[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.99,0:00:04.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I know it might be easy to think
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.13,0:00:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that microbes are bad,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.41,0:00:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially for infants,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.37,0:00:11.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but research has in fact\Nproven the opposite.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.32,0:00:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the truth might be\Na little bit more complex,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.65,0:00:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's actually way more interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.77,0:00:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems that we need microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.01,0:00:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be programmed for good health,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.02,0:00:27.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not just any microbes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.07,0:00:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need the right combination.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.41,0:00:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With succeed best with\Nthe little microbial bodies
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.16,0:00:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have adapted to coexist with\Nduring evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.04,0:00:39.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I guess it won't surprise you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.24,0:00:43.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to learn that we start acquiring\Nthat right combination right at birth.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.51,0:00:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, at least, some of us do.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.18,0:00:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Babies born by C-section\Nand babies born vaginally
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.77,0:00:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aren't the same
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.02,0:00:54.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to microbial start to life,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.44,0:00:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after birth there are countless
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.66,0:01:00.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different early life\Nevents and circumstances
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.61,0:01:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that further modulate the way\Nthe gut microbiota is developing,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.48,0:01:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as the medications that might be\Nprescribed for the infant or the mother,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.60,0:01:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,number of pets and siblings in the family,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.99,0:01:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as level of hygiene at home,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.04,0:01:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, in this case, it's actually better\Nif it's not that perfectly clean
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.21,0:01:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.08,0:01:24.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also nutrition,\Nboth mothers and infants.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.31,0:01:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of these events\Nand circumstances play a huge role
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.19,0:01:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the gut microbial development\Nand that has a huge impact
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.86,0:01:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the lifelong health of that baby.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.49,0:01:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm not talking about\Nsmall health implications here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.99,0:01:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm talking about the big stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.04,0:01:46.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Microbes we acquire or do not acquire
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.63,0:01:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,affect our livelihood of developing\Ndiseases like obesity, diabetes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.36,0:01:54.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even some cancers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.64,0:01:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since many of these\Nearly life events I just listed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.12,0:01:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are such that we cannot affect them,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.68,0:02:02.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are inevitable,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.04,0:02:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example C-sections\Nhave been invented to save lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.77,0:02:06.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they do that daily,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.59,0:02:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most medications are prescribed\Nfor a valid reason,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.52,0:02:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially for infants, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.16,0:02:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is why we have to learn
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.14,0:02:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to protect the health of these babies
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.80,0:02:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after the occurrence\Nof such early life events
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.01,0:02:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might disrupt their gut\Nmicrobial development.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.73,0:02:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I work as a researcher
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.60,0:02:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as a technical lead\Nof an infant health platform,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.85,0:02:35.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the question I'm trying\Nto find a solution every day at work,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.75,0:02:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the same question\NI'm aiming to answer in this talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.51,0:02:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how can we make sure
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.03,0:02:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all babies get the same shot\Nat lifelong health,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.75,0:02:47.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no matter how they're born
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.99,0:02:51.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or what early life events they encounter.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.60,0:02:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seems like a noble cause, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.12,0:02:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Great.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.21,0:02:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's figure this out.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.89,0:03:03.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To begin, remember how I said that we need\Nthe right combination of microbes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.17,0:03:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, to get that combination right,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.24,0:03:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to receive those microbes\Nthat inhabit our bodies
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.22,0:03:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a certain order.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.19,0:03:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can think of it\Nlike a colonization march.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.58,0:03:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The very early microbes\Nthat inhabit our bodies first
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.44,0:03:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,change the environment
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.34,0:03:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the infant's gut
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.94,0:03:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the next microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.71,0:03:29.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are able to move in,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.29,0:03:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of like the first invaders
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.99,0:03:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come in first and set up\Nthe infrastructure
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.38,0:03:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the other settlers to build upon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.21,0:03:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if babies are born via C-section,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.34,0:03:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that early phase of colonization\Nis greatly altered,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.62,0:03:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because instead of vaginal,\Nfecal, and skin bacteria of the mother,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.97,0:03:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mainly only skin bacteria\Nenter the infant gut.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.18,0:03:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that sets that colonization march\Nto a totally different tone,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.02,0:04:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and simply because that's different\Nto what we've adapted to during evolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.65,0:04:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might cause some health disadvantages\Nfor C-section born babies later on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.42,0:04:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can take weight development\Nas an example, here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.45,0:04:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has been already shown\Nin several studies
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.01,0:04:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that gut microbial composition
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.24,0:04:18.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is associated to weight
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.63,0:04:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as the likelihood\Nof developing diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.86,0:04:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like diabetes or cardiovascular diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.51,0:04:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now there are some indications
