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Hi, class. This
is William again.

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As you can see from your
grade sheet for both your

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informative and your
persuasive speech,

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that your grade is going
to be about 25% based on

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the content of the speech
and 75% based on delivery.

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Now there are nine elements of

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delivery that you're
going to be graded on,

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and they're the same
elements for both speeches.

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Five elements are
in vocal delivery,

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four elements are in
physical delivery.

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In this video, I want to talk to

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you about vocal delivery.

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This is the use of our voice

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to present the message
to the audience.

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Your voice plays four important
roles in communication.

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The first one is we use our
voice to produce words.

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In other words, we say words.

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I'm going to spend a lot of

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time on this video about that.

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I think we're all pretty
familiar with that role.

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But saying words is actually not

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the most important role

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your voice plays
in communication.

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The most important one

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is something called
paralinguistics.

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Now, paralinguistics is probably

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a new term for many of you,

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but the elements
probably are not.

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For example, the word
linguistics, the root word.

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Linguistics means language, and

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para means side by
side, parallel.

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When we are saying
words to somebody,

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our voice is sending

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messages parallel or side
by side with the language.

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This is very important.

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The reason for that is anytime

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our paralinguistics and
our words do not match,

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your audience will
tend to accept

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the paralinguistics
rather than the words.

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Now, what this basically
means is that we are

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communicating messages through
things like tone of voice.

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The third main role
that your voice

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plays in communication is that

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your voice has a powerful
psychological effect on others.

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Now, many of you probably

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have anecdotal evidence of this.

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Somebody whose voice just

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causes your blood
pressure to go up.

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Maybe they speak with a whiny
voice or a squeaky voice.

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They talk too loud, they talk
too quiet, whatever it is,

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there's just something
about the sound of

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their voice that
you find annoying.

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This puts you in a
negative mindset

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just as you're
evaluating their ideas.

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Conversely, there are others

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whose voice put you in a
very positive state of mind.

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You could listen to
them speak about

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almost any topic for an hour.

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People like James Earl Jones,

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who did the voice
for Darth Vader

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in the Star Wars movies.

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For CNN, this is CNN.

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People who are able to create

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that very positive
psychological effect on

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their audience puts them in

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a positive state of mind just

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as they're evaluating
their ideas.

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Finally, your voice actually has

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a strong psychological
effect on you.

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Research has suggested that

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when you speak with
a more confident,

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secure voice, you actually
become more confident.

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If you speak with a very
timid or insecure voice,

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it can actually
cause you to become

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less confident and
your anxiety to rise.

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Those are the four
important roles

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that your voice plays
in communication.

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The next thing I want to
talk to you about are

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the five elements
of vocal delivery.

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These are the five elements

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that you're going to be graded

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on in both your

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informative as well as
your persuasive speech.

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Please note that,

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as indicated on the grade sheet,

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these elements are not of

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equal importance to one another.

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The first one is enunciation.

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Enunciation is pronouncing

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the words correctly and clearly.

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This is very important
in communication.

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Your goal is to
make it as easy as

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you possibly can for
your audience to listen.

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Poor enunciation
requires the audience

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to expend more energy to

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try to understand
what you're saying.

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The most common mistake
that people make in

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enunciation is failing to

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open their mouth enough
when they speak.

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They just mumble like this.

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Now, they probably think this

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is okay because when they
talk to their friends,

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they talk like this and

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their friends understand
I'm just fine.

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But when you're only talking
to one or two friends,

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there's not a lot of ears
absorbing the sound.

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When you're speaking
to an audience,

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it becomes far more challenging.

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You want to open your mouth and

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pronounce the words
very clearly.

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The next common mistake
that people make in

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enunciation is they add

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sounds to words
that do not belong.

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The most common
sound that people

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erringly add to a
word is the R sound.

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For example, they might
say mention the state

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of Washington or
wash the dishes.

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The problem with this
is our ears are not

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attuned to that sound
being added to the word,

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and as a result, it causes
an internal distraction.

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The second element of

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delivery these are not
the order of importance.

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The second one is projection.

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Now, a lot of people
think projection

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is talk loud enough
for everybody to hear.

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In actuality,
projection is speak at

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a volume so that your audience
can comfortably listen.

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See, talking too loud
is actually just

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as big of a problem as
talking too quietly.

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Either of them cause

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the audience to think
about your volume,

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and any attention
they're paying to

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your volume is attention

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they're not paying
to your speech.

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You want your volume
to disappear.

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If the audience is not paying
attention to your volume,

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you're doing
projection correctly.

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The next element of vocal
delivery is vocal variety.

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Now, a major advantage that

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speakers have over
writers in terms of

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communicating is

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this wonderful instrument
we call the human voice.

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We want to vary
that voice to not

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only increase engagement
with the audience,

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but also to help us convey

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meaning through things
like paralinguistics.

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Now, here I mentioned

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two specific aspects of how
we want to vary our voice.

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First is through tone or pitch.

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This refers to how high
or how low you talk.

