WEBVTT

00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.249
Let's explain a bit
the animation techniques.

00:00:02.249 --> 00:00:04.078
So, for starters,

00:00:04.078 --> 00:00:06.923
remember that animation is an illusion,

00:00:06.923 --> 00:00:09.103
so everything you see is not real.

00:00:09.103 --> 00:00:11.482
Even I am not really moving now.

00:00:11.482 --> 00:00:14.366
You're just seeing a semplification...

00:00:14.366 --> 00:00:16.796
...of the movement I made right now,

00:00:16.796 --> 00:00:21.281
because the video camera takes
thirty frames per second,

00:00:21.281 --> 00:00:23.343
which simplify my movement...

00:00:23.343 --> 00:00:27.146
...and create the illusion,
but you don't really see the movement.

00:00:27.146 --> 00:00:29.867
This illusion works incredibly well.

00:00:29.867 --> 00:00:31.228
How does animation work?

00:00:31.228 --> 00:00:33.008
Animation consists in:

00:00:33.008 --> 00:00:37.777
instead of taking someone
who is really moving,

00:00:37.777 --> 00:00:43.487
and using a movie camera
to record their movement...

00:00:43.487 --> 00:00:45.212
...and creating a simulation,

00:00:45.212 --> 00:00:46.375
we do the opposite.

00:00:46.375 --> 00:00:48.799
There is no movie camera in animation.

00:00:48.799 --> 00:00:49.777
There is none.

00:00:50.271 --> 00:00:52.832
You don't need
the techonolgy of the machine...

00:00:52.832 --> 00:00:55.888
...recording you
with thirty frames per second,

00:00:55.888 --> 00:00:58.102
because each picture can be taken...

00:00:58.102 --> 00:01:00.524
...potentially even years later.

00:01:01.098 --> 00:01:05.535
Animation is that illusion
in which I, human being,

00:01:05.535 --> 00:01:09.918
take pictures whenever I want,

00:01:09.918 --> 00:01:15.626
to create the illusion that something
that can't actually move, is moving.

00:01:15.832 --> 00:01:20.300
The most famous and used
technique ever is the traditional.

00:01:20.300 --> 00:01:23.715
The traditional technique
consists in a drawing,

00:01:23.715 --> 00:01:25.783
which gets redone from scratch,

00:01:25.783 --> 00:01:28.055
and redone again,

00:01:28.055 --> 00:01:30.099
and redone again.

00:01:30.099 --> 00:01:32.909
Each drawing you make has
some slight changes,

00:01:32.909 --> 00:01:35.810
so when you see
these drawings in sequence...

00:01:35.810 --> 00:01:37.680
...it creates
the illusion of movement.

00:01:37.680 --> 00:01:41.183
Pretty simple concept, right?
This is traditional animation.

00:01:41.183 --> 00:01:45.699
Then it takes many names
based on the support used to draw.

00:01:45.699 --> 00:01:48.874
If you use a cel,
that is an acetate sheet,

00:01:48.874 --> 00:01:51.166
with a paper sheet, strapped together,

00:01:51.166 --> 00:01:54.026
it's hard to explain,
but that is an animation cel.

00:01:54.026 --> 00:01:56.636
If you use a real classic drawing,

00:01:56.636 --> 00:01:58.836
done by pen nib and all that,

00:01:58.836 --> 00:02:00.624
that is traditional animation.

00:02:00.624 --> 00:02:03.764
If you instead used
the same technique,

00:02:03.764 --> 00:02:05.994
but the sheet was digital...

00:02:05.994 --> 00:02:09.634
...and the drawings are made
on a tablet, for instance,

00:02:09.634 --> 00:02:11.026
it's called paperless.

00:02:11.026 --> 00:02:13.283
And it's the same as
traditional technique,

00:02:13.283 --> 00:02:15.517
there's simply no paper waste.

00:02:15.586 --> 00:02:16.956
What if it's with pixels?

00:02:16.956 --> 00:02:18.281
That's pixel animation.

