1 00:00:01,000 --> 00:00:03,916 I am the daughter of a forger, 2 00:00:03,916 --> 00:00:05,861 not just any forger ... 3 00:00:05,861 --> 00:00:08,778 When you hear the word "forger," you often understand "mercenary." 4 00:00:08,778 --> 00:00:12,300 You understand "forged currency," "forged pictures." 5 00:00:12,300 --> 00:00:14,612 My father is no such man. 6 00:00:14,612 --> 00:00:15,800 For 30 years of his life, 7 00:00:15,800 --> 00:00:18,502 he made false papers -- 8 00:00:18,502 --> 00:00:20,447 never for himself, always for other people, 9 00:00:20,447 --> 00:00:24,336 and to come to the aid of the persecuted and the oppressed. 10 00:00:24,336 --> 00:00:26,500 Let me introduce him. 11 00:00:26,500 --> 00:00:29,500 Here is my father at age 19. 12 00:00:29,500 --> 00:00:33,500 It all began for him during World War II, 13 00:00:33,500 --> 00:00:35,500 when at age 17 he found himself thrust 14 00:00:35,500 --> 00:00:37,200 into a forged documents workshop. 15 00:00:37,200 --> 00:00:41,700 He quickly became the false papers expert of the Resistance. 16 00:00:41,700 --> 00:00:43,500 And it's not a banal story -- 17 00:00:43,500 --> 00:00:46,500 after the liberation he continued 18 00:00:46,500 --> 00:00:49,600 to make false papers until the '70s. 19 00:00:49,600 --> 00:00:51,250 When I was a child 20 00:00:51,250 --> 00:00:53,398 I knew nothing about this, of course. 21 00:00:53,398 --> 00:00:55,900 This is me in the middle making faces. 22 00:00:55,900 --> 00:00:58,232 I grew up in the Paris suburbs 23 00:00:58,232 --> 00:01:02,121 and I was the youngest of three children. 24 00:01:02,121 --> 00:01:05,011 I had a "normal" dad like everybody else, 25 00:01:05,011 --> 00:01:06,956 apart from the fact that he was 30 years older than ... 26 00:01:06,956 --> 00:01:10,845 well, he was basically old enough to be my grandfather. 27 00:01:10,845 --> 00:01:13,800 Anyway, he was a photographer and a street educator, 28 00:01:13,800 --> 00:01:17,400 and he always taught us to obey the law very strictly. 29 00:01:17,400 --> 00:01:19,700 And, of course, he never talked about his past life 30 00:01:19,700 --> 00:01:21,900 when he was a forger. 31 00:01:21,900 --> 00:01:24,459 There was, however, an incident I'm going to tell you about, 32 00:01:24,459 --> 00:01:27,376 that perhaps could have led me suspect something. 33 00:01:27,376 --> 00:01:30,293 I was in high school and got a bad grade, 34 00:01:30,293 --> 00:01:32,238 a rare event for me, 35 00:01:32,238 --> 00:01:35,183 so I decided to hide it from my parents. 36 00:01:35,183 --> 00:01:39,072 In order to do that, I set out to forge their signature. 37 00:01:39,072 --> 00:01:42,200 I started working on my mother's signature, 38 00:01:42,200 --> 00:01:44,907 because my father's is absolutely impossible to forge. 39 00:01:44,907 --> 00:01:47,824 So, I got working. I took some sheets of paper 40 00:01:47,824 --> 00:01:50,741 and started practicing, practicing, practicing, 41 00:01:50,742 --> 00:01:52,686 until I reached what I thought was a steady hand, 42 00:01:52,686 --> 00:01:54,630 and went into action. 43 00:01:54,631 --> 00:01:57,000 Later, while checking my school bag, 44 00:01:57,000 --> 00:02:00,492 my mother got hold of my school assignment and immediately saw that the signature was forged. 45 00:02:00,492 --> 00:02:02,437 She yelled at me like she never had before. 46 00:02:02,437 --> 00:02:05,354 I went to hide in my bedroom, under the blankets, 47 00:02:05,354 --> 00:02:08,299 and then I waited for my father to come back from work 48 00:02:08,299 --> 00:02:10,189 with, one could say, much apprehension. 49 00:02:10,189 --> 00:02:12,161 I heard him come in. 50 00:02:12,161 --> 00:02:16,078 I remained under the blankets. He entered my room, 51 00:02:16,078 --> 00:02:18,023 sat on the corner of the bed, 52 00:02:18,023 --> 00:02:20,913 and he was silent, so I pulled the blanket from my head, 53 00:02:20,913 --> 00:02:23,830 and when he saw me he started laughing. 