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Rutger Bregman[br]Basic Income for everyone

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Ladies and Gentlemen,

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today I'd like to share[br]a big idea with you.

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In fact, I believe it could be

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one of the biggest ideas[br]of the 21st century.

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It's and idea that[br]could unite politicians

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from the left to the right

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in fixing our broken[br]social security system.

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It's an idea that could[br]give dignity to millions

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and accomplish what we should have[br]accomplished long ago

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especially in our rich[br]and wealthy countries:

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eradicating poverty.

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But first,

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I have to be honest with you:

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it's actually not my idea.

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Now, in fact it's[br]the idea of this man,

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Thomas Payne,

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who sadly wasn't able[br]to make it today

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(Laughter)

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because -- well,[br]he died 200 years ago.

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But it was also[br]the idea of these guys:

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some of history's greatest thinkers.

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Now I can hear you think:

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What kind of idea[br]could unite men so different

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such as the civil rights campaigner,

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Martin Luther King, on the one hand,

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and the free market[br]economist Milton Friedman,

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on the other hand?

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What idea could[br]unite thinkers so different

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such as Thomas Payne,[br]who thought that the government

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is the solution to most of our problems,

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and on the other hand,[br]Friedrik von Hayek,

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the Austrian economist,[br]who said that, well,

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the Government is in fact[br]the problem, most of the time.

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What is this idea, that goes[br]against the spirit of our time,

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right through[br]the old political divisions

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between the left and the right?

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What is this great idea,[br]this Utopian idea

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that so many of[br]history's greatest thinkers

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have been dreaming[br]about for centuries,

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yet which has failed to come true,

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so far?

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Well, some people call it[br]the "citizen's dividend";

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other people call it[br]the "basic income."

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Now, I like to call it

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"free money for everyone."

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Now, that sounds good, right?

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I know, it also sounds

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like a Utopian fantasy,

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something that will never come true,

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especially not in our lifetime.

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But I want to remind you beforehand:

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Utopias have a tendency[br]of coming true.

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Just think of how[br]the end of slavery,

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equal rights for men and women,[br]and democracy,

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they were all regarded[br]as impossible ideals, once.

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But in history, there is[br]something called progress.

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So let's start with this[br]simple, basic question:

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What is the basic income?

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Well, it is a monthly grant,

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enough to pay for your basic needs:

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food, shelter, education.

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That's it.

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Now, some of you might ask:

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Don't we have this already?

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Isn't there something[br]called social security,

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don't we have the welfare state?

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Well, yes, but the basic income[br]is something entirely different.

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In the first place, it's universal,

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so everyone would get it.

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Whether you're a billionaire or a beggar,

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whether you're a man or a woman,[br]employed or unemployed,

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the basic income is a right,

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a right as a citizen of your country.

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Moreover, it's also unconditional,

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so you get it no matter what.

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No one's going to tell you[br]what you have to do with it;

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no one's going to tell you[br]what you have to do for it.

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The basic income is not a favor,

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but it's a right, just like, for example,

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the freedom of speech is a right as well.

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But most importantly,

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in the past few decades,[br]in the past 30 or 40 years,

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it has become more than just an idea.

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"Free money for everyone"

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is more than just an idea nowadays,

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it has become a proven idea.

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As you can see on this map,

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there have been experiments

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-- this map is from 2012, by the way --

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there have been experiments[br]all over the world

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and especially in the South,

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from Mexico to Brazil,[br]from South Africa to India,

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researchers and governments[br]have experimented

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with giving people free money.

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This map shows all the[br]"cash transfer programs"

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as they call them, that reach[br]at least 5,000 individuals.

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And there have also been[br]very large-scale experiments

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in the 70s and 80s in Canada[br]and in the United States.

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They're almost forgotten nowadays,

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but they were a big success.

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Now, what researchers have shown,[br]time and time and again,

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by comparing a test group[br]of poor people who receive free money,

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and a similar control group,[br]so that they could see the effects --

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time and time again, they have shown[br]that free money results in --

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well, lower inequality,[br]lower poverty, obviously;

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but it also results in[br]less infant mortality,

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lower health care costs,[br]lower crime rates,

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better school completion records,

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less truancy, higher economic growth,

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better emancipation rates,

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and all kinds of other[br]positive social outcomes.

