34.740
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00:06:34.740 --> 00:06:36.784
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00:06:36.784 --> 00:06:39.367
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00:06:39.367 --> 00:06:43.121
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So if you subcribed to
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00:06:49.490 --> 00:06:51.230
...and give your friend the coupon,

00:06:51.230 --> 00:06:53.146
they will get NordVPN and Nordpass.

00:06:53.277 --> 00:06:56.010
In this type of animation
your character can have,

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for instance,
twenty possible movements,

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just twenty and they can't increase.

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But it's also such a fast
and cheap technique...

00:07:02.688 --> 00:07:04.978
...that I could use it
to make him say:

00:07:04.978 --> 00:07:08.223
If you're an entrepeneur you can also
pay NordVPN with your business,

00:07:08.223 --> 00:07:10.587
you just need a VAT number
and ask for an invoice.

00:07:10.587 --> 00:07:14.934
And this year too NordVPN's
no-log policy has been confirmed.

00:07:14.934 --> 00:07:16.522
In doubt, go into the infobox,

00:07:16.522 --> 00:07:19.164
you will find my link
to get NordVPN, okay?

00:07:19.164 --> 00:07:22.052
And remember to check
all of its many features.

00:07:22.052 --> 00:07:26.052
But it's also important to tell
this technique apart from cgi.

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Cgi has basically infinite potential.

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The animator has a control over
the character that allows them...

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...to both preset some things,
and also sit there...

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...and correct on the way
any small movement,

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invent new movements
that the figure can do,

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teach the computer how to behave,

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or take complete control of
the character to animate,

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of the setting to animate,

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or whatever thing
they want to move...

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...inside this simulation.

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Classic cgi is so unlimited
that it's used...

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...to make special effects
in movies because, potentially,

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you can do anything with it.

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Remember that more realistic
does not mean better though.

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There is no correlation
between the two,

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cgi has its choices
based on its needs,

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you can discuss for hours.

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Then we have mocap,
that is motion capture:

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it's same as cgi, so you create
everything on the computer,

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but the character's movement are not
given by an animator,

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like in the rotoscope they trace
the real movements of an actor...

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...who was likely wearing sensors...

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...that relayed to a computer
the movements made by the character...

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...and replayed them
with the animated character.

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And we can have cel-shading here too,

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it works in the opposite way
to what I said before.

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Earlier I talked about cel-shading
on a drawing, so it's flat...

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...but we put a 3D thing on top,

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I can also do the opposite.

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Therefore creating
a 3D evniroment etcetera...

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...and with cel-shading sticking...

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...over the 3D figures something
that looks like 2D drawings.

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Then we have the mixed technique.

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Mixed technique,
I mean...

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As a term it defines any technique
that mixes different techniques.

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The issue is that the techniques
always get mixed with each other.

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It's hard to find
a single animated movie...

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...that always uses only one single
technique without aid from the others.

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When we say mixed technique,

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we usually mean
those few existing films...

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...that actually mix
real people and animation.

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How can you tell if it's
mixed technique or special effects?

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Because in the end in King Kong
the gorilla is made in stopmotion,

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and in the new King Kong
the gorilla is made in cgi.

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Yes, but in both cases
they use animation techniques...

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...in order to simulate
a real creature.

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Mixed technique is such...

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...when you put together
cartoons and real characters,

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without pretending that one is part
of the other or something like that.

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Mixed technique uses human characters
as such and cartoons as such.

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It's the most expensive technique...

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...and this is also why
almost nobody uses it.

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And then we have the new technique,

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which everyone is talking about.

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They made very few films with it
but it already charmed everyone.

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But I saw many doubts about it,
so let's explain it.

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Some call it meander,

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some call it comiclook,

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there are many names
for this new technique.

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It hasn't been decided yet,

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because it depends on which one
will be more frequent in speech.

00:10:21.392 --> 00:10:24.412
For instance traditional
animation wasn't called as such...

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...before the other types existed...

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...and rose the need
to give a name to animation,

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"the normal one".

00:10:31.969 --> 00:10:34.940
The new technique consists in
a mix of all the others.

00:10:34.940 --> 00:10:38.784
Cgi is usually the base,
but in almost all the animation work...

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...the computer is wrong
and gets corrected.

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It's complicated to explain,
but as a rapid example,

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look at the Puss in boots
rotating on himself.

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In a cgi animation film,

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the computer would just
take the character,

00:10:52.333 --> 00:10:54.357
and it would make it rotate on itself,

00:10:54.357 --> 00:10:57.034
perfectly creating its rotation.

00:10:57.034 --> 00:11:00.055
Instead, it was retouched
with the traditional technique:

00:11:00.055 --> 00:11:02.443
so first with the rotoscope...

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...they traced the cat's main shape,

00:11:05.925 --> 00:11:11.454
then modify what it should do
with traditional technique,

00:11:11.454 --> 00:11:15.004
teaching the computer not to do
what it would be doing,

00:11:15.004 --> 00:11:16.481
what it was taught,

00:11:16.481 --> 00:11:19.456
to interrupt
the fluidity of movements,

00:11:19.456 --> 00:11:22.228
in order to make it do something...

00:11:22.228 --> 00:11:25.232
...that usually would not be
a good simulation,

00:11:25.232 --> 00:11:27.352
but that creates
a more powerful illusion...

00:11:27.352 --> 00:11:30.821
...using what are actually
traditional animation techniques.

00:11:30.821 --> 00:11:34.434
The final result is animation
that used cgi...

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...to get impossible things
for traditional animation,

00:11:37.687 --> 00:11:41.687
but the actual movements
of the characters are made...

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...and thought
by traditional technique.

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