[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.64,0:00:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what if I could make for you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.12,0:00:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a designer baby?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.12,0:00:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if you as a parent-to-be
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.44,0:00:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I as a scientist decided\Nto go down that road together?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.04,0:00:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if we didn't?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.32,0:00:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if we thought, "That's a bad idea,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.12,0:00:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but many of our family,\Nfriends and coworkers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.52,0:00:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did make that decision?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.32,0:00:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's fast-forward just 15 years from now.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.96,0:00:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's pretend it's the year 2030
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.76,0:00:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're a parent.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.72,0:00:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have your daughter,\NMarianne, next to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.00,0:00:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in 2030, she is what we call a natural
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.40,0:00:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because she has no genetic modifications.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.28,0:00:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because you and your partner\Nconsciously made that decision,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.48,0:00:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many in your social circle,\Nthey kind of look down on you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.72,0:00:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They think you're, like,\Na Luddite or a technophobe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.52,0:00:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Marianne's best friend Jenna,\Nwho lives right next door,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.52,0:01:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a very different story.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.92,0:01:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was born a genetically modified\Ndesigner baby with numerous upgrades.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.72,0:01:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah. Upgrades.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.88,0:01:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these enhancements were introduced
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.80,0:01:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using a new genetic\Nmodification technology
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.36,0:01:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that goes by the funny name CRISPR,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.16,0:01:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, like something's crisp,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.88,0:01:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is CRISPR.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.52,0:01:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The scientist that Jenna's parents\Nhired to do this
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.84,0:01:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for several million dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.56,0:01:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,introduced CRISPR\Ninto a whole panel of human embryos.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.36,0:01:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then they used genetic testing,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.08,0:01:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they predicted that\Nthat little tiny embryo, Jenna's embryo,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.16,0:01:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be the best of the bunch.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.16,0:01:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, Jenna is an actual, real person.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.64,0:01:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's sitting on the carpet\Nin your living room
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.88,0:01:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,playing with your daughter Marianne.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.08,0:01:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And your families have known\Neach other for years now,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.20,0:01:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's become very clear to you
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.64,0:02:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Jenna is extraordinary.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.20,0:02:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's incredibly intelligent.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.24,0:02:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're honest with yourself,\Nshe's smarter than you,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.52,0:02:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she's five years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.04,0:02:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's beautiful, tall, athletic,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.96,0:02:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the list goes on and on.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.28,0:02:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, there's\Na whole new generation
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.88,0:02:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these GM kids like Jenna.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.92,0:02:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so far it looks like
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.08,0:02:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're healthier\Nthan their parents' generation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.44,0:02:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than your generation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.20,0:02:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they have lower health care costs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.04,0:02:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're immune to a host\Nof health conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.80,0:02:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including HIV/AIDS and genetic diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.08,0:02:40.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It all sounds so great,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.44,0:02:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you can't help but have\Nthis sort of unsettling feeling,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.52,0:02:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a gut feeling, that there's something\Njust not quite right about Jenna,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.16,0:02:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you've had the same feeling\Nabout other GM kids that you've met.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.12,0:02:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You were also reading\Nin the newspaper earlier this week
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.52,0:03:02.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a study of these children\Nwho were born as designer babies
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.48,0:03:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,indicates they may have some issues,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.36,0:03:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like increased aggressiveness\Nand narcissism.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.64,0:03:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But more immediately on your mind
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.32,0:03:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is some news that you just got\Nfrom Jenna's family.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.04,0:03:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's so smart,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.56,0:03:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she's now going to be going\Nto a special school,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.68,0:03:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a different school\Nthan your daughter Marianne,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.20,0:03:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is kind of throwing\Nyour family into a disarray.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.96,0:03:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Marianne's been crying,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.32,0:03:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and last night when you took her to bed\Nto kiss her goodnight,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.76,0:03:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she said, "Daddy, will Jenna\Neven be my friend anymore?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.48,0:03:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, as I've been telling you\Nthis imagined 2030 story,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.04,0:03:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a feeling\Nthat I may have put some of you
