WEBVTT 00:00:00.372 --> 00:00:02.085 I think we're all aware 00:00:02.085 --> 00:00:05.058 that the world today is full of problems. 00:00:05.058 --> 00:00:07.153 We've been hearing them 00:00:07.153 --> 00:00:11.443 today and yesterday and every day for decades. 00:00:11.443 --> 00:00:15.487 Serious problems, big problems, pressing problems. 00:00:15.487 --> 00:00:18.843 Poor nutrition, access to water, 00:00:18.843 --> 00:00:21.880 climate change, deforestation, 00:00:21.880 --> 00:00:25.124 lack of skills, insecurity, not enough food, 00:00:25.124 --> 00:00:28.100 not enough healthcare, pollution. 00:00:28.100 --> 00:00:29.845 There's problem after problem, 00:00:29.845 --> 00:00:32.376 and I think what really separates this time 00:00:32.376 --> 00:00:36.500 from any time I can remember in my brief time 00:00:36.500 --> 00:00:38.935 on Earth is the awareness of these problems. 00:00:38.935 --> 00:00:41.501 We're all very aware. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:41.501 --> 00:00:43.529 Why are we having so much trouble 00:00:43.529 --> 00:00:45.360 dealing with these problems? 00:00:45.360 --> 00:00:48.400 That's the question I've been struggling with, 00:00:48.400 --> 00:00:52.569 coming from my very different perspective. 00:00:52.569 --> 00:00:55.652 I'm not a social problem guy. 00:00:55.652 --> 00:00:58.414 I'm a guy that works with business, 00:00:58.414 --> 00:01:01.704 helps business make money. 00:01:01.704 --> 00:01:04.938 God forbid. 00:01:04.938 --> 00:01:07.992 So why are we having so many problems 00:01:07.992 --> 00:01:11.135 with these social problems, 00:01:11.135 --> 00:01:13.192 and really is there any role for business, 00:01:13.192 --> 00:01:16.725 and if so, what is that role? 00:01:16.725 --> 00:01:19.584 I think that in order to address that question, 00:01:19.584 --> 00:01:23.450 we have to step back and think about 00:01:23.450 --> 00:01:27.105 how we've understood and pondered 00:01:27.105 --> 00:01:29.103 both the problems and the solutions 00:01:29.103 --> 00:01:33.267 to these great social challenges that we face. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:33.267 --> 00:01:36.101 Now, I think many have seen business 00:01:36.101 --> 00:01:38.976 as the problem, or at least one of the problems, 00:01:38.976 --> 00:01:41.728 in many of the social challenges we face. 00:01:41.728 --> 00:01:43.134 You know, think of the fast food industry, 00:01:43.134 --> 00:01:45.109 the drug industry, the banking industry. 00:01:45.109 --> 00:01:47.288 You know, this is a low point 00:01:47.288 --> 00:01:50.279 in the respect for business. 00:01:50.279 --> 00:01:51.989 Business is not seen as the solution. 00:01:51.989 --> 00:01:55.730 It's seen as the problem now, for most people. 00:01:55.730 --> 00:01:57.704 And rightly so, in many cases. 00:01:57.704 --> 00:01:59.983 There's a lot of bad actors out there 00:01:59.983 --> 00:02:02.160 that have done the wrong thing, 00:02:02.160 --> 00:02:03.961 that actually have made the problem worse. 00:02:03.961 --> 00:02:07.424 So this perspective is perhaps justified. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:07.424 --> 00:02:10.014 How have we tended to see the solutions 00:02:10.014 --> 00:02:12.350 to these social problems, 00:02:12.350 --> 00:02:15.512 these many issues that we face in society? 00:02:15.512 --> 00:02:17.144 Well, we've tended to see the solutions 00:02:17.144 --> 00:02:19.296 in terms of NGOs, 00:02:19.296 --> 00:02:21.302 in terms of government, 00:02:21.302 --> 00:02:23.439 in terms of philanthropy. 00:02:23.439 --> 00:02:25.873 Indeed, the kind of unique organizational entity 00:02:25.873 --> 00:02:30.630 of this age is this tremendous rise of NGOs 00:02:30.630 --> 00:02:33.136 and social organizations. 