00:02:18.452 --> 00:02:20.924
Pixel animation is the same thing,

00:02:20.924 --> 00:02:23.074
but the drawing this time is made...

00:02:23.074 --> 00:02:25.791
...using little colored
squares called pixels.

00:02:25.935 --> 00:02:29.341
You could animate
in any other way, using sand,

00:02:29.341 --> 00:02:31.244
you could use any support...

00:02:31.244 --> 00:02:34.082
...but if every time
you have to redraw the character,

00:02:34.082 --> 00:02:35.432
it's traditional animation.

00:02:35.740 --> 00:02:39.327
Rotoscope is one of the types
of traditional animation.

00:02:39.327 --> 00:02:40.720
What is the rotoscope?

00:02:40.720 --> 00:02:43.830
It's the same thing,
but I didn't make up a drawing,

00:02:43.830 --> 00:02:45.679
I filmed a person...

00:02:45.679 --> 00:02:48.673
...and now I'm tracing
the individual frames.

00:02:48.673 --> 00:02:52.168
There are also full movies
made with rotoscope,

00:02:52.168 --> 00:02:54.623
tv series made with rotoscope,

00:02:54.623 --> 00:02:58.043
but in the past
the rotoscope was mainly used...

00:02:58.043 --> 00:03:00.247
...to create more realistic humans,

00:03:00.247 --> 00:03:03.147
who perhaps could
be a bit unsettling...

00:03:03.147 --> 00:03:05.692
...and, I don't know,
give off a strange feeling.

00:03:05.692 --> 00:03:07.677
In Pinocchio and 101 Dalmatians...

00:03:07.677 --> 00:03:10.097
...the vehicles are animated
with rotoscope,

00:03:10.097 --> 00:03:12.827
so there are tiny models
that actually move,

00:03:12.827 --> 00:03:15.284
they are filmed and then
the movement is traced.

00:03:15.284 --> 00:03:17.981
In The Lord of the Rings
everything is in rotoscope,

00:03:17.981 --> 00:03:21.101
there are real people actually moving,

00:03:21.101 --> 00:03:22.441
that get traced later.

00:03:22.441 --> 00:03:24.855
Nowadays we hear much
about cel-shading.

00:03:24.855 --> 00:03:26.109
What is cel-shading?

00:03:26.109 --> 00:03:28.516
It's just an effect
you apply to your drawing.

00:03:28.516 --> 00:03:30.481
So you make traditional animation,

00:03:30.481 --> 00:03:33.285
usually paperless, all chill,

00:03:33.855 --> 00:03:37.996
but then you use the computer
to help you with the lights.

00:03:37.996 --> 00:03:40.226
And maybe some other details too.

00:03:40.226 --> 00:03:42.336
That's what happened
in Klaus for example.

00:03:42.336 --> 00:03:44.190
So you drew everything by hand,

00:03:44.190 --> 00:03:46.834
the lights are simply
done with the computer.

00:03:46.834 --> 00:03:49.954
Disney already used
another technology called C.A.P.S.,

00:03:49.954 --> 00:03:53.284
which allowed it
to create drawings on paper...

00:03:53.284 --> 00:03:55.014
...then move them to the computer...

00:03:55.014 --> 00:03:56.989
...and handling them as it pleased.

00:03:56.989 --> 00:04:00.221
But you got the gist:
there's traditional animation,

00:04:00.221 --> 00:04:01.681
then there are the variants.

00:04:01.681 --> 00:04:03.371
The thousand ways to do it.

00:04:03.371 --> 00:04:04.944
Then there is stopmotion.

00:04:04.944 --> 00:04:08.994
Stopmotion is one of the most
talked about techniques ever,

00:04:08.994 --> 00:04:11.043
everyone knows the word stopmotion.

00:04:11.043 --> 00:04:12.719
And stopmotion animation,

00:04:12.719 --> 00:04:17.329
or stop frame, is the animation
where you take an inanimate object...

