MARK MENARD: So, many thanks to the organizers

here at RailsConf. This is my first time

talking at RailsConf. It's, frankly,

kind of intimidating to be up here

and see so many people out there.

My name is Mark Menard. I'm gonna be talking

about small code today. And I've got a lot

of code. About seventy-nine slides. A hundred
and thirty-seven

transitions. Not quite as much as Sandi had,
but

it's a lot to get through. So let's get

going.

So, I'm just gonna let this quote up there

sink in.

So. All of us have that file filled with

code that you just don't want to open. As

you heard earlier, maybe it's your User class.
That

class that has comments like, woe to ye who

edit here. The problem with this code is that

it does live forever. It encapsulates business
logic that

ends up getting duplicated elsewhere, cause
no one wants

to go in there and look at that code.

It's also very hard to understand.

I'm gonna be talking about ways to avoid this

situation. I'm gonna be talking about code.
Code at

the class level and the method level. Having
small

code at the class and method level is fundamental

to being able to create systems that are composed,

composed of small, understandable parts.

I'm gonna lay out a few base concepts so

that we can start with a clean sheet and

on the same page. I think there's a lot

of problems with what people conceive of as
small

or well-designed code.

It's not about the actual amount of code you

write, but how the code is organized and the

size of the units of code. Fundamentally,
writing small

code is really design discipline, because
the only way

you can write small code is use good design

and refactoring.

Design and refactoring the way we write small
code.

You can't just sit down and write small code,

perfectly well-designed code on the first
draft. It doesn't

work that way. It's iterative process.

So what do I mean by small? It's not

about total line count. Well-designed code
will typically have

more lines of code than bad code. Just the

overhead of declaring methods and classes
is gonna increase

your line count.

It's not about method count. Well-factored
code's gonna have

more, smaller methods. It's not about class
count. Well-designed

code is almost definitely going to have more
classes

than what I call undesigned code.

Although I've seen some cases of over-abstraction,
I find

that's pretty rare unless someone goes pattern
crazy. So

small code is definitely not about decreasing
the number

of classes in your system. It's about well-designed,
it's

about well-designed classes that aren't poorly
designed.

So what do I mean by small? Small methods,

small classes. Small methods are the foundation
of writing

small code. Without the ability to decompose
large methods

into small methods, we cannot write small
code. And

without small methods, we can't raise the
level of

abstraction.

To write small code, we have to be able

to decompose large classes into smaller classes,
and abstract

responsibilities out of them and separate
them on higher-level,

and base them on higher-level abstractions.

It's important that our classes are small,
because small

classes are what lead to reusability and composability.

So, why should we strive for small code? Why

is it important?

We don't know what the future is going to

bring. Your software requirements are going
to change. Software

must be amenable to change. Any system of
software

that's going to have a long, successful life,
is

going to change significantly. Small code
is simply easier

to work with than large, complex code. If
the

requirements of your software are never gonna
change, you

can ignore everything that I have to say here.

But I doubt that that's the case.

We should write small code because it helps
us

raise the level of abstraction in our code.
It's

one of the most important things we do to

create readable, understandable code. All
good design is really

driving toward expressing ubiquitous language
of our problem domain

in our code.

The combination of small methods and small
classes is

going to help us raise that level of abstraction

and express those higher-level domain concepts.

We should also write small code so we can

effectively use composition. Small classes
and small methods compose

together well. As we compose instances of
small objects

together, our systems will become message-based.
In order to

build systems that are message-based, we have
to use

delegation. And small, composable parts. Small
code makes small

composable parts. It's gonna help our software
have flexibility

and lead to a suppleness over time, and allow

us to follow those messages. And eventually
we're gonna

see, find our duck types.

And all this is about enabling future change.
And

accommodate the future requirements without
a forklift replacement.

So the goal: small units of understandable
code that

are amenable to change.

Our primary tools are extract method and extract
class.

Longer methods are harder to understand than
short methods.

And most of the time, we can shorten a

method simply by using the abstract method
refactoring. I

use this thing all the time when I'm coding.

And once we have a set of methods that

are coherent around a concept, then we can
look

to abstract those into a separate class and
move

the methods to that new class.

So, I'm gonna be using the example of a

command line option parser that handles booleans
to start

with, and then we're gonna see where the future

takes us.

So, with the command line, I want to be

able to run some Ruby program dash v. And

handle boolean options. That's where we're
gonna start.

In my Ruby program, I want to define what

options I'm looking for, using this simple
DSL. And

then I want to be able to consume it

like this. If options.has and then a particular
option,

I do something.