00:02:33.136 --> 00:02:35.960 This is a unique, new organizational form 00:02:35.960 --> 00:02:37.153 that we've seen grown up. 00:02:37.153 --> 00:02:40.560 Enormous innovation, enormous energy, 00:02:40.560 --> 00:02:43.295 enormous talent now has been mobilized 00:02:43.295 --> 00:02:45.415 through this structure 00:02:45.415 --> 00:02:50.268 to try to deal with all of these challenges. 00:02:50.268 --> 00:02:54.525 And many of us here are deeply involved in that. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:54.525 --> 00:02:56.034 I'm a business school professor, 00:02:56.034 --> 00:03:00.049 but I've actually founded, I think, now, four nonprofits. 00:03:00.049 --> 00:03:02.938 Whenever I got interested and became aware 00:03:02.938 --> 00:03:05.998 of a societal problem, that was what I did, 00:03:05.998 --> 00:03:07.876 form a nonprofit. 00:03:07.876 --> 00:03:10.939 That was the way we've thought about how to deal 00:03:10.939 --> 00:03:11.948 with these issues. 00:03:11.948 --> 00:03:16.400 Even a business school professor has thought about it that way. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:16.400 --> 00:03:18.235 But I think at this moment, 00:03:18.235 --> 00:03:21.004 we've been at this for quite a while. 00:03:21.004 --> 00:03:23.856 We've been aware of these problems for decades. 00:03:23.856 --> 00:03:25.766 We have decades of experience 00:03:25.766 --> 00:03:30.091 with our NGOs and with our government entities, 00:03:30.091 --> 00:03:31.920 and there's an awkward reality. 00:03:31.920 --> 00:03:33.862 The awkward reality is we're not making 00:03:33.862 --> 00:03:36.446 fast enough progress. 00:03:36.446 --> 00:03:39.170 We're not winning. 00:03:39.170 --> 00:03:41.254 These problems still seem very daunting 00:03:41.254 --> 00:03:42.460 and very intractable, 00:03:42.460 --> 00:03:45.160 and any solutions we're achieving 00:03:45.160 --> 00:03:47.100 are small solutions. 00:03:47.100 --> 00:03:50.982 We're making incremental progress. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:50.982 --> 00:03:53.704 What's the fundamental problem we have 00:03:53.704 --> 00:03:56.782 in dealing with these social problems? 00:03:56.782 --> 00:04:00.814 If we cut all the complexity away, 00:04:00.814 --> 00:04:04.193 we have the problem of scale. 00:04:04.193 --> 00:04:07.304 We can't scale. 00:04:07.304 --> 00:04:10.231 We can make progress. We can show benefits. 00:04:10.231 --> 00:04:13.559 We can show results. We can make things better. 00:04:13.559 --> 00:04:17.837 We're helping. We're doing better. We're doing good. 00:04:17.837 --> 00:04:20.191 We can't scale. 00:04:20.191 --> 00:04:25.157 We can't make a large-scale impact on these problems. 00:04:25.157 --> 00:04:26.991 Why is that? 00:04:26.991 --> 00:04:30.581 Because we don't have the resources. 00:04:30.581 --> 00:04:32.292 And that's really clear now. 00:04:32.292 --> 00:04:35.174 And that's clearer now than it's been for decades. 00:04:35.174 --> 00:04:38.726 There's simply not enough money 00:04:38.726 --> 00:04:42.117 to deal with any of these problems at scale 00:04:42.117 --> 00:04:44.442 using the current model. 00:04:44.442 --> 00:04:47.512 There's not enough tax revenue, 00:04:47.512 --> 00:04:51.558 there's not enough philanthropic donations, 00:04:51.558 --> 00:04:54.006 to deal with these problems the way we're dealing with them now. 00:04:54.006 --> 00:04:59.171 We've got to confront that reality. 00:04:59.171 --> 00:05:02.230 And the scarcity of resources 00:05:02.230 --> 00:05:06.257 for dealing with these problems is only growing, 00:05:06.257 --> 00:05:09.807 certainly in the advanced world today, 00:05:09.807 --> 00:05:14.186 with all the fiscal problems we face. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:14.186 --> 00:05:18.431 So if it's fundamentally a resource problem, 00:05:18.431 --> 00:05:22.476 where are the resources in society? 