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Now, the average
untrained adult voice

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has a range of five notes.

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That means you can speak at
five different notes with

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virtually no strain on

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your voice and no risk
of your voice cracking.

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I want you to try to
utilize that five-note

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range to vary your pitch or
tone throughout your speech.

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Now, this does not mean I want

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the first five notes to be

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a scale and monotone
the rest of the way.

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I want you to vary throughout.

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This also does not mean that I'm

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going to be in the
back counting notes.

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You probably could accomplish

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a good vocal variety and
tone with using three notes.

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I say that I would like you
to try to expand that to

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around five notes merely because

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I used to say don't be monotone,

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and that ended up
causing people to pick

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two notes and ping
pong back and forth.

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That was just as distracting
as a monotone voice.

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The second way
that I want you to

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vary your voice is
through rhythm.

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Rhythm refers to your rate
or how fast you talk,

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as well as your pausing.

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If you only take notes during

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one part of this video,
please have it be this.

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Variation of rhythm is to spoken

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word what punctuation
is to written word.

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That's so important,
I want to repeat it.

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Please again, get
this that variation

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of rhythm is to spoken word,

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what punctuation is
to written word.

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Everything you know
about the importance

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of punctuation in writing,

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how it helps us convey the
meaning of our message,

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please understand that
the exact same thing

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applies to varying
our rhythm in speech.

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If you give a five-minute speech

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and there's no variation
of rhythm at all,

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that would be like turning in

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a four-page essay with no
grammar or punctuation.

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It becomes very
difficult to understand.

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But actually, no variation in

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speech is worse than the
no punctuation paper,

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because the no punctuation paper

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allows the reader to be able to

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go through it again and try to

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piece together where the
punctuation would have been.

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But when you're
listening to a speech,

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you only get it once,
and as a result,

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you don't have the
opportunity to go through and

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correct their lack of variation.

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This ends up leading
the audience to have

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what we refer to as the
fallacy of competence.

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Our brain knows that it
understood the words,

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and it can pull out
a few of the topics.

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Therefore, it concludes that it

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must have understood
the message.

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An example of the fallacy of

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competence happens for
many of us in math class.

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A math teacher is writing

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on the board and goes
through how to do a problem.

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As you listen to the
math teacher explain it,

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you feel like you
understand how to do it.

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But then you're told
to do a problem,

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and suddenly you
look at it and you

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realize you

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didn't understand it like
you thought you did.

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Well, after a speech, we
rarely get the opportunity

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to be tested to find
out if we understood.

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But that fallacy of competence

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is still every bit as real.

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The fourth element is a
fluid or smooth delivery.

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With this, we want to cut out
things like audible pauses.

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Audible pauses,
sometimes referred to

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as filler words as uh,

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like, you know, we
want to reduce those.

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Another aspect of the
fluid smooth delivery is

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we want to avoid
chasing the clock.

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Chasing the clock happens
when maybe we've got

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45 seconds left and we
don't have much to say.

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So we start to talk
really slowly.

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Now we're just really trying to

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take 45 seconds to speak
10 seconds of the speech.

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I would rather you just
finish the speech.

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The fluid smooth delivery is,

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I want you to stay
conversational.

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Be professional. Don't get
into being too casual,

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but still having nice
fluid smooth delivery.

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Finally, the fifth
element is energy.

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This is by far the
most important element

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of vocal delivery.

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With energy, it's simply
a sense of enthusiasm.

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If you come across
like you're very

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bored with your speech
or bored with a topic,

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the audience will be more

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likely to be bored with
the topic, as well.

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Now, enthusiasm and energy

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doesn't make the topic
more interesting.

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Believe me, I wish that it did,

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but being real low energy
can take interest away.

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I have a personal
example of this.

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There was a time that I
really enjoyed history.

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I still enjoy reading about
it and learning about it.

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But I actually considered

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being a history
major at one time,

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and I had a history
teacher, a super nice guy.

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I really liked him, but
he was very low energy.

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And some of you might have a
low-energy teacher yourself.

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This is my impersonation of him.

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The root cause of

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the American Revolution was
the French and Indian War.

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The French and Indian War was

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a conflict between
the French and

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their Native American allies

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against the British and
their German allies.

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The Native American tribes
believed that the French

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would win the war because they
won the first two battles.

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What they failed to realize is

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the French had beaten
the Americans.

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The British and the Germans
hadn't arrived yet.

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Imagine listening to
that for two hours.

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As interested as
I was in history,

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it was hard to stay engaged.

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These are the first five
elements of delivery.

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These are the vocal elements

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that you're going
to be graded on.

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Please remember these
are not in the order of

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importance and they're
not of equal importance.

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If I were to place them
in order of importance,

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I would put energy by
far the most important.

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After that, enunciation and

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projection are
approximately tied,

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and then the fluid,
smooth delivery

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and vocal variety are
approximately tied.

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If you haven't
already, please now

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watch the video on
physical delivery,

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and that will present you
with the other four elements

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of delivery. Thank
you very much.