Putting it all together. The DSL, the program
at

the top, the DSL, and then how we actually

consume that options object. Pretty simple.

Here's my spec. It's pretty simple. It's true
if

the option is defined and it's present on
the

command line. And it's false if it's not.

So I run my specs and I get two

failures. Yes, I used TDD. So, here's my implementation

that fits on one slide. Pretty simply, I store

the defined options in an array, and I store

the arguments, the argv for later reference.
Then I

have a has method that checks to see if

the option is defined. If it's present in
the

argv.

And then I've got my option method, which
implements

my simple DSL. Nice and readable. Fits on
one

slide. Probably very comprehendable.

So I run my tests. Zero failures. They pass.

I'm done. I get to go home until the

future comes along. And my workmate comes
along and

says, hey, I really like that library. But,
could

we handle string options?

Sounds pretty simple. Pretty straightforward.
So I think about

that, and I come up with a small extension

to the DSL, to just pass a second argument

as an option with a symbol representation
of the

option type. String, in this case.

I also default to being a boolean so I

don't have to change the code that other people

have done.

So, a string option. It's a little different
than

a boolean. It actually requires content. So
now I

need the concept of validation. If the string
option

is missing the content, it's not valid. There's
no

string there.

So, then I'm gonna normalize how I get the

values out of both those string options and
those

boolean options. You know, that value. This
is gonna

change the API, but sometimes you actually
need to

break the API to enable the future.

And I'm doing it pretty early. I've only got

one guy in my office using the library at

the moment. So, again, putting it all together.
I

can pass the options on the command line.
I

define the options with the DSL, and here's
how

I use my valid? and my value methods to

find out, get, find out if it's valued and

get my values out.

So, now here's the class that implements it.
Again,

on one slide. Probably not as readable. Probably
not

as comprehensible. We're going down what I
call kind

of the undesigned path. It's not too big.
Thirty-one

lines. But it's got issues.

It's got a method that's definitely large.
One that's

looking on the verge of being large. It's
got,

for only handling booleans and strings, it
has quite

a bit of, of conditional complexity in it
already.

And as we're soon gonna see, it's not very

amenable to change.

So we'll look at the pieces and how they

work, just so yo understand it.

That's my initialize method. It creates a
hash to

store the options. Because we have to store
the

type now, not just that we have an option.

It's either boolean or string. And the rest
of

the initialization is the same as it was before.

And the valid method, we gotta iterate over
the

options, looking to see which ones are strings.
So

we're doing checking on type here. And, and
trying

to see whether they're present and they actually
have

content.

Currently, string options are the only ones
that need

to validate. Boolean options, there's nothing
really to validate.

Either it's there or it's not. No validation.
But

strings, we have to.

And the value method, it does a lot of

stuff. Let's just pretend for a moment this
method

is a black box. We're gonna come back to

it later. Cause this is, by far, the worst

code in this current example.

But, everything is spec'd. And all my specs
are

green.

So let's talk about methods. Cause we've got
some

big ones and we need to clean them up.

I call it the first rule of method, of

methods. Do one thing. Do it well. Do only

one thing.

Harkens back to that Unix philosophy of tools
that

you string together with standard in, standard
out. But

how do we determine if a method is actually

only doing one thing? This is where your level

of abstraction and the abstract, abstractions
in your code

come into play. And you need to develop a

feel for this over time. That you want one

level of abstraction per method.

If all of our statements are the same level

of abstraction, and they're coherent around
a purpose, then

I consider that to be doing one thing. Doesn't

mean it has to be one line in a

method.

I can't tell you how many times I've looked

at code and seen a comment on a method

that was, like, an excellent description of
what the

method did, and if you just took those words,

bound together, they'd make a fantastic method
name. But

yet the method is named something else that
isn't

that descriptive. So use descriptive names.
It's really critical.

And the fewer arguments, the better. My personal
goal

is zero arguments on methods. One is OK. Two

or three. That's when I start to think I've

probably missed an abstraction in my code
and I

should go back and look at it.

Separate queries from commands. If you query
something and

it looks like a query method and it changes

the state of your object, it's hard to reason

about, and people who consume your library
will be

confused by that. So separate those.

And, don't repeat yourself. I know Sandi talked
about

this earlier, and it does take some judgment
to

know when it is time to remove the repetition.

But you don't want to leave repetition over
the

long term, because it will come back to bite

you.

So, let's look at our methods. We've got repetition

here. Both valid? and value are digging through
the

argv array to find the options from the command

line. This is the perfect candidate for an
extract

method, abstraction. Refactoring.

We have magic constants scattered around,
and those are

a strong indication that we've missed something.
An abstraction.