00:05:22.476 --> 00:05:24.861 How are those resources really created, 00:05:24.861 --> 00:05:26.568 the resources we're going to need to deal 00:05:26.568 --> 00:05:30.208 with all these societal challenges? 00:05:30.208 --> 00:05:33.324 Well there, I think the answer is very clear: 00:05:33.324 --> 00:05:37.010 They're in business. 00:05:37.010 --> 00:05:42.621 All wealth is actually created by business. 00:05:42.621 --> 00:05:45.347 Business creates wealth 00:05:45.347 --> 00:05:50.393 when it meets needs at a profit. 00:05:50.393 --> 00:05:52.857 That's how all wealth is created. 00:05:52.857 --> 00:05:55.230 It's meeting needs at a profit 00:05:55.230 --> 00:05:57.642 that leads to taxes 00:05:57.642 --> 00:05:59.311 and that leads to incomes 00:05:59.311 --> 00:06:01.578 and that leads to charitable donations. 00:06:01.578 --> 00:06:04.829 That's where all the resources come from. 00:06:04.829 --> 00:06:07.287 Only business can actually create resources. 00:06:07.287 --> 00:06:09.241 Other institutions can utilize them 00:06:09.241 --> 00:06:10.466 to do important work, 00:06:10.466 --> 00:06:13.650 but only business can create them. 00:06:13.650 --> 00:06:15.171 And business creates them 00:06:15.171 --> 00:06:23.049 when it's able to meet a need at a profit. 00:06:23.049 --> 00:06:26.433 The resources are overwhelmingly 00:06:26.433 --> 00:06:28.322 generated by business. 00:06:28.322 --> 00:06:33.625 The question then is, how do we tap into this? 00:06:33.625 --> 00:06:36.000 How do we tap into this? 00:06:36.000 --> 00:06:38.947 Business generates those resources 00:06:38.947 --> 00:06:43.616 when it makes a profit. 00:06:43.616 --> 00:06:46.990 That profit is that small difference 00:06:46.990 --> 00:06:51.836 between the price and the cost it takes to produce 00:06:51.836 --> 00:06:54.153 whatever solution business has created 00:06:54.153 --> 00:06:57.376 to whatever problem they're trying to solve. 00:06:57.376 --> 00:07:04.136 But that profit is the magic. 00:07:04.136 --> 00:07:08.890 Why? Because that profit allows whatever solution 00:07:08.890 --> 00:07:11.109 we've created 00:07:11.109 --> 00:07:15.299 to be infinitely scalable. 00:07:15.299 --> 00:07:17.900 Because if we can make a profit, 00:07:17.900 --> 00:07:21.424 we can do it for 10, 100, a million, 00:07:21.424 --> 00:07:24.716 100 million, a billion. 00:07:24.716 --> 00:07:29.436 The solution becomes self-sustaining. 00:07:29.436 --> 00:07:32.035 That's what business does 00:07:32.035 --> 00:07:35.645 when it makes a profit. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:35.645 --> 00:07:38.029 Now what does this all have to do 00:07:38.029 --> 00:07:41.097 with social problems? 00:07:41.097 --> 00:07:44.379 Well, one line of thinking is, let's take this profit 00:07:44.379 --> 00:07:49.928 and redeploy it into social problems. 00:07:49.928 --> 00:07:51.194 Business should give more. 00:07:51.194 --> 00:07:52.618 Business should be more responsible. 00:07:52.618 --> 00:07:55.068 And that's been the path that we've been on 00:07:55.068 --> 00:07:57.754 in business. 00:07:57.754 --> 00:07:59.618 But again, this path that we've been on 00:07:59.618 --> 00:08:03.958 is not getting us where we need to go. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:03.958 --> 00:08:07.106 Now, I started out as a strategy professor, 00:08:07.106 --> 00:08:08.612 and I'm still a strategy professor. 00:08:08.612 --> 00:08:09.971 I'm proud of that. 00:08:09.971 --> 00:08:11.497 But I've also, over the years, 00:08:11.497 --> 00:08:14.153 worked more and more on social issues. 00:08:14.153 --> 00:08:17.420 I've worked on healthcare, the environment, 00:08:17.420 --> 00:08:20.992 economic development, reducing poverty, 00:08:20.992 --> 00:08:25.337 and as I worked more and more in the social field, 00:08:25.337 --> 00:08:26.899 I started seeing something 00:08:26.899 --> 00:08:30.169 that had a profound impact on me 00:08:30.169 --> 00:08:33.755 and my whole life, in a way. