0:00:00.000,0:00:02.249
Let's explain a bit[br]the animation techniques.

0:00:02.249,0:00:04.078
So, for starters,

0:00:04.078,0:00:06.923
remember that animation is an illusion,

0:00:06.923,0:00:09.103
so everything you see is not real.

0:00:09.103,0:00:11.482
Even I am not really moving now.

0:00:11.482,0:00:14.366
You're just seeing a semplification...

0:00:14.366,0:00:16.796
...of the movement I made right now,

0:00:16.796,0:00:21.281
because the video camera takes[br]thirty frames per second,

0:00:21.281,0:00:23.343
which simplify my movement...

0:00:23.343,0:00:27.146
...and create the illusion,[br]but you don't really see the movement.

0:00:27.146,0:00:29.867
This illusion works incredibly well.

0:00:29.867,0:00:31.228
How does animation work?

0:00:31.228,0:00:33.008
Animation consists in:

0:00:33.008,0:00:37.777
instead of taking someone[br]who is really moving,

0:00:37.777,0:00:43.487
and using a movie camera[br]to record their movement...

0:00:43.487,0:00:45.212
...and creating a simulation,

0:00:45.212,0:00:46.375
we do the opposite.

0:00:46.375,0:00:48.799
There is no movie camera in animation.

0:00:48.799,0:00:49.777
There is none.

0:00:50.271,0:00:52.832
You don't need[br]the techonolgy of the machine...

0:00:52.832,0:00:55.888
...recording you[br]with thirty frames per second,

0:00:55.888,0:00:58.102
because each picture can be taken...

0:00:58.102,0:01:00.524
...potentially even years later.

0:01:01.098,0:01:05.535
Animation is that illusion[br]in which I, human being,

0:01:05.535,0:01:09.918
take pictures whenever I want,

0:01:09.918,0:01:15.626
to create the illusion that something[br]that can't actually move, is moving.

0:01:15.832,0:01:20.300
The most famous and used[br]technique ever is the traditional.

0:01:20.300,0:01:23.715
The traditional technique[br]consists in a drawing,

0:01:23.715,0:01:25.783
which gets redone from scratch,

0:01:25.783,0:01:28.055
and redone again,

0:01:28.055,0:01:30.099
and redone again.

0:01:30.099,0:01:32.909
Each drawing you make has[br]some slight changes,

0:01:32.909,0:01:35.810
so when you see[br]these drawings in sequence...

0:01:35.810,0:01:37.680
...it creates[br]the illusion of movement.

0:01:37.680,0:01:41.183
Pretty simple concept, right?[br]This is traditional animation.

0:01:41.183,0:01:45.699
Then it takes many names[br]based on the support used to draw.

0:01:45.699,0:01:48.874
If you use a cel,[br]that is an acetate sheet,

0:01:48.874,0:01:51.166
with a paper sheet, strapped together,

0:01:51.166,0:01:54.026
it's hard to explain,[br]but that is an animation cel.

0:01:54.026,0:01:56.636
If you use a real classic drawing,

0:01:56.636,0:01:58.836
done by pen nib and all that,

0:01:58.836,0:02:00.624
that is traditional animation.

0:02:00.624,0:02:03.764
If you instead used[br]the same technique,

0:02:03.764,0:02:05.994
but the sheet was digital...

0:02:05.994,0:02:09.634
...and the drawings are made[br]on a tablet, for instance,

0:02:09.634,0:02:11.026
it's called paperless.

0:02:11.026,0:02:13.283
And it's the same as[br]traditional technique,

0:02:13.283,0:02:15.517
there's simply no paper waste.

0:02:15.586,0:02:16.956
What if it's with pixels?

0:02:16.956,0:02:18.281
That's pixel animation.

0:02:18.452,0:02:20.924
Pixel animation is the same thing,

0:02:20.924,0:02:23.074
but the drawing this time is made...

0:02:23.074,0:02:25.791
...using little colored[br]squares called pixels.

0:02:25.935,0:02:29.341
You could animate[br]in any other way, using sand,

0:02:29.341,0:02:31.244
you could use any support...

0:02:31.244,0:02:34.082
...but if every time[br]you have to redraw the character,

0:02:34.082,0:02:35.432
it's traditional animation.

0:02:35.740,0:02:39.327
Rotoscope is one of the types[br]of traditional animation.

0:02:39.327,0:02:40.720
What is the rotoscope?

0:02:40.720,0:02:43.830
It's the same thing,[br]but I didn't make up a drawing,

0:02:43.830,0:02:45.679
I filmed a person...

0:02:45.679,0:02:48.673
...and now I'm tracing[br]the individual frames.

