[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.50,0:00:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I know it might be easy to think
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.96,0:00:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that microbes are bad,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.88,0:00:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially for infants,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.29,0:00:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but research has in fact\Nproven the opposite.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.38,0:00:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the truth might be\Na little bit more complex,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.42,0:00:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's actually way more interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.50,0:00:21.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems that we need microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.88,0:00:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be programmed for good health,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.08,0:00:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not just any microbes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.83,0:00:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need the right combination.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.25,0:00:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We succeed best\Nwith the little microbial bodies
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.96,0:00:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have adapted to coexist with\Nduring evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.88,0:00:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I guess it won't surprise you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.54,0:00:43.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to learn that we start acquiring\Nthat right combination right at birth.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.25,0:00:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, at least some of us do.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.67,0:00:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Babies born by C-section\Nand babies born vaginally
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.71,0:00:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aren't the same
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.00,0:00:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to microbial start to life,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.17,0:00:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after birth there are\Ncountless different early life events
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.58,0:00:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and circumstances
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.92,0:01:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that further modulate the way\Nthe gut microbiota is developing,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.08,0:01:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as the medications that might be\Nprescribed for the infant or the mother,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.21,0:01:12.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,number of pets and siblings in the family,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.38,0:01:14.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as level of hygiene at home,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.21,0:01:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, in this case, it's actually better
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.21,0:01:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it's not that perfectly\Nclean all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.54,0:01:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also nutrition,\Nboth mothers and infants.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.83,0:01:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of these events\Nand circumstances play a huge role
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.79,0:01:31.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the gut microbial development
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.29,0:01:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that has a huge impact\Non the lifelong health of that baby.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.17,0:01:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm not talking about\Nsmall health implications here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.71,0:01:43.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm talking about the big stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.17,0:01:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Microbes we acquire or do not acquire
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.25,0:01:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,affect our likelihood of developing\Ndiseases like obesity, diabetes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.29,0:01:52.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even some cancers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.00,0:01:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since many of these\Nearly life events I just listed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.12,0:01:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are such that we cannot affect them,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.50,0:02:00.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are inevitable,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.96,0:02:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example C-sections\Nhave been invented to save lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.29,0:02:06.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they do that daily,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.38,0:02:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most medications\Nare prescribed for a valid reason,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.17,0:02:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially for infants, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.04,0:02:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is why we have to learn
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.17,0:02:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to protect the health of these babies
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.71,0:02:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after the occurrence\Nof such early life events
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.17,0:02:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might disrupt their gut\Nmicrobiota development.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.54,0:02:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I work as a researcher
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.92,0:02:31.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as a technical lead\Nof an infant health platform,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.29,0:02:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the question I'm trying\Nto find a solution to every day at work,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.54,0:02:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the same question\NI'm aiming to answer in this talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.33,0:02:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how can we make sure
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.83,0:02:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all babies get the same shot\Nat lifelong health,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.12,0:02:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no matter how they're born\Nor what early life events they encounter.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.38,0:02:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seems like a noble cause, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.12,0:02:55.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Great.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.42,0:02:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's figure this out.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.12,0:03:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To begin, remember how I said that we need\Nthe right combination of microbes?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.33,0:03:06.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, to get that combination right,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.46,0:03:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to receive those microbes\Nthat inhabit our bodies
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.96,0:03:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a certain order.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.88,0:03:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can think of it\Nlike a colonization march.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.38,0:03:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The very early microbes\Nthat inhabit our bodies first
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.12,0:03:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,change the environment in the infant's gut
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.71,0:03:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the next microbes\Nare able to move in,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.79,0:03:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of like the first invaders
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.71,0:03:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come in first and set up\Nthe infrastructure
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.08,0:03:35.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the other settlers to build upon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.29,0:03:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if babies are born via C-section,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.08,0:03:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that early phase of colonization\Nis greatly altered,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.12,0:03:47.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because instead of vaginal,\Nfecal, and skin bacteria of the mother,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.88,0:03:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mainly only skin bacteria\Nenter the infant gut.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.83,0:03:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that sets that colonization march\Nto a totally different tone,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.75,0:04:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and simply because that's different\Nto what we've adapted to during evolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.62,0:04:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might cause some health disadvantages\Nfor C-section-born babies later on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.25,0:04:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can take weight development\Nas an example here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.21,0:04:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has been already shown\Nin several studies
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.17,0:04:16.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that gut microbiota composition
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.33,0:04:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is associated to weight
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.21,0:04:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as the likelihood\Nof developing diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.54,0:04:24.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like diabetes or cardiovascular diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.25,0:04:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now there are some indications
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.71,0:04:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you could already at infancy
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.25,0:04:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see from a fecal sample of a baby
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.75,0:04:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some microbes missing\Nfrom those individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.79,0:04:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who will later on develop\Nto be obese or overweight.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.12,0:04:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has also been shown\Nthat those same microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.12,0:04:46.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be missing from babies\Nwho are born by C-section
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.38,0:04:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or who are predisposed to heavy loads\Nof antibiotics in early life.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.79,0:04:52.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to kind of close this loop,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.46,0:04:54.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has also been shown in some research
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.83,0:04:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that babies born by C-section
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.96,0:05:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or are prescribed with many,\Nmany antibiotics early in life
