[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.64,0:00:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the dawn of 1863,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.98,0:00:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and London’s \Nnot-yet-opened subway system,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.94,0:00:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first of its kind in the world, \Nhad the city in an uproar.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.18,0:00:20.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Digging a hole under the city \Nand putting a railroad in it
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.09,0:00:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seemed the stuff of dreams.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.56,0:00:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pub drinkers scoffed at the idea
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.76,0:00:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a local minister accused the railway\Ncompany of trying to break into hell.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.62,0:00:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people simply thought the project,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.92,0:00:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which cost more than\N100 million dollars in today’s money,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.42,0:00:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would never work.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.99,0:00:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it did.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.73,0:00:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On January 10, 1863,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.11,0:00:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30,000 people ventured underground \Nto travel on the world’s first subway
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.25,0:00:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a four-mile stretch of line in London.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.65,0:00:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After three years of construction\Nand a few setbacks,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.68,0:00:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Metropolitan Railway \Nwas ready for business.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.20,0:00:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The city’s officials were much relieved.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.60,0:01:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They’d been desperate to find a way
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.54,0:01:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reduce the terrible \Ncongestion on the roads.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.85,0:01:08.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,London, at the time the world’s largest \Nand most prosperous city,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.34,0:01:10.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was in a permanent state of gridlock,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.83,0:01:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with carts,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.68,0:01:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,costermongers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.70,0:01:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cows,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.47,0:01:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and commuters jamming the roads.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.14,0:01:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’d been a Victorian visionary, \NCharles Pearson,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.16,0:01:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who first thought of putting railways \Nunder the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.34,0:01:26.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He’d lobbied for underground trains \Nthroughout the 1840s,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.93,0:01:29.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but opponents thought the idea\Nwas impractical
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.91,0:01:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the railroads at the time \Nonly had short tunnels under hills.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.44,0:01:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How could you get a railway \Nthrough the center of a city?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.75,0:01:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer was a simple system \Ncalled "cut and cover."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.03,0:01:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Workers had to dig a huge trench,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.62,0:01:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,construct a tunnel out of brick archways,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.35,0:01:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then refill the hole \Nover the newly built tunnel.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.06,0:01:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because this was disruptive
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.58,0:01:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and required the demolition \Nof buildings above the tunnels,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.50,0:01:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the line went\Nunder existing roads.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.47,0:02:00.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, there were accidents.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.87,0:02:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On one occasion, a heavy rainstorm \Nflooded the nearby sewers
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.84,0:02:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and burst through the excavation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.36,0:02:09.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,delaying the project by several months.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.97,0:02:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as soon as \Nthe Metropolitan Railway opened,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.04,0:02:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Londoners rushed in \Nto ride the new trains.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.21,0:02:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Metropolitan quickly became \Na vital part of London’s transport system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.21,0:02:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Additional lines were soon built,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.42,0:02:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and new suburbs grew around the stations.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.63,0:02:28.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Big department stores opened \Nnext to the railroad,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.31,0:02:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the railway company \Neven created attractions,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.18,0:02:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a 30-story Ferris wheel in Earls\NCourt to bring in tourists by train.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.28,0:02:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Within 30 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.62,0:02:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,London’s subway system covered \N80 kilometers,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.42,0:02:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with lines in the center of town\Nrunning in tunnels,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.46,0:02:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and suburban trains operating \Non the surface, often on embankments.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.98,0:02:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But London was still growing,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.84,0:02:53.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and everyone wanted \Nto be connected to the system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.81,0:02:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the late 1880s,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.26,0:02:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the city had become too dense with\Nbuildings, sewers, and electric cables
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.74,0:03:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the "cut and cover" technique,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.90,0:03:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so a new system had to be devised.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.38,0:03:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using a machine \Ncalled the Greathead Shield,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.32,0:03:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a team of just 12 workers could \Nbore through the earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.16,0:03:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carving deep underground tunnels \Nthrough the London clay.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.08,0:03:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These new lines, called tubes,\Nwere at varying depths,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.16,0:03:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but usually about 25 meters deeper than \Nthe "cut and cover" lines.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.33,0:03:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This meant their construction \Ndidn’t disturb the surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.44,0:03:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was possible \Nto dig under buildings.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.34,0:03:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first tube line, \Nthe City and South London,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.49,0:03:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,opened in 1890 and proved so successful
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.05,0:03:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that half a dozen more lines \Nwere built in the next 20 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.03,0:03:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This clever new technology was even used \Nto burrow several lines
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.76,0:03:47.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under London’s river, the Thames.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.39,0:03:49.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the early 20th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.82,0:03:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Budapest,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.54,0:03:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Berlin,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.26,0:03:51.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Paris,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.100,0:03:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and New York
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.86,0:03:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had all built subways of their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.54,0:03:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And today, with more than 160 cities \Nin 55 countries
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.96,0:04:02.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using underground rails \Nto combat congestion,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.100,0:04:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can thank Charles Pearson\Nand the Metropolitan Railway
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.80,0:04:09.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for getting us started on the right track.