We're violating some other rules. It's hard
to say

either of these methods is really doing one
thing.

The code is definitely not at the same level

of abstraction. Values digging, valid? is
digging into the

argv array and value is figuring out different
divergent

types and how to return their values. So we're

gonna eliminate some of the repetition with
the extract

method refactoring.

The extract method refactoring entails moving
a part of

a method into a new method, with a descriptive

name, that's the naming part. And then calling
the

new method.

This, this refactoring helps us keep the level
of

abstraction consistent in the method we're
abstracting from. Here

we have one expression on a method that's
a

high level of abstraction, and two statements
that are

a low level of abstraction. So we move the

less abstract code to a new method with a

descriptive name, and then we call the new
method.

And this results in the old method, method
having

a consistent level of abstraction. So back
to our

CommandLineOptions class, both valid? and
value are digging through

the argv collection to find the option value.
So

we're gonna abstract that code and get the
raw

value out of argv.

Then we call the method from where the original

logic was abstracted. Pretty simple. But now
the code

left behind in valid? and value says what
I

want. Not how to do it.

The how has been moved to the abstracted method,

raising the level of abstraction just a little
bit

in valid? and value.

I'm going to do two more abstractions. I've
abstracted

the string option value method and the abstract
content

method. The naming of the abstracted methods
is very

important. They say what they do.

But overall, I'm not happy with this code.
It

is more explanatory, but it's fairly complex
and hard

to understand. It's also not as small as it

could be. The methods are large because I
missed

an abstraction. And we're gonna go find that
now.

I'm referencing the option type symbol to
see if

it's a string, which, that's a big smell.
Then

there are the magic constants used to dig
into

the argv element to find the constant within
that

particular string, the substring. If I was
confident that

I'd have no future added requirements for
this class,

I might leave this alone. It works. It's tested.

Until my buddy comes to me and says, hey,

I really like that library, but could we handle

integers now?

I could keep driving down this undesigned
path I've

been following, and complicate the valid?
and value methods

by switching on the type of the option and

digging into those argv elements to find the
value.

But, this is our chance to make a break.

And make our code more amenable to change.

But, to illustrate the point, I'm gonna show
you

that undesign method, to show you the OO design

actually matters. So we're gonna look at this.

This is the undesigned, non OO version of
this

code. Is it horrible? I'll leave that to you

to decide. Is it small? In my opinion, definitely

not. It is not small, by any measure. The

class is growing due to changes in specification.
The

valid? and value methods are being changed
in lock

step. That's a sure sign we've missed an abstraction

or a duck type. And those methods are getting

big and complicated. And now they're doing
even more

things.

And we're just doing booleans, strings, and
integers. Not

that much.

The code has tests. They all pass. That's
good.

But it's not satisfying. We've got those large
methods

and complex conditional logic. It's time to
refactor now.

To make the change easy.

And now we've got the tests that are back,

so we can do it without fear.

And, I want to call your attention to a

pattern that clearly emerges when we go down
the

non OO path here. We see checking the option

type and divergent behavior based on the type.
Don't

reinvent the type system. If you have ducks,
let

them quack.

In this example, the option types of boolean,
string,

and integer, those are our ducks. And I'll
bet

there's ducks in your code yearning to be
free.

And just a further confirmation that we're
dealing with

an abstraction or a duck, we see the testing

option type again in the value method. Hidden
inside

the valid? and value method, there's a case
statement

here. It just didn't evolve that way as I

was writing the code.

I'm gonna show you that. You're gonna see
that

it's really clear now.

Now it should be really obvious what the duck

type is. If you have case statements like
this

in your code, you've missed an abstraction.
Here, again,

we clearly see the duck type.

Now, I would guess, if I was writing this,

as soon as I had the string type, I

would have gone down the OO path. I just

wanted to illustrate to you what an undesigned,
non

OO mess you can get yourself into if you

keep riding the horse until it's dead.

My dad had a saying hanging on his wall

in his office. When the horse is dead, get

off.

But sometimes we don't realize the horse is
dead

and we just keep trying to go. Now it's

time to take a fresh look at this. So,

since class is the fundamental organizational
unit we have

to work with, it's time to work at what

constitutes a good class. Which principles
are gonna lead

us to be able to write small classes.

So, how do we write small classes? To make

small classes, I think, and this is not just

my opinion. It's a lot of peoples' opinion.
The

most important thing we should assure is that
our

class has one responsibility. And that it
has small

methods.

All the properties of a class should be cohesive

to the abstraction that the class is modeling.
If

you have properties that you only use in one

or two methods, that's probably something
else that shouldn't

be in there.

