[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The simple questions are the hardest ones to answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.60,0:00:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is a thing?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.86,0:00:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do things happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.66,0:00:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And why DO they happen the way they do?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.38,0:00:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's try to approach this step by step.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.70,0:00:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are you made of?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.60,0:00:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You are matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.00,0:00:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is made of molecules,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.52,0:00:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are made of atoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.66,0:00:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those are made of elementary particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.50,0:00:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, if elementary particles are the smallest things that exist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.74,0:00:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are THEY made of?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.20,0:00:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To answer a simple question, let's start simply.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.38,0:00:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's wipe the universe clean.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.68,0:00:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Away with matter, antimatter, radiation, particles, anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.38,0:00:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's take a closer look at absolutely nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.14,0:00:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is empty space?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.18,0:00:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it what we call a vacuum?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.18,0:00:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are no atoms, no matter, nothing!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.24,0:00:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it really all that empty?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.46,0:01:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nothing gives us the building blocks for everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.10,0:01:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a sense, empty space is a lot like a vast, calm ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.38,0:01:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While the water is very still when nothing is happening,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.24,0:01:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a stiff breeze can create some serious waves.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.54,0:01:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our universe works a lot like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.66,0:01:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are these oceans everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.88,0:01:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Physicists call them fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.42,0:01:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This might be strange and new,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.00,0:01:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but think about radiation for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.56,0:01:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By exciting what's known as the electromagnetic field, a little kink is created
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.14,0:01:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the particle we call the photon.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.24,0:01:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The particle that carries radiation, we perceive it as light.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.14,0:01:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This isn't unique to light; every particle in the universe is made this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.92,0:01:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are fields for every particle of matter all with their own rules.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.46,0:01:48.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, along with the electromagnetic field, there is an electron field everywhere in the universe
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.62,0:01:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and little kinks in that field are electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.70,0:01:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All together, the fields of our universe can produce 17 particles which can be divided into 3 categories.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.36,0:02:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The leptons, and the quarks, and the bosons.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.12,0:02:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leptons consist of the electron as well as its cousins: muon and tau particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.42,0:02:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each has an associated neutrino.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.00,0:02:11.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, there are quarks.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.78,0:02:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The quarks are the nuclear family of particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.54,0:02:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're always found bound together in groups and pairs
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.60,0:02:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make up protons and neutrons, which make up the nuclei of atoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.36,0:02:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Together, the leptons and quarks are the matter particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.62,0:02:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They make up all the things you see.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.52,0:02:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The air you breathe, the sun that warms you,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.98,0:02:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer you're using right now to distract yourself from the stuff you should be doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.26,0:02:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But things don't just exist, they also do stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.72,0:02:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some philosophical sense, the properties of a thing are just as much a part of it as existence itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.94,0:02:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is where the bosons and the fields that makes them come in to play.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.72,0:02:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While the quarks and leptons are made by the matter fields,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.68,0:02:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bosons are made by force fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.48,0:02:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call a rule of the universe a force.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.20,0:02:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so far, 4 fundamental forces have been discovered:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.68,0:03:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Electromagnetism, gravity, and the strong and weak nuclear forces.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.64,0:03:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These forces are the rule book of a game where the pieces are the particles, and the game is the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.44,0:03:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They tell particles what they can do and how they can do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.10,0:03:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bishops move diagonally,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.84,0:03:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,massless particles move at the speed of light,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.30,0:03:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,knights can jump,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.72,0:03:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gravity attracts.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.48,0:03:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The forces are the rules for how particles interact
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.62,0:03:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which ultimately make them the rules for how particles assemble into all the big things we see in the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.48,0:03:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gravity isn't just the rule for orbits around the sun or apples falling from trees.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.44,0:03:39.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a rule, it says matter attracts, which builds planets and stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.24,0:03:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Electromagnetism isn't just the rule for magnets attracting or repelling, or electric currents in light bulbs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.64,0:03:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It governs all atomic bonds, building every molecule.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.94,0:03:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Together, forces and particles are sort of like the Tinkertoys of existence.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.20,0:04:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bosons are like messengers. Passed between, you could say, connecting the matter particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.10,0:04:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which they use to tell each other how to move.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.80,0:04:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each particle uses a certain set of the forces to interact with other particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.62,0:04:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quarks, for example, can interact with each other with electromagnetism and the strong nuclear force,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.54,0:04:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but electrons don't use the strong force, just electromagnetism.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.68,0:04:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The quarks exchange strong force bosons, communicating the strong nuclear attraction to each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.88,0:04:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the protons they build exchange the particles of electromagnetism, photons with the electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.60,0:04:30.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus, the quarks end up locked up in nuclei,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.34,0:04:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the electrons remain attached by their electric attraction, building atoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.10,0:04:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though the universe has lots of big, messy phenomena like life, supernova, and computers,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.68,0:04:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that seem complex on the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.58,0:04:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you zoom in far enough on anything, you just get 17 particles emerging from underlying fields,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.14,0:04:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,playing a game with 4 rules.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.30,0:04:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To summarize, in the most basic form we know right now, this is what things are.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.78,0:04:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This theory is what physicists call the Standard Model of Particle Physics.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.92,0:05:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You are basically nothing more than disturbances
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.32,0:05:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on an ocean that's excited by energy and guided by forces that make up the rules of the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.46,0:05:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why? And what is a force?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.94,0:05:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll have to explore a few more simple questions to get to the bottom of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.48,0:05:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We made some wallpapers from some of the graphics in this video: You can get them on patreon.com
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.26,0:05:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you want to help us make more videos, you can do so there.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.50,0:05:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We really appreciate your support.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.94,0:05:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While you decide, here are some more videos we made.