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.68,0:03:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into this sci-fi\Nframe of reference. Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.28,0:03:47.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You think you're reading a sci-fi book.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.80,0:03:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or maybe, like,\Nin Halloween mode of thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.76,0:03:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is really\Na possible reality for us,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.20,0:03:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just 15 years from now.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.48,0:03:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a stem cell and genetics researcher
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.44,0:04:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I can see this new CRISPR technology
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.40,0:04:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its potential impact,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.60,0:04:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we may find ourselves in that reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.24,0:04:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lot will depend\Non what we decide to do today.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.96,0:04:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you're still\Nkind of thinking in sci-fi mode,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.48,0:04:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consider that the world of science\Nhad a huge shock earlier this year,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.00,0:04:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the public largely\Ndoesn't even know about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.96,0:04:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Researchers in China just a few months ago
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.76,0:04:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reported the creation\Nof genetically modified human embryos.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.44,0:04:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the first time in history.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.00,0:04:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they did it using\Nthis new CRISPR technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.56,0:04:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It didn't work perfectly,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.32,0:04:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I still think\Nthey sort of cracked the door ajar
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.92,0:04:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a Pandora's box here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.48,0:04:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think some people\Nare going to run with this technology
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.40,0:04:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try to make designer babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.20,0:04:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, before I go on, some of you\Nmay hold up your hands and say,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.28,0:04:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Stop, Paul, wait a minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.56,0:04:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wouldn't that be illegal?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.40,0:05:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't just go off\Nand create a designer baby."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.66,0:05:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, to some extent, you're right.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.68,0:05:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some countries, you couldn't do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.52,0:05:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in many other countries,\Nincluding my country, the US,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.80,0:05:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's actually no law on this,\Nso in theory, you could do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.68,0:05:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there was another development\Nthis year that resonates in this area,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.16,0:05:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that happened\Nnot so far from here over in the UK.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.48,0:05:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the UK traditionally\Nhas been the strictest country
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.60,0:05:28.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to human\Ngenetic modification.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.44,0:05:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was illegal there,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.40,0:05:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but just a few months ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.00,0:05:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they carved out an exception to that rule.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.48,0:05:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They passed a new law
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.04,0:05:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allowing the creation\Nof genetically modified humans
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.52,0:05:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the noble goal of trying\Nto prevent a rare kind of genetic disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.40,0:05:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But still I think in combination\Nthese events are pushing us
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.12,0:05:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,further towards an acceptance
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.68,0:05:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of human genetic modification.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.84,0:05:56.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I've been talking\Nabout this CRISPR technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.76,0:05:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What actually is CRISPR?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.36,0:06:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you think about the GMOs\Nthat we're all more familiar with,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.72,0:06:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like GMO tomatoes and wheat
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.96,0:06:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and things like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.92,0:06:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this technology\Nis similar to the technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.56,0:06:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were used to make those,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.44,0:06:14.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's dramatically better,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.84,0:06:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cheaper and faster.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.12,0:06:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.68,0:06:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's actually like\Na genetic Swiss army knife.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.16,0:06:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can pretend this is a Swiss army knife
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.44,0:06:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with different tools in it,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.80,0:06:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of the tools\Nis kind of like a magnifying glass
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.96,0:06:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a GPS for our DNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.88,0:06:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it can hone in on a certain spot.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.48,0:06:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the next tool is like scissors
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.16,0:06:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can cut the DNA right in that spot.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.44,0:06:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally we have a pen
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.04,0:06:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we can literally rewrite\Nthe genetic code in that location.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.56,0:06:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really that simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.68,0:06:51.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this technology, which came\Non the scene just three years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.36,0:06:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has taken science by storm.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.00,0:06:58.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's evolving so fast, and it's\Nso freaking exciting to scientists,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.28,0:07:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I admit I'm fascinated by it\Nand we use it in my own lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.04,0:07:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I think someone\Nis going to go that extra step
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.64,0:07:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and continue the GM human embryo work