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:33.755 --> 00:08:37.544 The conventional wisdom in economics 00:08:37.544 --> 00:08:41.412 and the view in business has historically been 00:08:41.412 --> 00:08:45.369 that actually, there's a tradeoff 00:08:45.369 --> 00:08:50.377 between social performance and economic performance. 00:08:50.377 --> 00:08:51.861 The conventional wisdom has been 00:08:51.861 --> 00:08:54.931 that business actually makes a profit 00:08:54.931 --> 00:08:56.724 by causing a social problem. 00:08:56.724 --> 00:08:58.906 The classic example is pollution. 00:08:58.906 --> 00:09:01.682 If business pollutes, it makes more money 00:09:01.682 --> 00:09:06.323 than if it tried to reduce that pollution. 00:09:06.323 --> 00:09:08.214 Reducing pollution is expensive, 00:09:08.214 --> 00:09:13.697 therefore businesses don't want to do it. 00:09:13.697 --> 00:09:16.642 It's profitable to have an unsafe working environment. 00:09:16.642 --> 00:09:19.380 It's too expensive to have a safe working environment, 00:09:19.380 --> 00:09:20.686 therefore business makes more money 00:09:20.686 --> 00:09:22.526 if they don't have a safe working environment. 00:09:22.526 --> 00:09:26.023 That's been the conventional wisdom. 00:09:26.023 --> 00:09:28.836 A lot of companies have fallen into that conventional wisdom. 00:09:28.836 --> 00:09:31.379 They resisted environmental improvement. 00:09:31.379 --> 00:09:36.813 They resisted workplace improvement. 00:09:36.813 --> 00:09:40.359 That thinking has led to, I think, 00:09:40.359 --> 00:09:41.879 much of the behavior 00:09:41.879 --> 00:09:43.815 that we have come to criticize in business, 00:09:43.815 --> 00:09:46.335 that I come to criticize in business. NOTE Paragraph 00:09:46.335 --> 00:09:49.868 But the more deeply I got into all these social issues, 00:09:49.868 --> 00:09:52.880 one after another, 00:09:52.880 --> 00:09:55.326 and actually, the more I tried to address them 00:09:55.326 --> 00:09:57.442 myself, personally, in a few cases, 00:09:57.442 --> 00:10:00.171 through nonprofits that I was involved with, 00:10:00.171 --> 00:10:03.109 the more I found actually that the reality 00:10:03.109 --> 00:10:05.643 is the opposite. 00:10:05.643 --> 00:10:06.889 Business does not profit 00:10:06.889 --> 00:10:08.591 from causing social problems, 00:10:08.591 --> 00:10:12.965 actually not in any fundamental sense. 00:10:12.965 --> 00:10:15.158 That's a very simplistic view. 00:10:15.158 --> 00:10:17.866 The deeper we get into these issues, 00:10:17.866 --> 00:10:19.711 the more we start to understand 00:10:19.711 --> 00:10:21.612 that actually business profits 00:10:21.612 --> 00:10:23.608 from solving from social problems. 00:10:23.608 --> 00:10:26.152 That's where the real profit comes. 00:10:26.152 --> 00:10:28.993 Let's take pollution. 00:10:28.993 --> 00:10:31.209 We've learned today that actually 00:10:31.209 --> 00:10:33.616 reducing pollution and emissions 00:10:33.616 --> 00:10:37.122 is generating profit. 00:10:37.122 --> 00:10:39.190 It saves money. 00:10:39.190 --> 00:10:40.888 It makes the business more productive and efficient. 00:10:40.888 --> 00:10:42.285 It doesn't waste resources. 00:10:42.285 --> 00:10:44.928 Having a safer working environment actually, 00:10:44.928 --> 00:10:46.416 and avoiding accidents, 00:10:46.416 --> 00:10:47.788 it makes the business more profitable, 00:10:47.788 --> 00:10:50.996 because it's a sign of good processes. 00:10:50.996 --> 00:10:55.027 Accidents are expensive and costly. 00:10:55.027 --> 00:10:57.631 Issue by issue by issue, we start to learn 00:10:57.631 --> 00:11:00.597 that actually there's no trade-off 00:11:00.597 --> 00:11:04.193 between social progress 00:11:04.193 --> 00:11:07.194 and economic efficiency 00:11:07.194 --> 00:11:09.287 in any fundamental sense. 00:11:09.287 --> 00:11:10.646 Another issue is health. 