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Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.01,0:00:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The debate between nature and nurture is almost as old as the chicken versus the egg.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.61,0:00:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is more likely to influence how we
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.42,0:00:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually develop a personality and how we behave?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.33,0:00:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it the genes that we're born with? or, Are we taught and molded by our parents,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.09,0:00:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our school teachers, and our culture?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.51,0:00:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Behaviorist and humanist perspectives take on the nurture side of the debate.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.20,0:00:20.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They believe that you can become anyone you want
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.06,0:00:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to with the right environment and the right stimuli.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.28,0:00:24.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's talk about the nature side,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.18,0:00:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the biological perspective of personality gives us more questions and answers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.19,0:00:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think about as we reflect on our own personalities.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.86,0:00:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, first off, I need to talk about something called evolutionary psychology.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.58,0:00:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the earliest and most famous examples of the biological
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.12,0:00:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perspective is ideas that were brought forth by Charles Darwin.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.48,0:00:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin was the father of evolutionary psychology.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.26,0:00:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, his theories of evolution suggested that species evolve over time,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.80,0:00:52.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,small adaptations happen throughout time that turn into species evolving.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.100,0:00:55.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said that members of the same species with stronger traits were
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.01,0:00:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more likely to reproduce and pass those traits onto the offspring.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.24,0:00:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.49,0:01:02.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evolution doesn't just favor physical traits like taller
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.12,0:01:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people or people who are faster at swimming.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.10,0:01:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This theory actually suggests that our personality comes from
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.14,0:01:09.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an environment that favored certain traits over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.14,0:01:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, in places where it's really hot,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.14,0:01:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people have more melanin in places where it's really cold,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.51,0:01:14.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people usually have less melanin.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.00,0:01:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if the environment can change our physical biology,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.62,0:01:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's to say that it can't change our cognitive biology and our personality?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.78,0:01:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's talk a little bit about the genes and the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.17,0:01:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where do biologists find our traits?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.59,0:01:29.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, they would say they find them in our genes and our genetics in our brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.94,0:01:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To test this theory, psychologists have studied identical twins.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.46,0:01:37.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, identical twins always have the same genes, the same genetic makeup,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.72,0:01:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but those who are separated at birth will be grown in two different environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.72,0:01:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when scientists look at their similarities and differences,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.32,0:01:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can get a really good idea on what is
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.31,0:01:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually nature and what is actually nurture from the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.60,0:01:51.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So using these identical twin studies,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.58,0:01:53.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can actually start to narrow down what
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.24,0:01:55.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,percentage of traits may be due to genetics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.66,0:01:58.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If a trait can be passed down through a gene, we call it heritable.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.72,0:01:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might have heard this word before.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.91,0:02:02.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Heritability is a variance between multiple people that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.58,0:02:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be accounted for by genetic differences.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.71,0:02:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, basically that is a lot of words to say that with research,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.09,0:02:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can tell how much of someone's behavior is really from
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.63,0:02:13.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their genes and how much of it is from their environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.34,0:02:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In short, we can tell if something is nature or nurture.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.47,0:02:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.63,0:02:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of our personality traits are influenced by
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.99,0:02:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,genes and some of them are actually not.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.81,0:02:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, according to the identical twin personality research,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.21,0:02:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of these traits have been correlated to be influenced by genetics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.54,0:02:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, social closeness is only 15
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.04,0:02:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,percent due to your genetics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.33,0:02:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a lot more of it has to do with the
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.81,0:02:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,environment that you were raised in. Achievement orientation is 38%.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.57,0:02:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Traditionalism is 59% which means it's about half and half nature and
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.47,0:02:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nurture and imagination being 74% is mostly due to your genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.11,0:02:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One example of a gene that can influence a trait is the dopamine four receptor gene.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.73,0:02:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.79,0:02:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this gene has actually been connected with the trait
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.73,0:02:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of thrill seeking and people enjoying something called novelty.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.91,0:02:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, novelty basically means new and fun and exciting ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.47,0:03:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's a perfect example that a gene can actually cause a personality trait.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.39,0:03:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although even though that term isn't right,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.27,0:03:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't say that they caused a trait and I'll explain that in the rest of this video.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.84,0:03:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take the Jim twins as a real life example, that traits can be passed via genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.64,0:03:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jim Lewis and Jim Springer were identical twins at birth.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.34,0:03:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were separated though. They finally connected at the age of
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.14,0:03:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,39 and they quickly made headlines for their very similar lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.77,0:03:23.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is actually kind of weird.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.89,0:03:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both were the same height,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.14,0:03:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically the same weight and they had very similar habits.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.03,0:03:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's even weirder is that both of these twins
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.02,0:03:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had both been married twice, and the women that they married had the same first names;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.85,0:03:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their first wife's name was Linda, and the second wife's name was Betty.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.16,0:03:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, they also drove the same car.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.82,0:03:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you might be wondering how crazy are these similarities? It's unpredictable.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.48,0:03:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, not everything about the Jim twins was similar,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.37,0:03:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they wore different hairstyles and they chose different professions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.18,0:03:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the story of the Jim twins and other studies of identical twins
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.48,0:03:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,show that our genes may be very closely correlated with our personality traits
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.51,0:03:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the decisions that we make. Other studies show just how important our