00:04:17.329 --> 00:04:19.642
...and you take a series of pictures...

00:04:20.617 --> 00:04:23.181
Don't take pictures
while you move the object,

00:04:23.181 --> 00:04:27.090
do it when it's alone,
so it will seem that it moved.

00:04:27.090 --> 00:04:30.236
The stopmotion type that almost
everyone thinks about is puppet,

00:04:30.236 --> 00:04:35.674
that is when you use
the so called articulated toys...

00:04:35.674 --> 00:04:39.640
...which move bit by bit
by taking many pictures.

00:04:39.640 --> 00:04:41.092
In traditional animation,

00:04:41.092 --> 00:04:44.882
if a character jumps it's not hard...

00:04:44.882 --> 00:04:46.870
...nor different than making it roll.

00:04:46.870 --> 00:04:48.330
In stopmotion animation,

00:04:48.330 --> 00:04:52.330
making a character jump means
having to find a special effect...

00:04:52.330 --> 00:04:55.214
...or visual effect
that lets you hide the fact...

00:04:55.214 --> 00:04:58.348
...that the toy can't stay
hanging in the air...

00:04:58.348 --> 00:04:59.849
...to get a picture taken.

00:04:59.849 --> 00:05:03.633
So you need an alternative solution
in order to have it hanging,

00:05:03.633 --> 00:05:06.156
looking like it's jumping
but it's really not.

00:05:06.156 --> 00:05:09.818
So in stopmotion things
like rain are very hard to achieve,

00:05:09.818 --> 00:05:12.047
when in traditional animation
it takes nothing.

00:05:12.047 --> 00:05:16.047
However if your stopmotion
toy isn't just a toy,

00:05:16.047 --> 00:05:17.541
but you can actually modify it,

00:05:17.541 --> 00:05:20.294
you can reshape it
because it's made of clay,

00:05:20.294 --> 00:05:22.032
we're talking about claymation.

00:05:22.551 --> 00:05:23.816 line:1
Claymation.

00:05:24.579 --> 00:05:27.080
Not claymotion
as I said in the last video.

00:05:27.080 --> 00:05:29.980
I said it because it's easy
to make mistakes,

00:05:29.980 --> 00:05:33.022
but I swear that actually no,
it's always been claymation.

00:05:33.473 --> 00:05:35.893
And claymation is
the same as stopmotion,

00:05:35.893 --> 00:05:39.009
but you can actually
change your characters,

00:05:39.009 --> 00:05:43.009
modify them, and use
a lot of clay or modelling materials.

00:05:43.009 --> 00:05:45.399
Then there's cut-out,
same as stopmotion...

00:05:45.399 --> 00:05:49.621
...but you move pieces of cut paper
on a sheet of paper.

00:05:49.926 --> 00:05:51.892
You're not redrawing the characters,

00:05:51.892 --> 00:05:54.749
because the face
and the body are still the same.

00:05:54.749 --> 00:05:57.268
You are moving them
with the stopmotion technique,

00:05:57.268 --> 00:06:01.268
but the visual result is much more
similar to the traditional technique.

00:06:01.268 --> 00:06:04.449
It's the animation you always saw
with South Park, for example.

00:06:04.449 --> 00:06:09.133
But careful, because South Park
at some point changed technique.

00:06:09.133 --> 00:06:12.128
Before it used
real pieces of paper layed on,

00:06:12.128 --> 00:06:14.041
then it started using
vector animation,

00:06:14.041 --> 00:06:16.301
also called rigged animation.

00:06:16.301 --> 00:06:18.490
Gosh how do I explain the vector now?

00:06:18.490 --> 00:06:19.410
Let's do this way,

00:06:19.410 --> 00:06:22.070
vector animation could
allow it to say:

00:06:22.070 --> 00:06:24.083
happy birthday NordVPN!

00:06:24.286 --> 00:06:25.971
In reality it's a drawing,

00:06:25.971 --> 00:06:28.947
that I then cut in its joints...