0:02:48.673,0:02:52.168
There are also full movies[br]made with rotoscope,

0:02:52.168,0:02:54.623
tv series made with rotoscope,

0:02:54.623,0:02:58.043
but in the past[br]the rotoscope was mainly used...

0:02:58.043,0:03:00.247
...to create more realistic humans,

0:03:00.247,0:03:03.147
who perhaps could[br]be a bit unsettling...

0:03:03.147,0:03:05.692
...and, I don't know,[br]give off a strange feeling.

0:03:05.692,0:03:07.677
In Pinocchio and 101 Dalmatians...

0:03:07.677,0:03:10.097
...the vehicles are animated[br]with rotoscope,

0:03:10.097,0:03:12.827
so there are tiny models[br]that actually move,

0:03:12.827,0:03:15.284
they are filmed and then[br]the movement is traced.

0:03:15.284,0:03:17.981
In The Lord of the Rings[br]everything is in rotoscope,

0:03:17.981,0:03:21.101
there are real people actually moving,

0:03:21.101,0:03:22.441
that get traced later.

0:03:22.441,0:03:24.855
Nowadays we hear much[br]about cel-shading.

0:03:24.855,0:03:26.109
What is cel-shading?

0:03:26.109,0:03:28.516
It's just an effect[br]you apply to your drawing.

0:03:28.516,0:03:30.481
So you make traditional animation,

0:03:30.481,0:03:33.285
usually paperless, all chill,

0:03:33.855,0:03:37.996
but then you use the computer[br]to help you with the lights.

0:03:37.996,0:03:40.226
And maybe some other details too.

0:03:40.226,0:03:42.336
That's what happened[br]in Klaus for example.

0:03:42.336,0:03:44.190
So you drew everything by hand,

0:03:44.190,0:03:46.834
the lights are simply[br]done with the computer.

0:03:46.834,0:03:49.954
Disney already used[br]another technology called C.A.P.S.,

0:03:49.954,0:03:53.284
which allowed it[br]to create drawings on paper...

0:03:53.284,0:03:55.014
...then move them to the computer...

0:03:55.014,0:03:56.989
...and handling them as it pleased.

0:03:56.989,0:04:00.221
But you got the gist:[br]there's traditional animation,

0:04:00.221,0:04:01.681
then there are the variants.

0:04:01.681,0:04:03.371
The thousand ways to do it.

0:04:03.371,0:04:04.944
Then there is stopmotion.

0:04:04.944,0:04:08.994
Stopmotion is one of the most[br]talked about techniques ever,

0:04:08.994,0:04:11.043
everyone knows the word stopmotion.

0:04:11.043,0:04:12.719
And stopmotion animation,

0:04:12.719,0:04:17.329
or stop frame, is the animation[br]where you take an inanimate object...

0:04:17.329,0:04:19.642
...and you take a series of pictures...

0:04:20.617,0:04:23.181
Don't take pictures[br]while you move the object,

0:04:23.181,0:04:27.090
do it when it's alone,[br]so it will seem that it moved.

0:04:27.090,0:04:30.236
The stopmotion type that almost[br]everyone thinks about is puppet,

0:04:30.236,0:04:35.674
that is when you use[br]the so called articulated toys...

0:04:35.674,0:04:39.640
...which move bit by bit[br]by taking many pictures.

0:04:39.640,0:04:41.092
In traditional animation,

0:04:41.092,0:04:44.882
if a character jumps it's not hard...

0:04:44.882,0:04:46.870
...nor different than making it roll.

0:04:46.870,0:04:48.330
In stopmotion animation,

0:04:48.330,0:04:52.330
making a character jump means[br]having to find a special effect...

0:04:52.330,0:04:55.214
...or visual effect[br]that lets you hide the fact...

0:04:55.214,0:04:58.348
...that the toy can't stay[br]hanging in the air...

0:04:58.348,0:04:59.849
...to get a picture taken.

0:04:59.849,0:05:03.633
So you need an alternative solution[br]in order to have it hanging,

0:05:03.633,0:05:06.156
looking like it's jumping[br]but it's really not.

0:05:06.156,0:05:09.818
So in stopmotion things[br]like rain are very hard to achieve,

0:05:09.818,0:05:12.047
when in traditional animation[br]it takes nothing.

0:05:12.047,0:05:16.047
However if your stopmotion[br]toy isn't just a toy,

0:05:16.047,0:05:17.541
but you can actually modify it,

0:05:17.541,0:05:20.294
you can reshape it[br]because it's made of clay,

0:05:20.294,0:05:22.032
we're talking about claymation.

0:05:22.551,0:05:23.816
Claymation.

0:05:24.579,0:05:27.080
Not claymotion[br]as I said in the last video.