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.24,0:07:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe make designer babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.08,0:07:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is so ubiquitous now.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.76,0:07:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It just came on the scene three years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.20,0:07:21.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thousands of labs\Nliterally have this in hand today,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.56,0:07:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're doing important research.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.96,0:07:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of them are not interested\Nin designer babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.60,0:07:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're studying human disease
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.12,0:07:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other important elements of science.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.56,0:07:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's a lot of good research\Ngoing on with CRISPR.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.00,0:07:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the fact that we can\Nnow do genetic modifications
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.44,0:07:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that used to take years\Nand cost millions of dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.24,0:07:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a few weeks\Nfor a couple thousand bucks,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.28,0:07:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to me as a scientist that's fantastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.44,0:07:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but again, at the same time,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.60,0:07:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it opens the door to people going too far.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.32,0:07:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think for some people
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.76,0:07:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the focus is not going to be\Nso much on science.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.80,0:07:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not what's going\Nto be driving them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.84,0:08:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to be ideology\Nor the chase for a profit.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.12,0:08:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're going to go\Nfor designer babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.24,0:08:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why should we be concerned about this?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.12,0:08:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know from Darwin,\Nif we go back two centuries,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.36,0:08:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that evolution and genetics\Nprofoundly have impacted humanity,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.52,0:08:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who we are today.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.68,0:08:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some think there's like\Na social Darwinism at work in our world,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.64,0:08:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe even a eugenics as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.72,0:08:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine those trends, those forces,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.48,0:08:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a booster rocket\Nof this CRISPR technology
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.48,0:08:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is so powerful and so ubiquitous.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.00,0:08:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, we can just go back\None century to the last century
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.92,0:08:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see the power that eugenics can have.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.80,0:08:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my father, Peter Knoepfler,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.28,0:08:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was actually born right here in Vienna.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.08,0:08:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was Viennese,\Nand he was born here in 1929.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.60,0:09:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when my grandparents\Nhad little baby Peter,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.52,0:09:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world was very different. Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.28,0:09:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a different Vienna.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.60,0:09:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The United States was different.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.20,0:09:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world was different.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.48,0:09:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a eugenics rising,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.80,0:09:11.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my grandparents realized,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.16,0:09:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pretty quickly I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.60,0:09:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they were on the wrong side\Nof the eugenics equation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.84,0:09:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so despite this being their home
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.24,0:09:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their whole extended family's home,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.32,0:09:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this area being their family's\Nhome for generations,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.68,0:09:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they decided because of eugenics
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.72,0:09:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they had to leave.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.68,0:09:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they survived,\Nbut they were heartbroken,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.84,0:09:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm not sure my dad\Never really got over leaving Vienna.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.00,0:09:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He left when he was just eight years old
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.36,0:09:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1938.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.56,0:09:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So today, I see a new eugenics
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.64,0:09:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of bubbling to the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.00,0:09:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's supposed to be a kinder,\Ngentler, positive eugenics,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.00,0:09:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different than all that past stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.20,0:10:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think even though it's focused\Non trying to improve people,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.60,0:10:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it could have negative consequences,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.32,0:10:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it really worries me
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.60,0:10:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that some of the top proponents\Nof this new eugenics,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.40,0:10:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they think CRISPR is the ticket\Nto make it happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.36,0:10:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I have to admit, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.12,0:10:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eugenics, we talk\Nabout making better people.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.40,0:10:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a tough question.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.68,0:10:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is better when we're talking\Nabout a human being?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.36,0:10:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I admit I think maybe a lot of us
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.04,0:10:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could agree that human beings,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.00,0:10:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe we could use a little betterment.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.00,0:10:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at our politicians