00:06:28.947 --> 00:06:30.227
...and I can move them.

00:06:30.227 --> 00:06:32.577
If you buy one of
NordVPN's biannual plans...

00:06:32.577 --> 00:06:34.740
...through the link
of your favorite creator,

00:06:34.740 --> 00:06:36.784
which in this case I hope it's me,

00:06:36.784 --> 00:06:39.367
you will get
four extra months for you,

00:06:39.367 --> 00:06:43.121
a coupon to gift three months
of NordVPN to whoever you want,

00:06:43.121 --> 00:06:46.761
and your bestie will also get
the type of offer you bought.

00:06:46.761 --> 00:06:49.490
So if you subcribed to
NordVPN and Nordpass...

00:06:49.490 --> 00:06:51.230
...and give your friend the coupon,

00:06:51.230 --> 00:06:53.146
they will get NordVPN and Nordpass.

00:06:53.277 --> 00:06:56.010
In this type of animation
your character can have,

00:06:56.010 --> 00:06:58.023
for instance,
twenty possible movements,

00:06:58.023 --> 00:06:59.768
just twenty and they can't increase.

00:06:59.768 --> 00:07:02.688
But it's also such a fast
and cheap technique...

00:07:02.688 --> 00:07:04.978
...that I could use it
to make him say:

00:07:04.978 --> 00:07:08.223
If you're an entrepeneur you can also
pay NordVPN with your business,

00:07:08.223 --> 00:07:10.587
you just need a VAT number
and ask for an invoice.

00:07:10.587 --> 00:07:14.934
And this year too NordVPN's
no-log policy has been confirmed.

00:07:14.934 --> 00:07:16.522
In doubt, go into the infobox,

00:07:16.522 --> 00:07:19.164
you will find my link
to get NordVPN, okay?

00:07:19.164 --> 00:07:22.052
And remember to check
all of its many features.

00:07:22.052 --> 00:07:26.052
But it's also important to tell
this technique apart from cgi.

00:07:26.052 --> 00:07:29.772
Cgi has basically infinite potential.

00:07:29.772 --> 00:07:33.254
The animator has a control over
the character that allows them...

00:07:33.254 --> 00:07:38.000
...to both preset some things,
and also sit there...

00:07:38.000 --> 00:07:41.665
...and correct on the way
any small movement,

00:07:41.665 --> 00:07:44.800
invent new movements
that the figure can do,

00:07:44.800 --> 00:07:47.608
teach the computer how to behave,

00:07:47.608 --> 00:07:50.620
or take complete control of
the character to animate,

00:07:50.620 --> 00:07:52.340
of the setting to animate,

00:07:52.340 --> 00:07:54.339
or whatever thing
they want to move...

00:07:54.339 --> 00:07:56.182
...inside this simulation.

00:07:56.261 --> 00:07:58.955
Classic cgi is so unlimited
that it's used...

00:07:58.955 --> 00:08:02.065
...to make special effects
in movies because, potentially,

00:08:02.065 --> 00:08:03.855
you can do anything with it.

00:08:03.855 --> 00:08:07.855
Remember that more realistic
does not mean better though.

00:08:08.223 --> 00:08:10.138
There is no correlation
between the two,

00:08:10.138 --> 00:08:12.878
cgi has its choices
based on its needs,

00:08:12.878 --> 00:08:14.298
you could
discuss over this for hours.

00:08:14.298 --> 00:08:17.165
Then we have mocap,
that is motion capture:

00:08:17.165 --> 00:08:20.525
it's same as cgi, so you create
everything on the computer,

00:08:20.525 --> 00:08:25.440
but the character's movement are not
given by an animator,

00:08:25.440 --> 00:08:29.440
like in the rotoscope they trace
the real movements of an actor...

00:08:29.440 --> 00:08:31.258
...who was likely wearing sensors...

00:08:31.258 --> 00:08:35.378
...that relayed to a computer
the movements made by the character...