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.92,0:04:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brain chemistry is to our reactions and how we actually assess our environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.28,0:04:07.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Different parts of the brain, so called, go off whenever we make decisions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.80,0:04:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the stronger that these responses are,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.68,0:04:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more likely a person is to hold certain personality traits.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.20,0:04:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, as I'll talk about in future videos,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.64,0:04:19.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who are highly neurotic also have stronger responses and their amygdala,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.10,0:04:22.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the part of the brain that is responsible for reacting to fear.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.12,0:04:24.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, biological theorists of personality,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.18,0:04:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they believe that by changing the size of your amygdala, theoretically,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.75,0:04:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could change how neurotic you are—that, is if you
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.21,0:04:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can actually control the size of a particular brain section.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.17,0:04:36.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the physical structure of the brain may also be linked to personality traits.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.77,0:04:40.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Studies from Cambridge University revealed a positive correlation between
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.36,0:04:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,openness and more folding in the prefrontal cortices.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.49,0:04:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So next, I'd like to talk about changes in brain chemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.61,0:04:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as we move on,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.77,0:04:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is really easy to write off the nature theory as something that you cannot change.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.89,0:04:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many people believe that if you're born with an aggressive temperament,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.89,0:04:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you really can't do much to change your
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.52,0:04:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,genes and your tendencies to actually be aggressive.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.89,0:05:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, that's not, not exactly true.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.71,0:05:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our brains have the potential to change
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.83,0:05:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually cause our personality to change.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.73,0:05:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One famous example of this is the case of that of Phineas Gauge.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.69,0:05:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Phineas Gauge was a railroad worker in the eighteen forties.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.71,0:05:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, while working, he actually suffered a serious accident,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.87,0:05:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an explosion sent a tamping iron straight into his head
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.91,0:05:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it damaged a very large part of his brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.08,0:05:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He actually, I think should have been dead, but he survived.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.85,0:05:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He somehow survived the horrific accident but not without consequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.97,0:05:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They sent him to the hospital and got him fixed up. When Gauge
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.75,0:05:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came back to work after his accident...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.69,0:05:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know about you,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.60,0:05:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I would not go back to work if something like that happened to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.88,0:05:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, anyways, his co-workers noticed some serious changes in his personality.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.50,0:05:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wasn't as friendly and he was more prone to using profane language.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.06,0:05:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a changed man.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.76,0:05:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And his case is a prime example of
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.45,0:05:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how a brain injury can severely affect personality,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.42,0:05:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is great evidence for the biological model.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.22,0:05:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So other things like drugs, poor physical health,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.53,0:05:56.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even smartphones have the ability to actually change
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.44,0:06:00.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our brain chemistry and thus potentially affect our personality.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.58,0:06:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So due to the principle of neuroplasticity,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.22,0:06:05.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means that we can essentially rewire our brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.92,0:06:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can also come to the conclusion that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.42,0:06:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can change our brain chemistry and ultimately,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.15,0:06:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can change our personality.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.56,0:06:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as I wrap this video up,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.80,0:06:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to offer a little bit more of
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.14,0:06:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my thoughts on the nature versus nurture debate.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.44,0:06:20.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lessons from the biological perspective of personality and behaviorism,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.12,0:06:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both offer convincing arguments that nature or nurture influence personality.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.23,0:06:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, which side is the winner?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.02,0:06:30.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I personally believe that nature and nurture are like ingredients in a cake.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.34,0:06:32.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see to make a cake, you need flour,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.40,0:06:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need eggs, and baking soda, and maybe a
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.35,0:06:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,few other ingredients to actually make a cake.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.68,0:06:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But do we say that flour causes a cake?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.52,0:06:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not really, we need a little bit of both flour and eggs and those other ingredients.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.25,0:06:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And only after we make a whole bunch of cakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.65,0:06:47.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can we actually start to see what happens
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.48,0:06:49.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we add or subtract different ingredients?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.72,0:06:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So flour doesn't cause a cake. Genes don't cause personality.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.24,0:06:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, each part is an important section of the whole.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.18,0:06:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can connect certain tendencies to act
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.67,0:07:01.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certain way to different parts of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.38,0:07:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Phineas Gauge's personality changed literally overnight,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.69,0:07:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.37,0:07:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,psychologists could pinpoint what parts of his
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.35,0:07:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,missing brain had influenced certain traits.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.01,0:07:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.57,0:07:12.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other personality traits are influenced greater
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.75,0:07:14.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by our environment and our culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.77,0:07:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we're taught to value agreeableness and we grew
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.05,0:07:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up in an environment where being agreeable is easily,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.65,0:07:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're probably going to be more likely to find ways to be agreeable.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.09,0:07:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our personality is influenced by nature or nurture. I personally say both.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.43,0:07:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you guys enjoyed this video,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.76,0:07:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feel free to watch some of other videos in the personality series.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.36,0:07:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've worked really hard on them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.71,0:07:34.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if you want to learn more about your own personality,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.94,0:07:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can go ahead and check out my free
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.28,0:07:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three in one personality quiz in the description below.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.65,0:07:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I actually hired a web developer to create it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.86,0:07:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It combines three of the major personality quizzes into one
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.13,0:07:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,test that you can take in under 10 minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.07,0:07:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've also done some research and I'm going
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.62,0:07:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to predict some things about you,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.92,0:07:52.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like your political stances, your relationship style, and even your health.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.90,0:07:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can go ahead and check that out in the description below.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.99,0:07:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope you guys enjoy this video and most of all, I hope you learned something.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.63,0:07:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you for watching.