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Time and time again,[br]researchers have shown

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that free money may be[br]the most efficient,

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the cheapest, and the most civilized way

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to combat poverty.

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Now, I'm not going to[br]be able to summarize

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all the experiments that happened on it,

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so I want to tell you[br]about just one experiment

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that was done a few years ago[br]in the City of London.

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Now, this was an experiment[br]with some homeless men.

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To be exact, 13 homeless men

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that lived on the streets of London.

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They were "street veterans":

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Some of them had been living[br]on the cold tiles of "square mile",

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which is the financial district of London,

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for more than 40 years.

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And I have to mention,

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their presence was far from cheap --

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think of health care costs,

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legal cost, policing costs --

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they were costing[br]the British taxpayers

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hundreds of thousands[br]of pounds every year.

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So, everything had been[br]tried at that point

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and it was time for something new.

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In the spring of 2009,[br]a local charity decided:

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Well, why not try free money instead?

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So, each of the homeless men[br]received £3,000.

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Cash.

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No strings attached.

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They were completely free to decide

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whatever they wanted to do with the money.

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The only question they had[br]to answer for themselves was:

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What do you think is good for you?

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Counseling services[br]were completely optional.

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Now, of course, most of the aid workers,

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they didn't have high expectations:

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they thought that, well,

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the men are probably going[br]to spend the money

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on alcohol or drugs or gambling[br]or something like that.

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But then, something amazing happened.

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What happened in the first place was

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that the men turned out[br]to be extremely frugal

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with the money they received.

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At the end of the first year

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only £800 had been spent on average.

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And what did they spend it on?

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A phone or a passport[br]or a dictionary,

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each had his own idea

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of what would be best for him.

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Moreover, a year later[br]the impossible had happened;

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7 out of 13 of the men[br]had a roof above their head.

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Two more had applied for housing.

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Some of the men took gardening classes;

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another learned how to cook, for example.

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They visited their children, again.

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And all of the men[br]made plans for the future.

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It sort of seemed as if[br]the cash had empowered them.

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Now, I don't know if there's[br]a politician in the room,

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but a politician would[br]probably ask at this point:

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Well, this is a very interesting story,

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but what did it cost?

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What did the experiment cost?

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Well, the answer is £50,000,

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including the wages of the aid workers.

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So, in addition to giving[br]at least seven individuals

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another shot at life,[br]the project had saved money

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by a factor of at least seven.

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And this is a very[br]conservative estimate.

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Even the liberal,[br]free market magazine,

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The Economist,[br]concluded at that point:

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The most effeicient way to spend[br]money on the homeless

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might be just to give it to them.

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(Laughter)

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Experiments such as these, and[br]they've been done all around the world,

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show us that we need to rethink[br]what poverty actually is.

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Poverty is not a lack of character;

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poverty is a lack of money!

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Nothing more, nothing less.

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So, it turns out that it's a great idea

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just to give money to the poor[br]if you want to resolve that problem.

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Ladies and gentlemen,

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we are living through a time and age

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in which our societies and economies[br]are changing faster than ever.

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It's an age of automation;

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the robots are coming for our jobs.

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Now, this will bring, obviously,[br]great prosperity,

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but it also means that[br]we will have to adjust.

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If we do not adjust,

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if we keep applying the[br]solutions of the 20th century

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to the challenges of the 21st century,

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then the middle class will crumble,[br]and inequality will soar.

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And truly this is a dystopian future.

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Nowadays, governments are obsessed

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with pushing people into jobs,

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even when there are no jobs.

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It's like the great inventor[br]Buckminster Fuller once said:

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So we have inspectors of inspectors,

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and people making instruments[br]for inspectors to inspect inspectors.

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The true business of people[br]should be to go back to school

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and think about whatever[br]it was they were doing

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before somebody told them

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they had to earn a living.

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I believe that the basic income[br]is a better alternative

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to our current welfare mess.