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.32,0:10:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here, you know, back in the US --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.40,0:10:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,God forbid we go there right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.04,0:10:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe even if we just look in the mirror,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.04,0:10:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there might be ways\Nwe think we could be better.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.60,0:10:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I might wish, honestly, that I had\Nmore hair here, instead of baldness.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.44,0:10:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people might wish they were taller,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.00,0:10:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a different weight, a different face.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.88,0:10:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we could do those things,\Nwe could make those things happen,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.36,0:10:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or we could make them happen\Nin our children,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.64,0:11:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would be very seductive.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.04,0:11:04.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet coming with it\Nwould be these risks.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.96,0:11:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I talked about eugenics,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.88,0:11:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there would be risks\Nto individuals as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.72,0:11:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we forget about enhancing people
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.20,0:11:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we just try to make them\Nhealthier using genetic modification,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.68,0:11:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this technology is so new
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.16,0:11:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so powerful,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.76,0:11:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that by accident\Nwe could make them sicker.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.52,0:11:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That easily could happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.68,0:11:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's another risk,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.96,0:11:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is that all of the legitimate,\Nimportant genetic modification research
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.56,0:11:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going on just in the lab --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.24,0:11:37.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again, no interest in designer babies --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.28,0:11:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few people going\Nthe designer baby route,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.16,0:11:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things go badly,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.56,0:11:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that entire field could be damaged.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.44,0:11:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also think it's not that unlikely
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.92,0:11:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that governments might start taking\Nan interest in genetic modification.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.88,0:11:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example our imagined GM Jenna child
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.84,0:11:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is healthier,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.08,0:12:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if there's a generation that looks\Nlike they have lower health care costs,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.12,0:12:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's possible that governments\Nmay start trying to compel their citizens
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.36,0:12:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go the GM route.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.28,0:12:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at China's one-child policy.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.32,0:12:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's thought that that prevented\Nthe birth of 400 million human beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.20,0:12:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's not beyond the realm of possible
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.00,0:12:25.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that genetic modification\Ncould be something that governments push.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.28,0:12:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if designer babies become popular,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.80,0:12:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our digital age --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.64,0:12:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,viral videos, social media --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.32,0:12:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what if designer babies\Nare thought to be fashionable,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.92,0:12:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they kind of become\Nthe new glitterati,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.08,0:12:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the new Kardashians or something?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.84,0:12:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.88,0:12:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, are those trends\Nthat we really could control?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.44,0:12:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not convinced that we could.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.64,0:12:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So again, today it's Halloween
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.84,0:12:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when we talk\Nabout genetic modification,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.32,0:12:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's one Halloween-associated character
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.48,0:13:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is talked about\Nor invoked more than anything else,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.16,0:13:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is Frankenstein.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.60,0:13:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mostly that's been Frankenfoods\Nand all this other stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.04,0:13:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we think about this now\Nand we think about in the human context
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.64,0:13:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a day like Halloween,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.92,0:13:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if parents can in essence\Ncostume their children genetically,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.36,0:13:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are we going to be talking about\NFrankenstein 2.0 kind of situation?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.24,0:13:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think so. I don't think\Nit's going to get to that extreme,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.44,0:13:31.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when we are going about\Nhacking the human code,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.44,0:13:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think all bets are off\Nin terms of what might come of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.72,0:13:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There would still be dangers.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.72,0:13:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can look in the past
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.08,0:13:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to other elements\Nof transformative science
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.72,0:13:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see how they can\Nbasically go out of control
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.56,0:13:47.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and permeate society.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.56,0:13:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'll just give you one example,\Nand that is in vitro fertilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.48,0:13:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost exactly 40 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.12,0:13:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,test tube baby number one\NLouise Brown was born,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.84,0:14:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's a great thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.12,0:14:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think since then\Nfive million IVF babies have been born,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.68,0:14:08.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bringing immeasurable happiness.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.36,0:14:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of parents now can love those kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.52,0:14:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you think about,\Nit in four decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.60,0:14:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five million babies being born\Nfrom a new technology
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.52,0:14:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is pretty remarkable,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.36,0:14:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the same kind of thing could happen
