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Let's explain a bit[br]the animation techniques.

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So, for starters,

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remember that animation is an illusion,

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so everything you see is not real.

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Even I am not really moving now.

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You're just seeing a semplification...

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...of the movement I made right now,

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because the video camera takes[br]thirty frames per second,

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which simplify my movement...

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...and create the illusion,[br]but you don't really see the movement.

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This illusion works incredibly well.

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How does animation work?

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Animation consists in:

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instead of taking someone[br]who is really moving,

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and using a movie camera[br]to record their movement...

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...and creating a simulation,

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we do the opposite.

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There is no movie camera in animation.

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There is none.

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You don't need[br]the techonolgy of the machine...

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...recording you[br]with thirty frames per second,

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because each picture can be taken...

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...potentially even years later.

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Animation is that illusion[br]in which I, human being,

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take pictures whenever I want,

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to create the illusion that something[br]that can't actually move, is moving.

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The most famous and used[br]technique ever is the traditional.

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The traditional technique[br]consists in a drawing,

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which gets redone from scratch,

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and redone again,

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and redone again.

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Each drawing you make has[br]some slight changes,

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so when you see[br]these drawings in sequence...

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...it creates[br]the illusion of movement.

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Pretty simple concept, right?[br]This is traditional animation.

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Then it takes many names[br]based on the support used to draw.

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If you use a cel,[br]that is an acetate sheet,

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with a paper sheet, strapped together,

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it's hard to explain,[br]but that is an animation cel.

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If you use a real classic drawing,

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done by pen nib and all that,

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that is traditional animation.

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If you instead used[br]the same technique,

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but the sheet was digital...

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...and the drawings are made[br]on a tablet, for instance,

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it's called paperless.

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And it's the same as[br]traditional technique,

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there's simply no paper waste.

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What if it's with pixels?

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That's pixel animation.

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Pixel animation is the same thing,

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but the drawing this time is made...

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...using little colored[br]squares called pixels.

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You could animate[br]in any other way, using sand,

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you could use any support...

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...but if every time[br]you have to redraw the character,

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it's traditional animation.

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Rotoscope is one of the types[br]of traditional animation.

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What is the rotoscope?

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It's the same thing,[br]but I didn't make up a drawing,

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I filmed a person...

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...and now I'm tracing[br]the individual frames.

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There are also full movies[br]made with rotoscope,

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tv series made with rotoscope,

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but in the past[br]the rotoscope was mainly used...

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...to create more realistic humans,

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who perhaps could[br]be a bit unsettling...

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...and, I don't know,[br]give off a strange feeling.

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In Pinocchio and 101 Dalmatians...

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...the vehicles are animated[br]with rotoscope,

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so there are tiny models[br]that actually move,

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they are filmed and then[br]the movement is traced.

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In The Lord of the Rings[br]everything is in rotoscope,

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there are real people actually moving,

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that get traced later.

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Nowadays we hear much[br]about cel-shading.

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What is cel-shading?

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It's just an effect[br]you apply to your drawing.

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So you make traditional animation,

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usually paperless, all chill,

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but then you use the computer[br]to help you with the lights.

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And maybe some other details too.

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That's what happened[br]in Klaus for example.

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So you drew everything by hand,

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the lights are simply[br]done with the computer.

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