54 00:02:23,830 --> 00:02:26,747 He was laughing so hard, he could not stop and he was holding my assignment in his hand. 55 00:02:26,747 --> 00:02:31,100 Then he said, "But really, Sarah, you could have worked harder! Can't you see it's really too small?" 56 00:02:31,100 --> 00:02:37,000 Indeed, it's rather small. 57 00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:39,000 I was born in Algeria. 58 00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:42,305 There I would hear people say my father was a "moudjahid" 59 00:02:42,305 --> 00:02:43,500 and that means "fighter." 60 00:02:43,500 --> 00:02:48,084 Later on, in France, I loved eavesdropping on grownups' conversations, 61 00:02:48,084 --> 00:02:51,001 and I would hear all sorts of stories about my father's previous life, 62 00:02:51,001 --> 00:02:53,919 especially that he had "done" World War II, 63 00:02:53,919 --> 00:02:55,863 that he had "done" the Algerian war. 64 00:02:55,863 --> 00:02:58,781 And in my head I would be thinking that "doing" a war meant being a soldier. 65 00:02:58,781 --> 00:03:02,698 But knowing my father, and how he kept saying that he was a pacifist and non-violent, 66 00:03:02,698 --> 00:03:06,000 I found it very hard to picture him with a helmet and gun. 67 00:03:06,000 --> 00:03:08,000 And indeed, I was very far from the mark. 68 00:03:08,000 --> 00:03:11,200 One day, while my father was working on a file 69 00:03:11,200 --> 00:03:14,366 for us to obtain French nationality, 70 00:03:14,366 --> 00:03:16,311 I happened to see some documents 71 00:03:16,311 --> 00:03:18,728 that caught my attention. 72 00:03:18,728 --> 00:03:20,400 These are real! 73 00:03:20,400 --> 00:03:23,118 These are mine, I was born an Argentinean. 74 00:03:23,118 --> 00:03:24,900 But the document I happened to see 75 00:03:24,900 --> 00:03:27,007 that would help us build a case for the authorities 76 00:03:27,007 --> 00:03:29,700 was a document from the army 77 00:03:29,700 --> 00:03:32,869 that thanked my father for his work 78 00:03:32,869 --> 00:03:34,788 on behalf of the secret services. 79 00:03:34,788 --> 00:03:37,705 And then, suddenly, I went "wow!" 80 00:03:37,705 --> 00:03:39,400 My father, a secret agent? 81 00:03:39,400 --> 00:03:41,566 It was very James Bond. 82 00:03:41,566 --> 00:03:46,455 I wanted to ask him questions, which he didn't answer. 83 00:03:46,455 --> 00:03:49,400 And later, I told myself that 84 00:03:49,400 --> 00:03:52,000 one day I would have to question him. 85 00:03:52,000 --> 00:03:54,151 And then I became a mother and had a son, 86 00:03:54,151 --> 00:03:57,300 and finally decided it was time -- that he absolutely had to talk to us. 87 00:03:57,300 --> 00:03:59,300 I had become a mother 88 00:03:59,300 --> 00:04:01,300 and he was celebrating his 77th birthday, 89 00:04:01,300 --> 00:04:03,600 and suddenly I was very, very afraid. 90 00:04:03,600 --> 00:04:05,848 I feared he'd go 91 00:04:05,848 --> 00:04:07,793 and take his silences with him, 92 00:04:07,793 --> 00:04:09,737 and take his secrets with him. 93 00:04:09,737 --> 00:04:12,100 I managed to convince him that it was important for us, 94 00:04:12,100 --> 00:04:13,627 but possibly also for other people 95 00:04:13,627 --> 00:04:15,572 that he shared his story. 96 00:04:15,572 --> 00:04:17,516 He decided to tell it to me 97 00:04:17,516 --> 00:04:18,800 and I made a book, 98 00:04:18,800 --> 00:04:21,406 from which I'm going to read you some excerpts later. 99 00:04:21,406 --> 00:04:24,323 So, his story. My father was born in Argentina. 100 00:04:24,323 --> 00:04:26,268 His parents were of Russian descent. 