00:08:35.378 --> 00:08:37.708
...and replayed them
with the animated character.

00:08:37.708 --> 00:08:39.778
And we can have cel-shading here too,

00:08:39.778 --> 00:08:42.448
it works in the opposite way
to what I said before.

00:08:42.448 --> 00:08:45.562
Earlier I talked about cel-shading
on a drawing, so it's flat...

00:08:45.562 --> 00:08:47.316
...but we put a 3D thing on top,

00:08:47.316 --> 00:08:48.750
I can also do the opposite.

00:08:48.750 --> 00:08:51.348
Therefore creating
a 3D evniroment etcetera...

00:08:51.348 --> 00:08:53.425
...and with cel-shading sticking...

00:08:53.425 --> 00:08:56.915
...over the 3D figures something
that looks like 2D drawings.

00:08:56.915 --> 00:08:58.665
Then we have the mixed technique.

00:08:58.665 --> 00:08:59.888


00:08:59.888 --> 00:09:04.193


00:09:04.193 --> 00:09:08.113


00:09:08.113 --> 00:09:10.943


00:09:10.943 --> 00:09:15.329


00:09:15.329 --> 00:09:16.979


00:09:16.979 --> 00:09:19.877


00:09:19.877 --> 00:09:24.599


00:09:24.599 --> 00:09:27.675


00:09:27.675 --> 00:09:32.376


00:09:32.376 --> 00:09:36.266


00:09:36.266 --> 00:09:39.906


00:09:39.906 --> 00:09:42.176


00:09:42.176 --> 00:09:43.691


00:09:43.691 --> 00:09:46.656


00:09:46.656 --> 00:09:50.656


00:09:50.656 --> 00:09:55.233


00:09:55.233 --> 00:09:57.375


00:09:57.375 --> 00:10:00.190


00:10:00.190 --> 00:10:02.559


00:10:02.559 --> 00:10:04.799


00:10:04.799 --> 00:10:07.841


00:10:07.841 --> 00:10:10.727


00:10:10.727 --> 00:10:12.172


00:10:12.172 --> 00:10:13.822


00:10:13.822 --> 00:10:16.407


00:10:16.407 --> 00:10:18.247


00:10:18.247 --> 00:10:21.392


00:10:21.392 --> 00:10:24.412


00:10:24.412 --> 00:10:26.842


00:10:26.842 --> 00:10:30.842


00:10:30.842 --> 00:10:31.969


00:10:31.969 --> 00:10:34.940


00:10:34.940 --> 00:10:38.784


00:10:38.784 --> 00:10:40.881


00:10:40.881 --> 00:10:44.116


00:10:44.116 --> 00:10:47.139


00:10:47.139 --> 00:10:49.778


00:10:49.778 --> 00:10:52.333


00:10:52.333 --> 00:10:54.357


00:10:54.357 --> 00:10:57.034


00:10:57.034 --> 00:11:00.055


00:11:00.055 --> 00:11:02.443


00:11:02.443 --> 00:11:05.925


00:11:05.925 --> 00:11:11.454


00:11:11.454 --> 00:11:15.004


00:11:15.004 --> 00:11:16.481


00:11:16.481 --> 00:11:19.456


00:11:19.456 --> 00:11:22.228


00:11:22.228 --> 00:11:25.232


00:11:25.232 --> 00:11:27.352


00:11:27.352 --> 00:11:30.821


00:11:30.821 --> 00:11:34.434


00:11:34.434 --> 00:11:37.687


00:11:37.687 --> 00:11:41.687


00:11:41.687 --> 00:11:43.667


00:11:43.667 --> 00:11:46.824


00:11:46.824 --> 00:11:49.384


00:11:49.384 --> 00:11:54.759


00:11:54.759 --> 00:11:55.857


00:11:55.857 --> 00:11:58.816


00:11:58.816 --> 00:12:01.981


00:12:01.981 --> 00:12:05.367


00:12:05.000 --> 00:12:08.150