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But I have to admit, throughout history,

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there have always been[br]three arguments against it,

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three formidable objections.

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The first goes something like this:

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Oh, it's an interesting idea, but --

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I've done some calculations[br]and it's too expensive.

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Sorry, can't pay for it.[br]It's not going to work.

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Now, this might have been true

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in the times of Thomas Payne,[br]200 years ago,

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when almost everyone,[br]almost everywhere,

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was sick, poor, hungry and ugly.

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(Laughter)

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But it's not true anymore.

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As a society, we are richer than ever!

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I'd like to see the basic income

0:11:09.080,0:11:10.519
as a dividend of progress.

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Because our forefathers worked so hard

0:11:12.720,0:11:15.039
to achieve our current[br]level of prosperity,

0:11:15.039,0:11:17.240
we can now afford to give everyone

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a share of their accomplishments.

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And remember,

0:11:23.373,0:11:28.440
eradicating poverty[br]is actually an investment.

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An economist calculated

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that it would cost about $175b

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to eradicate poverty in United States.

0:11:37.120,0:11:38.799
That's quite a lot of money, right?

0:11:38.799,0:11:42.960
$175b each year --

0:11:42.960,0:11:47.039
But it's only a quarter[br]of the country's military budget.

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So this is entirely possible,[br]it's entirely doable.

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And after ten, or maybe twenty years,

0:11:52.991,0:11:55.662
it wll turn out that the investment[br]has paid for itself.

0:11:55.662,0:11:59.463
Because the government will save billions[br]in lower health care costs,

0:11:59.463,0:12:01.240
there will be less crime,

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and there will be lots more[br]productive citizens

0:12:04.679,0:12:07.200
who will be able[br]to fulfill their dreams.

0:12:07.200,0:12:09.919
So, let's move onto[br]the second objection,

0:12:09.919,0:12:11.919
maybe that one's better.

0:12:11.919,0:12:13.360
The second objection is:

0:12:13.360,0:12:15.559
Ah, this is an interesting idea,

0:12:15.559,0:12:17.465
we might be able to pay for it,

0:12:17.465,0:12:19.131
but um --

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when you give people free money,

0:12:20.919,0:12:22.879
they will stop working!

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You know, it's human nature,[br]people are lazy,

0:12:27.120,0:12:29.320
nothing can be done about that.

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The interesting thing, here, is that

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if I asked each one of you, in this room:

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Would you stop working when I'll give you,

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you know, about 1000 € each month?

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About 99% of you would say:

0:12:41.639,0:12:47.759
Of course not. I've got dreams,[br]I've got ambitions,

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I'm not going to sit on the couch, no.

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But if I asked[br]each and everyone of you,

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What would other people do,

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when they receive[br]1000 € each month?

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I think about 99% of you would say:

0:13:00.200,0:13:02.260
Yeah, other people,

0:13:02.260,0:13:04.200
they'll probably stop working!

0:13:04.200,0:13:05.690
(Laughter)

0:13:05.690,0:13:09.440
You know, it's human nature,[br]they're lazy --

0:13:09.440,0:13:12.300
If that's what you're thinking,[br]I've got some news for you.

0:13:12.300,0:13:15.240
The experiments that were[br]conducted all over the world,

0:13:15.240,0:13:17.679
and also common sense, actually tell us

0:13:17.679,0:13:21.080
that most people want[br]to contribute to society.

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Most people want to make[br]something of their lives!

0:13:24.799,0:13:27.089
In fact some of the[br]experiments have shown

0:13:27.089,0:13:29.112
that poor people, especially poor people,

0:13:29.112,0:13:32.679
actually work more,[br]when you give them a free grant.

0:13:32.679,0:13:35.080
Because it gives them the opportunity

0:13:35.080,0:13:38.089
to invest in their lives,[br]or in their business, for example.

0:13:39.879,0:13:42.000
The third objection,[br]ladies and gentlemen,

0:13:42.000,0:13:46.720
might be the most difficult to overcome.

0:13:46.720,0:13:48.399
I hear people sometimes say:

0:13:48.399,0:13:50.279
"Well, this is a great idea.