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.04,0:05:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are more likely to be obese\Nor overweight, even by 50 percent,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.17,0:05:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.50,0:05:09.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I know you might\Nbe thinking at this point
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.79,0:05:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, oh no, I just had a C-section\Nor I was born via C-section
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.29,0:05:16.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or my child had the antibiotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.92,0:05:20.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I want you to not worry.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.88,0:05:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If these microbes are missing
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.83,0:05:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or are lost for any reason,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.17,0:05:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can be acquired later,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.33,0:05:31.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the baby just needs\Na little help with that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.71,0:05:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One thing that has already for some time\Nbeen known to help is breastfeeding.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.42,0:05:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Breast milk is kind of miraculous:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.50,0:05:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in addition to containing\Nnutrients for the baby,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.62,0:05:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it seems to contain food\Nfor the good microbes as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.79,0:05:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's great for a breastfed baby,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.67,0:05:56.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we all know that all babies\Nare not breastfed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.71,0:06:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what could we do to ensure that also\Nthose babies who are not breastfed
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.96,0:06:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could restore their microbiota development
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.42,0:06:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after encountering\Nthose disruptive early life events
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.17,0:06:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might disrupt\Ntheir gut microbiota development.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.92,0:06:16.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now we get to the actual\Nsolution part of this talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.38,0:06:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The research in this field\Nhas been taking giant steps lately.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.62,0:06:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, it was understood\Nthat if there are some microbes missing,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.71,0:06:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can be ingested.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.00,0:06:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call the good microbes,\Nwhen they are ingested, probiotics,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.08,0:06:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and probiotics have been tested
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.67,0:06:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in several clinical trials\Nduring the years
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.46,0:06:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also in infants with great effects
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.75,0:06:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as reducing their risk\Nof eczema later in life.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.46,0:06:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, a second revolution was realized
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.00,0:06:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the eyes of researchers\Nwere turned to breast milk.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.12,0:06:51.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was logical, as, like I mentioned,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.46,0:06:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was already known that breastfeeding\Nis able to support the healthy development
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.33,0:06:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of gut microbiota.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.75,0:07:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were these particles in breast milk
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.50,0:07:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were found already in the 1930s
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.08,0:07:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called human milk oligosaccharides,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.62,0:07:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but their function remained a mystery
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.58,0:07:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for decades and decades\Nafter their initial discovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.83,0:07:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were really puzzling for researchers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.50,0:07:24.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they are really abundant in human milk.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.25,0:07:27.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are actually\Nthe third-largest group of solids,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.88,0:07:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they are not digestible\Nby humans, not even infants.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.67,0:07:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why would mothers synthesize\Nsomething to breast milk,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.38,0:07:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use their resources to put something there
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.17,0:07:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is not utilizable by the infant?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.21,0:07:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Usually nature does not work that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.67,0:07:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.96,0:07:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it was quite a revelation\Nwhen it was finally understood
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.75,0:07:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's the role of these particles,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.96,0:07:56.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that it is to selectively feed\Nthe microbes that are best for infants,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.38,0:07:59.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that way to affect the infant health.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.79,0:08:03.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are over a hundred\Nof different HMO structures,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.92,0:08:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and nowadays we are able to synthesize\Nsome of them also in the lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.00,0:08:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that enables us to package them up
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.42,0:08:15.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with probiotics for children and infants
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.67,0:08:18.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are not able to receive them\Nfrom breast milk
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.42,0:08:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to restore their microbiota
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.58,0:08:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after encountering\Ndisruptive early life events.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.42,0:08:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is the solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.71,0:08:30.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a researcher, I must say at this point
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.92,0:08:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that research in this field\Nis still ongoing
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.88,0:08:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lot of work remains to be done.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.83,0:08:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a favorite sentence\Nof us scientists.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.25,0:08:45.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we are taking steps\Ntowards understanding better and better
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.29,0:08:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are the key missing microbes\Nin various situations
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.04,0:08:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what HMOs we should package\Nwith which probiotics
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.62,0:08:59.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help restore the microbiota of that\Nparticular baby in that particular case.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.46,0:09:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I wish you to remember from this talk
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.08,0:09:08.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that, yes, vaginally born\Nbreastfed baby has the microbiota
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.83,0:09:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have evolved to adapt to,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.83,0:09:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in cases where that is not possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.29,0:09:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are means to reduce\Nthe negative health consequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.08,0:09:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lastly, I wish you to imagine\Na world for a while,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.92,0:09:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a world where there would be\Nsuch a health care system
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.71,0:09:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when you take your baby\Nto a health care check,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.50,0:09:35.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would routinely monitor the gut\Nmicrobiota development of that baby,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.83,0:09:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if any disruptions would be noted,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.50,0:09:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a tailor-made product\Nto restore the microbiota
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.21,0:09:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be prescribed.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.58,0:09:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, how wonderful would that be,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.54,0:09:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the onset of any chronic diseases\Nwould be extremely rare
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.12,0:09:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of this preemptive\Nhealth care system?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.46,0:09:58.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you imagine such a world?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.46,0:10:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you believe that that kind\Nof future would be possible?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.58,0:10:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.08,0:10:09.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe in that future\Nand I want to contribute
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.83,0:10:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the unfolding of that future,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.25,0:10:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a future in which each baby\Nhas an equal starting point for life
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.12,0:10:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be programmed for lifelong health.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.21,0:10:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.50,0:10:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)