Finding a good name for a class will also

help us keep it focused on a single responsibility.

I sometimes talk to the class. Have you ever

heard the concept of talking to the rubber
duck?

Or just explaining your problem to someone?
They don't

even have to respond, and it helps you figure

it out.

Sometimes I just ask my class, hey class,
what

do you do? And if it comes out with

a long list, you've got a problem.

So, the main tools we're gonna use to create

new classes from existing code, not from scratch,
but

from existing code, is the extract class and
move

method refactorings, which we're gonna go
through here.

So, those characteristics of well-designed
class. Single responsibility. Cohesive

around a set of properties. Additionally,
it has a

small public interface that, preferably, handles
a handful of

methods at the most. That it implements a
single

use-case, if possible, and that the primary
logic is

expressed in a composed method.

That last one, I'm not gonna be covering the

composed method. That's a whole nother talk.
But you

should check that practice out. It can really
clarify

code and make it much, much more understandable.

So, let's look at the code we should have

been driving towards as soon as the string
option

type showed up. We're gonna imagine right
now that

we have a string sheet, and we can write

CommandLineOptions the way we would have with
the knowledge

that we have now.

That needs to support boolean, string, and
integer options.

And remember, we have our tests at our back,

making sure that we don't break anything.

And, here was my first take at it on

what I'd write. The class is twenty-eight
lines long.

It is cohesive around the properties. When
we're done,

most of the methods are gonna deal with the,

the hash of options and the array of args.

It has a single primary responsibility. Manage
a collection

of option objects.

So now we've introduced a collaborator. It
also manufactures

the option objects, which I could abstract
to another

class. But for the moment, I'm gonna leave
it.

If I find it hurts in the future, then

I'll change it. That's my general rule. My
guideline.

Is I refactor when it hurts. When making a

change hurts, that's the time to refactor.

My CommandLineOptions class has a small public
interface. Just

two methods, valid? and value. And it has
no

hard-coded external dependencies yet. I could
mess that up

and introduce those, but we're gonna avoid
that.

Another interesting characteristic is that,
is that there are

no conditional statements in this class, and
we're gonna

keep it that way. In Sandi Metz's 2009 Gerupo??

talk, on the Solid Principles, she said something
along

the lines of, a conditional in an OO language

is a smell.

And that's a really powerful statement. I
don't think

Sandi's saying that we can't use conditionals
in our

code, but that we use conditionals to hide
abstractions.

To hide our ducks.

The first time I saw that talk, I don't

even know if I heard her say it. It

was when I went back and rewatched it. I

thought, really? Then, as the years have gone
on

and I've been working, I've gotten to the
point

where I agree with her.

If you have a lot of conditionals in a

class, you have probably missed a concept
that should

be abstracted out of it.

So the initialize and option method from our
previous

implementation carry over unchanged. Except
that we're gonna store

the options in a hash instead of just the

type.

My valid? method now simply asks all the options

if they're valid, and the value method simply
looks

up the option hash and asks it for its

value. So, now we need to build the options.

We have to implement this. And this is where

we're gonna instantiate the objects that represent
the boolean,

string, and integer options.

So, now we have the CommandLineOption class,
we need

collaborators. In order to get anything done,
CommandLineOption needs

option classes to manage. It's gonna have
those objects.

So this is creating a dependency. And if we're

gonna create a dependency in our code, we
can

do it in a way that's amenable to change,

or we can do it in a way that's

gonna make it hurt in the future.

You don't want to depend, or, excuse me, you

want to depend on abstractions, ot concretions.
Depend on

the duck type, not the concrete type. In our

case, depend on the concept, the concept of
an

option. Not on the concrete types that implement
that

abstraction.

In our case, option is the duck type. This

is the abstraction that I missed earlier,
when I

just kept going down the conditional logic
path.

It's really simple. It has a valid? method
and

a value method. String option, integer option,
and boolean

option, those are the concrete implementation
of the option

abstraction. All they need is a valid? and
a

value method, and a consistent method of construction,
and

I can depend on the abstraction, not on the

concretions.

So, how do I do that? I could go

down the case statement road again and check
the

option type, instantiating the correct type
of the option

based upon the symbol. But I'm not gonna do

that, cause that would tie CommandLineClass
to those concrete

types, which is what we're trying to avoid.

That creates a hard dependency between CommandLineOptions
class and

those various classes. Instead, I'm gonna
use the dynamic

capabilities of Ruby to instantiate those
objects for us

using naming conventions. For string, we're
going to have

a string option. For booleans, boolean option.
Et cetera.

I could do this even in many static languages.