101 00:04:26,268 --> 00:04:30,185 The whole family came to settle in France in the '30s. 102 00:04:30,186 --> 00:04:35,000 His parents were Jewish, Russian and above all, very poor. 103 00:04:35,000 --> 00:04:38,000 So at the age of 14 my father had to work. 104 00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:39,200 And with his only diploma, 105 00:04:39,200 --> 00:04:40,500 his primary education certificate, 106 00:04:40,500 --> 00:04:43,000 he found himself working at a dyer - dry cleaner. 107 00:04:43,000 --> 00:04:46,200 That's where he discovered something totally magical, 108 00:04:46,200 --> 00:04:48,000 and when he talks about it, it's fascinating -- 109 00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:50,800 it's the magic of dyeing chemistry. 110 00:04:50,800 --> 00:04:52,600 During that time the war was happening 111 00:04:52,600 --> 00:04:55,467 and his mother was killed when he was 15. 112 00:04:55,468 --> 00:04:58,000 This coincided with the time when 113 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:00,000 he threw himself body and soul into chemistry 114 00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:02,700 because it was the only consolation for his sadness. 115 00:05:02,700 --> 00:05:06,163 All day he would ask many questions to his boss 116 00:05:06,164 --> 00:05:09,000 to learn, to accumulate more and more knowledge, 117 00:05:09,000 --> 00:05:10,500 and at night, when no one was looking, 118 00:05:10,500 --> 00:05:12,700 he'd put his experience to practice. 119 00:05:12,700 --> 00:05:17,800 He was mostly interested in ink bleaching. 120 00:05:17,800 --> 00:05:20,000 All this to tell you 121 00:05:20,000 --> 00:05:22,500 that if my father became a forger, actually, 122 00:05:22,500 --> 00:05:24,500 it was almost by accident. 123 00:05:24,500 --> 00:05:27,000 His family was Jewish, so they were hounded. 124 00:05:27,000 --> 00:05:30,000 Finally they were all arrested and taken to the Drancy camp 125 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:33,200 and they managed to get out at the last minute thanks to their Argentinean papers. 126 00:05:33,200 --> 00:05:34,335 Well, they were out, 127 00:05:34,336 --> 00:05:37,252 but they were always in danger. The big "Jew" stamp was still on their papers. 128 00:05:37,253 --> 00:05:40,500 It was my grandfather who decided they needed false documents. 129 00:05:40,500 --> 00:05:44,000 My father had been instilled with such respect for the law 130 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:46,000 that although he was being persecuted, 131 00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:48,000 he'd never thought of false papers. 132 00:05:48,000 --> 00:05:51,000 But it was he who went to meet a man from the Resistance. 133 00:05:51,000 --> 00:05:53,500 In those times documents had hard covers, 134 00:05:53,500 --> 00:05:55,000 they were filled in by hand, 135 00:05:55,000 --> 00:05:58,000 and they stated your job. 136 00:05:58,000 --> 00:06:00,200 In order to survive, he needed 137 00:06:00,200 --> 00:06:02,200 to be working. He asked the man 138 00:06:02,200 --> 00:06:04,000 to write "dyer." 139 00:06:04,000 --> 00:06:07,000 Suddenly the man looked very, very interested. 140 00:06:07,000 --> 00:06:10,200 As a "dyer," do you know how to bleach ink marks? 141 00:06:10,200 --> 00:06:12,500 Of course he knew. 142 00:06:12,500 --> 00:06:14,300 And suddenly the man started explaining that 143 00:06:14,300 --> 00:06:17,000 actually the whole Resistance had a huge problem: 144 00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:19,600 even the top experts 145 00:06:19,600 --> 00:06:23,200 could not manage to bleach an ink, called "indelible," 146 00:06:23,200 --> 00:06:25,400 the "Waterman" blue ink. 147 00:06:25,400 --> 00:06:29,300 And my father immediately replied that he knew exactly 148 00:06:29,300 --> 00:06:30,500 how to bleach it. 149 00:06:30,500 --> 00:06:33,700 Now, of course, the man was very impressed with this young man of 17 150 00:06:33,700 --> 00:06:37,500 who could immediately give him the formula, so he recruited him. 151 00:06:37,500 --> 00:06:40,500 And actually, without knowing it, my father had invented something 152 00:06:40,500 --> 00:06:43,150 we can find in every schoolchild's pencil case: 153 00:06:43,150 --> 00:06:46,000 the so-called "correction pen." 154 00:06:46,500 --> 00:06:51,500 (Applause) 155 00:06:52,000 --> 00:06:53,400 But it was only the beginning. 