0:05:27.080,0:05:29.980
I said it because it's easy[br]to make mistakes,

0:05:29.980,0:05:33.022
but I swear that actually no,[br]it's always been claymation.

0:05:33.473,0:05:35.893
And claymation is[br]the same as stopmotion,

0:05:35.893,0:05:39.009
but you can actually[br]change your characters,

0:05:39.009,0:05:43.009
modify them, and use[br]a lot of clay or modelling materials.

0:05:43.009,0:05:45.399
Then there's cut-out,[br]same as stopmotion...

0:05:45.399,0:05:49.621
...but you move pieces of cut paper[br]on a sheet of paper.

0:05:49.926,0:05:51.892
You're not redrawing the characters,

0:05:51.892,0:05:54.749
because the face[br]and the body are still the same.

0:05:54.749,0:05:57.268
You are moving them[br]with the stopmotion technique,

0:05:57.268,0:06:01.268
but the visual result is much more[br]similar to the traditional technique.

0:06:01.268,0:06:04.449
It's the animation you always saw[br]with South Park, for example.

0:06:04.449,0:06:09.133
But careful, because South Park[br]at some point changed technique.

0:06:09.133,0:06:12.128
Before it used[br]real pieces of paper layed on,

0:06:12.128,0:06:14.041
then it started using[br]vector animation,

0:06:14.041,0:06:16.301
also called rigged animation.

0:06:16.301,0:06:18.490
Gosh how do I explain the vector now?

0:06:18.490,0:06:19.410
Let's do this way,

0:06:19.410,0:06:22.070
vector animation could[br]allow it to say:

0:06:22.070,0:06:24.083
happy birthday NordVPN!

0:06:24.286,0:06:25.971
In reality it's a drawing,

0:06:25.971,0:06:28.947
that I then cut in its joints...

0:06:28.947,0:06:30.227
...and I can move them.

0:06:30.227,0:06:32.577
If you buy one of[br]NordVPN's biannual plans...

0:06:32.577,0:06:34.740
...through the link[br]of your favorite creator,

0:06:34.740,0:06:36.784
which in this case I hope it's me,

0:06:36.784,0:06:39.367
you will get[br]four extra months for you,

0:06:39.367,0:06:43.121
a coupon to gift three months[br]of NordVPN to whoever you want,

0:06:43.121,0:06:46.761
and your bestie will also get[br]the type of offer you bought.

0:06:46.761,0:06:49.490
So if you subcribed to[br]NordVPN and Nordpass...

0:06:49.490,0:06:51.230
...and give your friend the coupon,

0:06:51.230,0:06:53.146
they will get NordVPN and Nordpass.

0:06:53.277,0:06:56.010
In this type of animation[br]your character can have,

0:06:56.010,0:06:58.023
for instance,[br]twenty possible movements,

0:06:58.023,0:06:59.768
just twenty and they can't increase.

0:06:59.768,0:07:02.688
But it's also such a fast[br]and cheap technique...

0:07:02.688,0:07:04.978
...that I could use it[br]to make him say:

0:07:04.978,0:07:08.223
If you're an entrepeneur you can also[br]pay NordVPN with your business,

0:07:08.223,0:07:10.587
you just need a VAT number[br]and ask for an invoice.

0:07:10.587,0:07:14.934
And this year too NordVPN's[br]no-log policy has been confirmed.

0:07:14.934,0:07:16.522
In doubt, go into the infobox,

0:07:16.522,0:07:19.164
you will find my link[br]to get NordVPN, okay?

0:07:19.164,0:07:22.052
And remember to check[br]all of its many features.

0:07:22.052,0:07:26.052
But it's also important to tell[br]this technique apart from cgi.

0:07:26.052,0:07:29.772
Cgi has basically infinite potential.

0:07:29.772,0:07:33.254
The animator has a control over[br]the character that allows them...

0:07:33.254,0:07:38.000
...to both preset some things,[br]and also sit there...

0:07:38.000,0:07:41.665
...and correct on the way[br]any small movement,

0:07:41.665,0:07:44.800
invent new movements[br]that the figure can do,

0:07:44.800,0:07:47.608
teach the computer how to behave,

0:07:47.608,0:07:50.620
or take complete control of[br]the character to animate,

0:07:50.620,0:07:52.340
of the setting to animate,

0:07:52.340,0:07:54.339
or whatever thing[br]they want to move...

0:07:54.339,0:07:56.182
...inside this simulation.

0:07:56.261,0:07:58.955
Classic cgi is so unlimited[br]that it's used...

0:07:58.955,0:08:02.065
...to make special effects[br]in movies because, potentially,

0:08:02.065,0:08:03.855
you can do anything with it.