So this isn't something that's specific to
Ruby. And

this is a very. This very simple change takes

out CommandLineOption class from depending
on those concrete implementations

and flips it to depending on the abstraction.

This is dependency inversion from the Solid
Principles, in

practice. Alternately, some other people have
suggested, you could

use a hash and map from the string, boolean,

and integer symbols to the concrete classes,
kind of

like what Sandi did in her Gilded Rose Coda??

solution earlier.

That's OK. But, it is an additional thing
that

I have to maintain over time. It's a reason

to open the CommandLineOptions and change
it if I

have to add a new type of option. If

using the dynamic ability of Ruby bothers
you, then

make a hash. Personally, I'm fine with using
the

dynamic capabilities of my language.

So, in my case, I've inoculated CommandLineOptions
class from

needing to change to support new option types.
And

at this point, this class should be closed
for

modification, but open for extension.

So, now we need to move the logic for

the various option types to the appropriate
option classes.

I decided to make a base class of option

for my concrete types to inherit from, because
the

manner of initialization needs to be the same
for

all of them. No sense of repeating that code.

And the subtypes have a cohesion around the
flag

attribute, and the wrong, excuse me, the flag
and

the raw value properties that in the code.

Here's the boolean option. This one I just
wrote

because the requirements are so simple. Booleans
are always

valid, and they just return the raw_value
from the

command line. If it's present, it's truthy.
If it's

nil it's falsey. Very simple.

But now we need to implement string option
and

integer option. And the logic for their validation
and

value extraction is in the old CommandLineOptions
class. So,

on the left are the original CommandLineOptions'
valid? and

value methods. On the right are those new
string

option and integer option classes.

As you can see, the process of creating the

option class was simply picking apart and
disassembling the

old command line option class. Moving the
logic to

where it belongs, using a combination of extract
class

and move method refactorings, we've really
cleaned up the

command option, CommandLineOptions.

Frankly, there's not much code left there
anymore. So,

now we can replace that nasty, hard to understand

valid? method with this. And the large value
method

with this.

To create the specs for the various option
classes,

I moved the corresponding section from the
CommandLineOptions spec

to the corresponding area for the particular
type of

option, and then lightly reworked them and
then I

worked them from red to green, as I went

through the process of extracting those classes
and moving

the code to those methods.

We've isolated abstractions here. And how
do we do

that? We separate the what from the how, like

we've done in CommandLineOptions. We want
to move from

code that looks like this to code that looks

like this.

The original CommandLineOptions' valid? method
contained all of the

how. The refactored valid? method says what
we want

done for us. That's it. All of the how

has moved to the collaborators of our main
class,

in this case, StringOption, boolean option,
and IntegerOption.

We want to move from that looks like this

to code that looks like this. Move the nitty

gritty details of your code out to the leaves

of your system. And let the center be a

coordinator.

So, when we're done with this, this is what

our CommandLineOptions class looks like. These
are our public

methods. It provides a very small surface.
And it

fulfills the use case. And these are the private

implementation cruft. It's necessary, but
no one really needs

to go poking around in here, and I've made

it obvious by declaring these methods private.

They're for me. Not for you.

So in the end, the sum total of the

implementation of the public interface, and
it's all delegated.

All delegated.

So in the process of making the specs pass,

I commented out that dreamed up code as I

went through the process, and then one by
one

I wrote the examples and uncommented the code
and

made them pass, working from red to green.

Then, because nothing is ever really done,
my buddy

says, hey. Any chance you could add the ability

for me to pass an array of values for

an option?

So, to implement this new requirement, I only
need

the new array option class. So I write a

spec example. Make it fail. Then create the
ArrayOption

class, and I'm done. And this particular example,
my

OptionClass is inheriting from the OptionWithContent
superclass. And, cause

I actually went through this and realized
that strings,

integers, and arrays all have content, so
I abstracted

that superclass and, in this case, all I have

to do is write the value method of that

particular type and I'm done.

And it works.

So, we now have a CommandLineOption class
that's closed

for modification, but open for extension.
I could all

float types, decimal types, other types of
options, and

I don't have to go back and touch that

class again.

We have small, easy to understand option classes
that

have a single responsibility. Oops, excuse
me.

We can. So, we have a easy to understand

option classes that have a single responsibility,
and easy

to compose together with that CommandLineOption
class. And we

can simply create new option types and have
them

instantiated by convention.

My name is Mark Menard. My company's Enable
Labs.

We do full lifecycle business productivity
and sass app

development, from napkin to production, as
I say. And,

I'm gonna be around the conference, so let's
get

together and talk about some code.

And we can do some questions.