156 00:06:53,400 --> 00:06:55,000 That's my father. 157 00:06:55,000 --> 00:06:56,500 As soon as he got to the lab, 158 00:06:56,500 --> 00:06:57,900 even though he was the youngest, 159 00:06:57,900 --> 00:07:00,800 he immediately saw that there was a problem with the making of forged documents. 160 00:07:00,800 --> 00:07:03,700 All the movements stopped at falsifying. 161 00:07:03,700 --> 00:07:06,300 But demand was ever-growing 162 00:07:06,300 --> 00:07:08,900 and it was difficult to tamper with existing documents. 163 00:07:08,900 --> 00:07:10,400 He told himself it was necessary to make them from scratch. 164 00:07:10,400 --> 00:07:13,200 He started a press. He started photoengraving. 165 00:07:13,200 --> 00:07:14,800 He started making rubber stamps. 166 00:07:14,800 --> 00:07:16,600 He started inventing all kind of things -- 167 00:07:16,600 --> 00:07:20,000 with some materials he invented a centrifuge using a bicycle wheel. 168 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:22,000 Anyway, he had to do all this 169 00:07:22,000 --> 00:07:24,800 because he was completely obsessed with output. 170 00:07:24,800 --> 00:07:27,000 He had made a simple calculation: 171 00:07:27,000 --> 00:07:30,100 In one hour he could make 30 forged documents. 172 00:07:30,100 --> 00:07:34,500 If he slept one hour, 30 people would die. 173 00:07:34,500 --> 00:07:37,500 This sense of 174 00:07:37,500 --> 00:07:40,700 responsibility for other people's lives when he was just 17 -- 175 00:07:40,700 --> 00:07:43,700 and also his guilt for being a survivor, 176 00:07:43,700 --> 00:07:47,300 since he had escaped the camp when his friends had not -- 177 00:07:47,300 --> 00:07:49,552 stayed with him all his life. 178 00:07:49,553 --> 00:07:52,470 And this is maybe what explains why, for 30 years, 179 00:07:52,471 --> 00:07:55,100 he continued to make false papers 180 00:07:55,100 --> 00:07:57,400 at the expense of all kinds of sacrifices. 181 00:07:57,400 --> 00:07:58,300 I'd like to talk about those sacrifices, 182 00:07:58,300 --> 00:08:00,200 because there were many. 183 00:08:00,200 --> 00:08:02,700 There were obviously financial sacrifices 184 00:08:02,700 --> 00:08:04,500 because he always refused to be paid. 185 00:08:04,500 --> 00:08:07,200 To him, being paid would have meant being a mercenary. 186 00:08:07,200 --> 00:08:08,800 If he had accepted payment, 187 00:08:08,800 --> 00:08:10,600 he wouldn't be able to say "yes" or "no" 188 00:08:10,600 --> 00:08:13,000 depending on what he deemed a just or unjust cause. 189 00:08:13,000 --> 00:08:14,900 So he was a photographer by day, 190 00:08:14,900 --> 00:08:16,500 and a forger by night for 30 years. 191 00:08:16,500 --> 00:08:18,500 He was broke all of the time. 192 00:08:18,500 --> 00:08:21,500 Then there were the emotional sacrifices: 193 00:08:21,500 --> 00:08:24,500 How can one live with a woman while having so many secrets? 194 00:08:24,500 --> 00:08:28,700 How can one explain what one does at night in the lab, every single night? 195 00:08:28,700 --> 00:08:32,000 Of course, there was another kind of sacrifice 196 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:35,400 involving his family that I understood much later. 197 00:08:35,400 --> 00:08:38,500 One day my father introduced me to my sister. 