00:11:10.646 --> 00:11:13.215 I mean, what we've found is actually 00:11:13.215 --> 00:11:15.097 health of employees is something 00:11:15.097 --> 00:11:16.490 that business should treasure, 00:11:16.490 --> 00:11:18.818 because that health allows those employees 00:11:18.818 --> 00:11:20.227 to be more productive and come to work 00:11:20.227 --> 00:11:22.543 and not be absent. 00:11:22.543 --> 00:11:25.967 The deeper work, the new work, the new thinking 00:11:25.967 --> 00:11:30.151 on the interface between business and social problems 00:11:30.151 --> 00:11:33.069 is actually showing that there's a fundamental, 00:11:33.069 --> 00:11:34.988 deep synergy, 00:11:34.988 --> 00:11:38.916 particularly if you're not thinking in the very short run. 00:11:38.916 --> 00:11:40.754 In the very short run, you can sometimes 00:11:40.754 --> 00:11:42.855 fool yourself into thinking 00:11:42.855 --> 00:11:45.150 that there's fundamentally opposing goals, 00:11:45.150 --> 00:11:47.963 but in the long run, ultimately, we're learning 00:11:47.963 --> 00:11:52.159 in field after field that this is simply not true. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:52.159 --> 00:11:55.449 So how could we tap into 00:11:55.449 --> 00:11:58.171 the power of business 00:11:58.171 --> 00:12:00.374 to address the fundamental problems 00:12:00.374 --> 00:12:02.807 that we face? 00:12:02.807 --> 00:12:05.407 Imagine if we could do that, because if we could do it, 00:12:05.407 --> 00:12:07.447 we could scale. 00:12:07.447 --> 00:12:09.856 We could tap into this enormous resource pool 00:12:09.856 --> 00:12:12.754 and this organizational capacity. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:12.754 --> 00:12:18.244 And guess what? That's happening now, finally, 00:12:18.244 --> 00:12:22.257 partly because of people like you 00:12:22.257 --> 00:12:24.205 who have raised these issues now 00:12:24.205 --> 00:12:27.320 for year after year and decade after decade. 00:12:27.320 --> 00:12:29.728 We see organizations like Dow Chemical 00:12:29.728 --> 00:12:31.646 leading the revolution away from trans fat 00:12:31.646 --> 00:12:34.778 and saturated fat with innovative new products. 00:12:34.778 --> 00:12:36.731 This is an example of Jain Irrigation. 00:12:36.731 --> 00:12:39.282 This is a company that's brought drip irrigation technology 00:12:39.282 --> 00:12:41.951 to thousands and millions of farmers, 00:12:41.951 --> 00:12:45.002 reducing substantially the use of water. 00:12:45.002 --> 00:12:48.323 We see companies like the Brazilian forestry company Fibria 00:12:48.323 --> 00:12:49.806 that's figured out how to avoid 00:12:49.806 --> 00:12:51.685 tearing down old growth forest 00:12:51.685 --> 00:12:54.461 and using eucalyptus and getting much more yield 00:12:54.461 --> 00:12:56.451 per hectare of pulp 00:12:56.451 --> 00:12:58.419 and making much more paper than you could make 00:12:58.419 --> 00:13:00.528 by cutting down those old trees. 00:13:00.528 --> 00:13:03.408 You see companies like Cisco that are training 00:13:03.408 --> 00:13:07.564 so far four million people in I.T. skills 00:13:07.564 --> 00:13:09.507 to actually, yes, be responsible, 00:13:09.507 --> 00:13:11.938 but help expand the opportunity 00:13:11.938 --> 00:13:14.211 to disseminate I.T. technology 00:13:14.211 --> 00:13:15.513 and grow the whole business. 00:13:15.513 --> 00:13:20.134 There's a fundamental opportunity for business today 00:13:20.134 --> 00:13:24.190 to impact and address these social problems, 00:13:24.190 --> 00:13:25.514 and this opportunity 00:13:25.514 --> 00:13:28.782 is the largest business opportunity 00:13:28.782 --> 00:13:32.448 we see in business. NOTE Paragraph 00:13:32.448 --> 00:13:34.654 And the question is, how can we get business 00:13:34.654 --> 00:13:38.082 thinking to adapt this issue of shared value? 