0:13:50.279,0:13:53.840
We might be able to pay for it[br]and I won't stop working,

0:13:53.840,0:13:56.000
and maybe they won't too --

0:13:56.000,0:14:00.200
-- but er -- this is too big!

0:14:00.200,0:14:04.679
You know, politicians nowadays[br]they're too busy with themselves.

0:14:04.679,0:14:07.980
And it's never going to happen,[br]they're always shortsighted,

0:14:07.980,0:14:10.120
and this is just too big an idea.

0:14:10.120,0:14:12.669
I don't think it's going to happen."

0:14:12.669,0:14:16.180
Well, if that's what you're thinking,[br]I want to introduce you to this man.

0:14:20.000,0:14:21.740
You know him, right?

0:14:21.740,0:14:23.500
This is Richard Nixon.

0:14:23.500,0:14:25.759
The conservative president,

0:14:25.759,0:14:28.440
the corrupt president, from[br]the Watergate scandal?

0:14:28.440,0:14:32.120
Yes! It was this man[br]who almost implemented

0:14:32.120,0:14:34.799
a modest basic income[br]at the beginning of the 70s

0:14:34.799,0:14:36.360
in the United States.

0:14:36.360,0:14:38.600
It almost happened!

0:14:38.600,0:14:42.679
His proposal got through[br]the House of Representatives

0:14:42.679,0:14:45.429
and it hit the Senate floor[br]where doubts returned

0:14:45.429,0:14:47.480
because some more[br]progressive senators said:

0:14:47.480,0:14:50.509
Oh, this is a great idea,[br]but we want a larger basic income,

0:14:50.509,0:14:52.856
so we're going to reject this proposal,[br]and --

0:14:52.856,0:14:55.879
well, we never heard of it again.

0:14:55.879,0:14:59.759
It's an almost forgotten episode[br]in the history of United States.

0:14:59.759,0:15:03.440
But it shows us[br]that of course it's possible.

0:15:03.440,0:15:05.240
Remember, once again:

0:15:05.240,0:15:09.960
Utopias have a tendency of coming true.

0:15:09.960,0:15:11.399
The end of slavery,

0:15:11.399,0:15:13.720
equal rights for men and women, democracy,

0:15:13.720,0:15:18.080
they were all regarded as[br]impossible Utopian ideals once.

0:15:18.080,0:15:21.200
But in history, there is[br]something called progress,

0:15:21.200,0:15:24.879
however slow and erratic it might be.

0:15:24.879,0:15:29.159
All we need is a little[br]more patience, sometimes.

0:15:29.159,0:15:33.340
All we need is a lot[br]more collective ambition.

0:15:34.840,0:15:39.089
Now, I understand that a short TED talk[br]is probably not enough to convince you

0:15:39.089,0:15:41.360
that free money for everyone[br]is going to be

0:15:41.360,0:15:43.519
the biggest idea of the 21st century.

0:15:43.519,0:15:45.679
So, I encourage you[br]to read more about it,

0:15:45.679,0:15:47.919
to look at the evidence for yourself,

0:15:47.919,0:15:53.159
and think: Isn't it time[br]to update my worldview?

0:15:53.159,0:15:58.120
As I said, our ideas often[br]lag behind the speed

0:15:58.120,0:16:01.159
at which our societies[br]and economies are changing.

0:16:01.159,0:16:05.039
The basic income may not be implemented[br]in the next 3 or 4 years,

0:16:05.039,0:16:09.639
but it may be implemented[br]in the next 30 or 40 years.

0:16:09.639,0:16:12.159
Ideas can and do change the world.

0:16:12.159,0:16:14.600
In fact, history is ruled by little else.

0:16:14.600,0:16:18.819
It's like the famous Irish poet,[br]Oscar Wilde, once said:

0:16:18.819,0:16:24.039
"Stronger than a thousand armies[br]is an idea whose time has come."

0:16:24.039,0:16:26.669
And I believe that in this century[br]the time has come

0:16:26.669,0:16:29.269
for free money for everyone.

0:16:29.279,0:16:30.679
Thank you very much.

0:16:30.679,0:16:33.679
(Applause)