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.60,0:14:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with human genetic modification\Nand designer babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.20,0:14:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So depending on the decisions\Nwe make in the next few months,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.40,0:14:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next year or so,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.72,0:14:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if designer baby number one is born,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.88,0:14:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within a few decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.12,0:14:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there could well be millions\Nof genetically modified humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.80,0:14:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a difference there too,\Nbecause if we, you in the audience, or I,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.28,0:14:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we decide to have a designer baby,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.20,0:14:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then their children will also\Nbe genetically modified, and so on,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.24,0:14:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's heritable.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.56,0:14:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's a big difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.60,0:14:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So with all of this in mind,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.52,0:14:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what should we do?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.12,0:14:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's actually going to be a meeting
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.96,0:15:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a month from tomorrow in Washington, D.C.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.88,0:15:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the US National Academy of Sciences
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.84,0:15:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tackle that exact question.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.48,0:15:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the right path forward\Nwith human genetic modification?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.00,0:15:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe at this time
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.44,0:15:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need a moratorium.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.92,0:15:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to ban this.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.44,0:15:21.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should not allow\Ncreating genetically modified people,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.04,0:15:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's just too dangerous\Nand too unpredictable.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.36,0:15:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's a lot of people --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.84,0:15:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.00,0:15:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.24,0:15:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.88,0:15:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let me say, just as a scientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.20,0:15:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a little bit scary\Nfor me to say that in public,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.72,0:15:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because science generally doesn't like\Nself-regulation and things like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.24,0:15:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think we need to put a hold on this,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.40,0:15:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are many people\Nwho not only disagree with me,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.16,0:15:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they feel the exact opposite.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.68,0:15:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're like, step on the gas,\Nfull speed ahead,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.04,0:15:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's make designer babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.68,0:16:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so in the meeting in December
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.64,0:16:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other meetings that are likely\Nto follow in the next few months,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.12,0:16:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's very possible\Nthere may be no moratorium.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.28,0:16:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think part\Nof the problem that we have
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.36,0:16:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that all of this trend,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.44,0:16:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this revolution in genetic modification\Napplying to humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.56,0:16:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the public hasn't known about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.20,0:16:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody has been saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.04,0:16:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look, this is a big deal,\Nthis is a revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.12,0:16:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this could affect you\Nin very personal ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.40,0:16:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so part of my goal\Nis actually to change that
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.24,0:16:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to educate and engage with the public
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.20,0:16:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get you guys talking about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.52,0:16:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I hope at these meetings\Nthat there will be a role for the public
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.32,0:16:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bring their voice to bear as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.68,0:16:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we kind of circle back now\Nto 2030 again, that imagined story,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.20,0:16:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and depending on the decisions\Nwe make, again, today --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.24,0:16:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literally we don't have a lot of time --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.20,0:16:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the next few months,\Nthe next year or so,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.32,0:17:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this technology\Nis spreading like wildfire.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.56,0:17:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's pretend we're back in that reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.52,0:17:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're at a park,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.36,0:17:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our kid is swinging on the swing.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.60,0:17:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that kid a regular old kid,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.24,0:17:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or did we decide to have a designer baby?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.72,0:17:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's say we went\Nthe sort of traditional route,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.20,0:17:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's our kid swinging on the swing,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.72,0:17:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and frankly, they're kind of a mess.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.56,0:17:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their hair is all over\Nthe place like mine.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.28,0:17:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have a stuffy nose.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.52,0:17:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're not the best student in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.24,0:17:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're adorable, you love them,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.48,0:17:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there on the swing next to them,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.44,0:17:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their best friend is a GM kid,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.48,0:17:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the two of them\Nare kind of swinging like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.92,0:17:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can't help\Nbut compare them, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.96,0:17:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the GM kid is swinging higher,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.48,0:17:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they look better,\Nthey're a better student,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.68,0:17:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't have that stuffy nose\Nyou need to wipe.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.68,0:17:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How is that going to make you feel
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.96,0:17:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what decision\Nmight you make next time?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.84,0:18:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.08,0:18:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)