198 00:08:38,500 --> 00:08:42,500 He also explained to me that I had a brother, too, 199 00:08:42,500 --> 00:08:48,500 and the first time I saw them I must have been three or four, 200 00:08:48,500 --> 00:08:50,300 and they were 30 years older than me. 201 00:08:50,300 --> 00:08:55,800 They are both in their sixties now. 202 00:08:55,800 --> 00:08:58,500 In order to write the book, 203 00:08:58,500 --> 00:09:02,000 I asked my sister questions. I wanted to know who my father was, 204 00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:03,500 who was the father she had known. 205 00:09:03,500 --> 00:09:07,600 She explained that the father that she'd had 206 00:09:07,600 --> 00:09:11,800 would tell them he'd come and pick them up on Sunday to go for a walk. 207 00:09:11,800 --> 00:09:14,400 They would get all dressed up and wait for him, 208 00:09:14,400 --> 00:09:16,200 but he would almost never come. 209 00:09:16,200 --> 00:09:19,500 He'd say, "I'll call." He wouldn't call. 210 00:09:19,500 --> 00:09:21,500 And then he would not come. 211 00:09:21,500 --> 00:09:24,800 Then one day he totally disappeared. 212 00:09:24,800 --> 00:09:26,200 Time passed, 213 00:09:26,200 --> 00:09:29,400 and they thought he had surely forgotten them, 214 00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:31,000 at first. 215 00:09:31,000 --> 00:09:32,500 Then as time passed, 216 00:09:32,500 --> 00:09:34,500 at the end of almost two years, they thought, 217 00:09:34,500 --> 00:09:37,700 "Well, perhaps our father has died." 218 00:09:37,700 --> 00:09:40,000 And then I understood 219 00:09:40,000 --> 00:09:42,900 that asking my father so many questions 220 00:09:42,900 --> 00:09:45,700 was stirring up a whole past he probably didn't feel like talking about 221 00:09:45,700 --> 00:09:47,300 because it was painful. 222 00:09:47,300 --> 00:09:52,000 And while my half brother and sister thought they'd been abandoned, 223 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:53,700 orphaned, 224 00:09:53,700 --> 00:09:56,000 my father was making false papers. 225 00:09:56,000 --> 00:09:59,500 And if he did not tell them, it was of course to protect them. 226 00:09:59,500 --> 00:10:01,300 After the liberation he made false papers 227 00:10:01,300 --> 00:10:04,200 to allow the survivors of concentration camps to immigrate to Palestine 228 00:10:04,200 --> 00:10:06,100 before the creation of Israel. 229 00:10:06,100 --> 00:10:08,500 And then, as he was a staunch anti-colonialist, 230 00:10:08,500 --> 00:10:12,000 he made false papers for Algerians during the Algerian war. 231 00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:14,600 After the Algerian war, 232 00:10:14,600 --> 00:10:17,200 at the heart of the international resistance movements, 233 00:10:17,200 --> 00:10:18,900 his name circulated 234 00:10:18,900 --> 00:10:21,200 and the whole world came knocking at his door. 235 00:10:21,200 --> 00:10:24,700 In Africa there were countries fighting for their independence: 236 00:10:24,700 --> 00:10:27,700 Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Angola. 237 00:10:27,700 --> 00:10:32,200 And then my father connected with Nelson Mandela's anti-apartheid party. 238 00:10:32,200 --> 00:10:35,700 He made false papers for persecuted black South Africans. 239 00:10:35,700 --> 00:10:37,500 There was also Latin America. 240 00:10:37,500 --> 00:10:40,200 My father helped those who resisted dictatorships 241 00:10:40,200 --> 00:10:42,100 in the Dominican Republic, Haiti, 242 00:10:42,100 --> 00:10:48,200 and then it was the turn of Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, El Salvador, Nicaragua, 243 00:10:48,200 --> 00:10:53,800 Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, Chile and Mexico. 244 00:10:53,800 --> 00:10:55,500 Then there was the Vietnam War. 245 00:10:55,500 --> 00:10:57,800 My father made false papers for the American deserters 246 00:10:57,800 --> 00:11:01,000 who did not wish to take up arms against the Vietnamese. 