00:13:38.082 --> 00:13:39.891 This is what I call shared value: 00:13:39.891 --> 00:13:43.646 addressing a social issue with a business model. 00:13:43.646 --> 00:13:45.570 That's shared value. 00:13:45.570 --> 00:13:47.399 Shared value is capitalism, 00:13:47.399 --> 00:13:49.961 but it's a higher kind of capitalism. 00:13:49.961 --> 00:13:53.321 It's capitalism as it was ultimately meant to be, 00:13:53.321 --> 00:13:56.734 meeting important needs, 00:13:56.734 --> 00:13:59.557 not incrementally competing for 00:13:59.557 --> 00:14:02.820 trivial differences in product attributes 00:14:02.820 --> 00:14:04.553 and market share. 00:14:04.553 --> 00:14:06.772 Shared value is when we can create social value 00:14:06.772 --> 00:14:09.375 and economic value simultaneously. 00:14:09.375 --> 00:14:11.885 It's finding those opportunities 00:14:11.885 --> 00:14:14.950 that will unleash the greatest possibility we have 00:14:14.950 --> 00:14:16.941 to actually address these social problems 00:14:16.941 --> 00:14:18.974 because we can scale. 00:14:18.974 --> 00:14:22.530 We can address shared value at multiple levels. 00:14:22.530 --> 00:14:25.695 It's real. It's happening. NOTE Paragraph 00:14:25.695 --> 00:14:28.588 But in order to get this solution working, 00:14:28.588 --> 00:14:32.716 we have to now change how business sees itself, 00:14:32.716 --> 00:14:35.230 and this is thankfully underway. 00:14:35.230 --> 00:14:38.706 Businesses got trapped into the conventional wisdom 00:14:38.706 --> 00:14:40.554 that they shouldn't worry about social problems, 00:14:40.554 --> 00:14:42.596 that this was sort of something on the side, 00:14:42.596 --> 00:14:45.177 that somebody else was doing it. 00:14:45.177 --> 00:14:46.753 We're now seeing companies 00:14:46.753 --> 00:14:49.229 embrace this idea. 00:14:49.229 --> 00:14:51.418 But we also have to recognize business 00:14:51.418 --> 00:14:54.162 is not going to do this as effectively 00:14:54.162 --> 00:14:56.022 as if we have NGOs and government 00:14:56.022 --> 00:14:59.053 working in partnership with business. 00:14:59.053 --> 00:15:02.061 The new NGOs that are really moving the needle 00:15:02.061 --> 00:15:04.244 are the ones that have found these partnerships, 00:15:04.244 --> 00:15:06.061 that have found these ways to collaborate. 00:15:06.061 --> 00:15:08.534 The governments that are making the most progress 00:15:08.534 --> 00:15:10.148 are the governments that have found ways 00:15:10.148 --> 00:15:13.799 to enable shared value in business 00:15:13.799 --> 00:15:16.920 rather than see government as the only player 00:15:16.920 --> 00:15:19.934 that has to call the shots. 00:15:19.934 --> 00:15:22.406 And government has many ways in which it could impact 00:15:22.406 --> 00:15:24.720 the willingness and the ability of companies 00:15:24.720 --> 00:15:26.714 to compete in this way. NOTE Paragraph 00:15:26.714 --> 00:15:29.663 I think if we can get business seeing itself differently, 00:15:29.663 --> 00:15:32.206 and if we can get others seeing business differently, 00:15:32.206 --> 00:15:35.011 we can change the world. 00:15:35.011 --> 00:15:38.216 I know it. I'm seeing it. 00:15:38.216 --> 00:15:40.166 I'm feeling it. 00:15:40.166 --> 00:15:41.861 Young people, I think, 00:15:41.861 --> 00:15:45.041 my Harvard Business School students, are getting it. 00:15:45.041 --> 00:15:49.363 If we can break down this sort of divide, 00:15:49.363 --> 00:15:52.373 this unease, this tension, 00:15:52.373 --> 00:15:54.303 this sense that we're not 00:15:54.303 --> 00:15:56.543 fundamentally collaborating here 00:15:56.543 --> 00:15:58.893 in driving these social problems, 00:15:58.893 --> 00:16:00.997 we can break this down, 00:16:00.997 --> 00:16:02.997 and we finally, I think, 00:16:02.997 --> 00:16:05.629 can have solutions. NOTE Paragraph 00:16:05.629 --> 00:16:08.429 Thank you. NOTE Paragraph 00:16:08.429 --> 00:16:11.151 (Applause)