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电子游戏属于每个人

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哪怕残障玩家也能享受游戏

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只要开发者做出特定设计

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或引入特别选项

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在往期节目里

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我探讨了游戏如何更好地照顾听觉

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视觉

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和运动障碍者

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我们谈了色盲模式

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按键重映射

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和字幕准则

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本系列最后一期节目

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我要谈的是

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认知障碍

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其中涵盖了…

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癫痫

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阅读障碍

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学习障碍

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尽管这些障碍看上去很难克服

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但设计师还是有很多办法

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来提升这类玩家的游戏体验

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模拟器眩晕症

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模拟器眩晕症，简单来说

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就是眼睛感受到运动刺激

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内耳却以为你静止不动

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这种不协调会让身体感到不适

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这种症状多见于3D游戏

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特别是第一和第三人称视角

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这里没有一刀切的办法

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只能提供丰富选项

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让玩家找出适合自己的设置

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比如允许玩家关闭镜头特效

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包括

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武器晃动

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呼吸起伏

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震屏效果

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动态模糊

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允许修改画面视场角也是个好办法

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还有灵敏度

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能减少画面大幅晃动

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在第一人称游戏里

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你还可以让玩家打开准心

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哪怕是非射击游戏，如《见证者》

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作为设计师，你得避免镜头出人意料地大幅运动

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换镜应尽量平滑

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而非跳跃和快速缩放

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这显然对VR游戏尤为重要

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但那是另一话题了

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不过，我已将有关VR眩晕症的GDC演讲和Gamasutra文章链接

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附在了视频简介

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感官负载

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在游戏中，这表现为人们无法承受画面的视觉刺激

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比如强光

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持续闪光

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和事物密集涌现

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这会引起多种影响感官的疾病，包括

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自闭症

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偏头痛

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乃至意想不到的

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光敏性癫痫

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引起游戏感官超载的原因有二

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快速闪光

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密集排列

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所以设计师要察觉这些元素

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并允许玩家禁用它们

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《形状节奏》有关闭闪光的选项

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《星露谷物语》则允许调节雪花效果

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因为后者可能引发密集恐惧

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你可以试试育碧等大型开发商所用的一款软件

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名为“闪光和密集检测器”（Harding FPA）

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你只要上传一段录制的游戏视频

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它就能检测出其中不符合健康标准的画面

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“阅读障碍”是个统称

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泛指个人阅读能力与认知水平不匹配的症状

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阅读障碍玩家在阅读游戏文本时会非常吃力

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因此

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游戏文本要尽可能清晰易读

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我在“字幕设计”那期讲过

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要用干净整洁的无衬线字体

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区分大小写

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使用1.5倍行距

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避免每行超过70个字符

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确保文本背景稳定

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这样字体显示就不受干扰了

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此外还可以使用专门设计的易读字体

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比如免费的Open Dyslexic

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或FS-ME

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恐怖像素风游戏《最后一扇门》

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就提供了Open Dyslexic选项

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开发人员称通关玩家有14%使用了这种字体

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还有，要避免文本自动播放

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某些玩家需要更多时间进行阅读理解

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最好是让文本停留，直到玩家点击才播下一段

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执行功能

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“执行功能”是指我们获取信息、思考并采取行动的能力

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有学习困难的患者

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要花更长时间完成上述步骤

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以下是一些降低门槛的办法

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简化信息

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首先，清晰简明地引导玩家操作

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在《刺客信条：奥德赛》里

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游戏角色会在过场动画给出下个目标

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但之后，游戏界面依然会简明地显示这些目标

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并高亮关键词

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这些文字会在执行任务时一直显示

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这样玩家就记得要做啥了

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接着你可能还要提供筛选信息的功能

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比如地图界面的过滤器，只显示真正重要的内容

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或《文明5》的六角地图

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有助于玩家理解世界地图

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导航帮助

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认路对某些玩家来说可能很难

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所以要考虑提供路标选项

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小地图

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标记工具

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甚至是大导航箭头

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《荒野大镖客：救赎2》开启GPS后

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会出现一条红线指路

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《超级马力欧：奥德赛》“辅助模式”会在地上画蓝箭头

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指引你前往下个目的地

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教程与练习

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入门教程有助于玩家热身，熟悉玩法

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但让认知障碍玩家更易上手的办法

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是允许他们随时重玩教程

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或去菜单里查看指南

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界面复杂的游戏，如《城市：天际线》

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有可选的提示框和帮助窗口，提醒玩家界面各处的功能

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哪怕他们已玩完教程

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“练习模式”也是个好办法

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许多对战游戏都有这个模式，让你用自定义角色练习

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离线对抗AI

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玩家因此能毫无压力地锻炼技能

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这同样适用于单人游戏

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中心世界，比如《超级马力欧64》的城堡

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让玩家能在一个安全无害的环境中熟悉操作并练习

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《猎天使魔女》载入关卡时会有出招练习

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让玩家在开战前有时间熟悉操作

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暂停 与 游戏速度

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还有“暂停”功能

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它让玩家能喘口气

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并思考后续操作

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暂停页面可显示有用信息，如当前目标

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或展示游戏静止画面

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让玩家能安心评估环境

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无需担心敌人和危险

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某些游戏还把暂停融入玩法，如《模拟人生》

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你可以在游戏里暂停时间，仔细查看

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“辐射”系列里，VATS模式让疯狂的射击

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变得更像策略游戏

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还有些游戏允许玩家调慢全局节奏

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比如《蔚蓝》

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让你在“辅助模式”下调整游戏速度

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降低精准跳跃的难度

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手动存档

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手动存档会让玩家更有掌控感

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他们先存档，然后尝试各种策略

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搞砸也不怕，回到之前的存档点重来就行

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给存档加上游戏截图就更棒了

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这有助于玩家辨认存档位置

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难度选项

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允许玩家降低游戏难度也是个好办法

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你会有更多时间思考

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Game Over前有更多机会去试错

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大部分游戏只提供“简单”、“中等”、“困难”等选项

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它们只是调整玩家和敌人的血量

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潜行游戏的守卫警觉度

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或赛车游戏的对手车速

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但有些游戏会让你修改、甚至禁用

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某些机制和规则

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比如“耻辱”让你修改一切，包括敌人伤害、攻击频率

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药水回复量和守卫勇敢度

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《暗黑地牢》则允许禁用带来压力的规则，比如

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怪物死后的尸体会挡路

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某些游戏更进一步

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海底恐怖游戏《活体脑细胞》让你能完全无视敌人

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《Furi》则有“无敌模式”

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你可以毫无压力地痛扁Boss

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所以，让你的游戏对认知障碍玩家更友好

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并非难于登天

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但正如这几期节目所说

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最好的办法还是让残障玩家亲身试玩

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与他们合作设计改善游戏体验的选项

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你做得越多，整个行业就会…

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朝着“人人都能从游戏受益”的目标更进一步

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“善待残障玩家”系列节目就此告一段落

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我会在日后的视频中探讨更多

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感谢收看

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再次感谢Game Accessibility Guidelines的Ian

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你可以点击屏幕上的播放列表查看本系列完整视频

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（B站请查看置顶评论）