247 00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:03,000 Europe was not spared either. 248 00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:05,141 My father made false papers for the dissidents 249 00:11:05,142 --> 00:11:08,900 against Franco in Spain, Salazar in Portugal, 250 00:11:08,900 --> 00:11:13,892 against the colonels' dictatorship in Greece, 251 00:11:13,893 --> 00:11:15,600 and even in France. 252 00:11:15,600 --> 00:11:18,754 There, just once, it happened in May of 1968. 253 00:11:18,755 --> 00:11:21,400 My father watched, benevolently, of course, 254 00:11:21,400 --> 00:11:24,200 the demonstrations of the month of May, 255 00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:26,500 but his heart was elsewhere, and so was his time 256 00:11:26,500 --> 00:11:30,000 because he had over 15 countries to serve. 257 00:11:30,000 --> 00:11:32,368 Once, though, he agreed to make false papers 258 00:11:32,369 --> 00:11:34,312 for someone you might recognize. 259 00:11:34,313 --> 00:11:37,229 (Laughter) 260 00:11:37,230 --> 00:11:38,850 He was much younger in those days, 261 00:11:38,850 --> 00:11:41,000 and my father agreed to make false papers 262 00:11:41,000 --> 00:11:44,036 to enable him to come back and speak at a meeting. 263 00:11:44,037 --> 00:11:49,000 He told me that those false papers were the most media-relevant 264 00:11:49,000 --> 00:11:52,500 and the least useful he'd had to make in all his life. 265 00:11:52,500 --> 00:11:54,000 But, he agreed to do it, 266 00:11:54,000 --> 00:11:57,400 even though Daniel Cohn-Bendit's life was not in danger, 267 00:11:57,400 --> 00:11:59,594 just because 268 00:11:59,595 --> 00:12:01,000 it was a good opportunity 269 00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:03,484 to mock the authorities, 270 00:12:03,485 --> 00:12:06,500 and to show them that there's nothing more porous than borders -- 271 00:12:06,500 --> 00:12:11,000 and that ideas have no borders. 272 00:12:11,000 --> 00:12:13,000 All my childhood, 273 00:12:13,000 --> 00:12:17,097 while my friends' dads would tell them Grimm's fairy tales, 274 00:12:17,098 --> 00:12:20,987 my father would tell me stories about very unassuming heroes 275 00:12:20,988 --> 00:12:23,904 with unshakeable utopias 276 00:12:23,905 --> 00:12:26,821 who managed to make miracles. 277 00:12:26,822 --> 00:12:30,800 And those heroes did not need an army behind them. 278 00:12:30,800 --> 00:12:33,300 Anyhow, nobody would have followed them, 279 00:12:33,300 --> 00:12:36,545 except for a handful [of] men and women of conviction and courage. 280 00:12:36,546 --> 00:12:37,800 I understood much later 281 00:12:37,800 --> 00:12:41,407 that actually it was his own story my father would tell me to get me to sleep. 282 00:12:41,408 --> 00:12:44,324 I asked him whether, considering the sacrifices he had to make, 283 00:12:44,325 --> 00:12:46,269 he ever had any regrets. 284 00:12:46,270 --> 00:12:48,000 He said no. 285 00:12:48,000 --> 00:12:50,159 He told me that he would have been unable 286 00:12:50,160 --> 00:12:53,076 to witness or submit to injustice without doing anything. 287 00:12:53,077 --> 00:12:56,100 He was persuaded, and he's still convinced 288 00:12:56,100 --> 00:12:58,300 that another world is possible -- 289 00:12:58,300 --> 00:13:01,300 a world where no one would ever need a forger. 290 00:13:01,300 --> 00:13:03,300 He's still dreaming about it. 291 00:13:03,300 --> 00:13:04,744 My father 292 00:13:04,745 --> 00:13:06,500 is here in the room today. 293 00:13:06,500 --> 00:13:10,579 His name is Adolfo Kaminsky and I'm going to ask him to stand up. 294 00:13:10,580 --> 00:13:30,999 (Applause) 295 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:34,000 Thank you.