0:08:03.855,0:08:07.855
Remember that more realistic[br]does not mean better though.

0:08:08.223,0:08:10.138
There is no correlation[br]between the two,

0:08:10.138,0:08:12.878
cgi has its choices[br]based on its needs,

0:08:12.878,0:08:14.298
you can discuss for hours.

0:08:14.298,0:08:17.165
Then we have mocap,[br]that is motion capture:

0:08:17.165,0:08:20.525
it's same as cgi, so you create[br]everything on the computer,

0:08:20.525,0:08:25.440
but the character's movement are not[br]given by an animator,

0:08:25.440,0:08:29.440
like in the rotoscope they trace[br]the real movements of an actor...

0:08:29.440,0:08:31.258
...who was likely wearing sensors...

0:08:31.258,0:08:35.378
...that relayed to a computer[br]the movements made by the character...

0:08:35.378,0:08:37.708
...and replayed them[br]with the animated character.

0:08:37.708,0:08:39.778
And we can have cel-shading here too,

0:08:39.778,0:08:42.448
it works in the opposite way[br]to what I said before.

0:08:42.448,0:08:45.562
Earlier I talked about cel-shading[br]on a drawing, so it's flat...

0:08:45.562,0:08:47.316
...but we put a 3D thing on top,

0:08:47.316,0:08:48.750
I can also do the opposite.

0:08:48.750,0:08:51.348
Therefore creating[br]a 3D evniroment etcetera...

0:08:51.348,0:08:53.425
...and with cel-shading sticking...

0:08:53.425,0:08:56.915
...over the 3D figures something[br]that looks like 2D drawings.

0:08:56.915,0:08:58.665
Then we have the mixed technique.

0:08:58.665,0:08:59.888
Mixed technique,[br]I mean...

0:08:59.888,0:09:04.193
As a term it defines any technique[br]that mixes different techniques.

0:09:04.193,0:09:08.113
The issue is that the techniques[br]always get mixed with each other.

0:09:08.113,0:09:10.943
It's hard to find[br]a single animated movie...

0:09:10.943,0:09:15.329
...that always uses only one single[br]technique without aid from the others.

0:09:15.329,0:09:16.979
When we say mixed technique,

0:09:16.979,0:09:19.877
we usually mean[br]those few existing films...

0:09:19.877,0:09:24.599
...that actually mix[br]real people and animation.

0:09:24.599,0:09:27.675
How can you tell if it's[br]mixed technique or special effects?

0:09:27.675,0:09:32.376
Because in the end in King Kong[br]the gorilla is made in stopmotion,

0:09:32.376,0:09:36.266
and in the new King Kong[br]the gorilla is made in cgi.

0:09:36.266,0:09:39.906
Yes, but in both cases[br]they use animation techniques...

0:09:39.906,0:09:42.176
...in order to simulate[br]a real creature.

0:09:42.176,0:09:43.691
Mixed technique is such...

0:09:43.691,0:09:46.656
...when you put together[br]cartoons and real characters,

0:09:46.656,0:09:50.656
without pretending that one is part[br]of the other or something like that.

0:09:50.656,0:09:55.233
Mixed technique uses human characters[br]as such and cartoons as such.

0:09:55.233,0:09:57.375
It's the most expensive technique...

0:09:57.375,0:10:00.190
...and this is also why[br]almost nobody uses it.

0:10:00.190,0:10:02.559
And then we have the new technique,

0:10:02.559,0:10:04.799
which everyone is talking about.

0:10:04.799,0:10:07.841
They made very few films with it[br]but it already charmed everyone.

0:10:07.841,0:10:10.727
But I saw many doubts about it,[br]so let's explain it.

0:10:10.727,0:10:12.172
Some call it meander,

0:10:12.172,0:10:13.822
some call it comiclook,

0:10:13.822,0:10:16.407
there are many names[br]for this new technique.

0:10:16.407,0:10:18.247
It hasn't been decided yet,

0:10:18.247,0:10:21.392
because it depends on which one[br]will be more frequent in speech.

0:10:21.392,0:10:24.412
For instance traditional[br]animation wasn't called as such...

0:10:24.412,0:10:26.842
...before the other types existed...

0:10:26.842,0:10:30.842
...and rose the need[br]to give a name to animation,

0:10:30.842,0:10:31.969
"the normal one".

0:10:31.969,0:10:34.940
The new technique consists in[br]a mix of all the others.

0:10:34.940,0:10:38.784
Cgi is usually the base,[br]but in almost all the animation work...

0:10:38.784,0:10:40.881
...the computer is wrong[br]and gets corrected.

0:10:40.881,0:10:44.116


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