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.50,0:04:31.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you could already at infancy
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.91,0:04:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see from the fecal sample of a baby
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.87,0:04:36.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some microbes missing\Nfrom those individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.29,0:04:39.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who will later on develop\Nto be obese or overweight.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.24,0:04:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has also been shown\Nthat those same microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.20,0:04:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be missing from babies\Nwho are born by C-section
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.89,0:04:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or who are predisposed to heavy loads\Nof antibiotics in early life.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.72,0:04:52.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to kind of close this loop,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.63,0:04:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has also been shown in some research
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.78,0:04:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that babies born by C-section
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.33,0:05:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or are prescribed with many,\Nmany antibiotics early in life
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.48,0:05:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are more likely to be obese\Nor overweight, even by 50 percent,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.48,0:05:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.66,0:05:11.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I know you might\Nbe thinking at this point
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.19,0:05:15.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, oh no, I just had a C-section\Nor I was born via C-section
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.21,0:05:17.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or my child had the antibiotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.23,0:05:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I want you to not worry.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.08,0:05:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If these microbes are missing
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.03,0:05:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or are lost for any reason,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.52,0:05:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can be acquired later,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.27,0:05:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the baby just needs\Na little help with that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.54,0:05:37.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One thing that has already for some time\Nbeen known to help is breastfeeding.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.03,0:05:41.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Breast milk is kind of miraculous:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.61,0:05:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in addition to containing\Nnutrients for the baby,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.72,0:05:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it seems to contain food\Nfor the good microbes as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.12,0:05:52.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's great for a breastfed baby,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.37,0:05:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we all know that all babies\Nare not breastfed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.15,0:05:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what could we do to ensure that also\Nthose babies who are not breastfed
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.74,0:06:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could restore their microbial development
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.68,0:06:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after encountering those disruptive\Nearly life events that might disrupt
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.86,0:06:11.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their gut microbial development.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.26,0:06:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now we get to the actual\Nsolution part of this talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.07,0:06:22.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The research in this field\Nhas been taking giant steps lately.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.05,0:06:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, it was understood\Nthat if there are some microbes missing,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.98,0:06:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can be ingested.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.16,0:06:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call the good microbes,\Nwhen they are ingested, probiotics,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.38,0:06:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and probiotics have been tested\Nin several clinical trials
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.58,0:06:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the years also in infants\Nwith great effects
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.08,0:06:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as reducing their risk\Nof ?? later in life.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.66,0:06:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, a second revolution was realized
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.40,0:06:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the eyes of researchers\Nwere turned to breast milk.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.76,0:06:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was logical, as, like I mentioned,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.65,0:06:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was already known that breastfeeding\Nis able to support the healthy development
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.03,0:06:59.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of gut microbiota.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.23,0:07:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were these particles in breast milk
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.70,0:07:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were found already in the 1930s
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.40,0:07:09.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called human milk oligosaccharides,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.83,0:07:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but their function remained a mystery
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.81,0:07:18.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for decades and decades\Nafter their initial discovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.29,0:07:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were really puzzling for researchers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.90,0:07:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they are really abundant in human milk.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.58,0:07:28.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are actually\Nthe third-largest group of solids,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.29,0:07:30.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they are not digestible\Nby humans, not even infants.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.53,0:07:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why would mothers synthesize\Nsomething to breast milk,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.04,0:07:34.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use their resources to put something there
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.49,0:07:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is not utilizable by the infant?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.03,0:07:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Usually nature does not work that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.04,0:07:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.11,0:07:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it was quite a revelation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.63,0:07:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it was finally understood
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.34,0:07:51.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's the role of these particles,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.29,0:07:55.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that it is to selectively feed\Nthe microbes that are best for infants,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.21,0:08:00.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that way to affect the infant health.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.09,0:08:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are over a hundred\Nof different HMO structures,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.28,0:08:10.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and nowadays we are able to synthesize\Nsome of them also in the lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.42,0:08:12.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that enables us to package them up
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.85,0:08:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with probiotics for children and infants
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.08,0:08:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are not able to receive them\Nfrom breast milk
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.75,0:08:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to restore their microbiota
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.88,0:08:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after encountering disruptive\Nearly life events.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.62,0:08:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is the solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.94,0:08:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a researcher, I must say at this point
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.52,0:08:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that research in this field\Nis still ongoing
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.55,0:08:37.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lot of work remains to be done.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.39,0:08:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a favorite sentence\Nof us scientists.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.58,0:08:45.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we are taking steps\Ntowards understanding better and better
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.51,0:08:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are the key missing microbes\Nin various situations
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.30,0:08:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what HMOs we should package\Nwith which probiotics to help restore
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.40,0:09:00.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the microbiota of that particular baby\Nin that particular case.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.67,0:09:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I wish you to remember from this talk
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.02,0:09:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that, yes, vaginally born\Nbreastfed baby has the microbiota
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.88,0:09:11.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have evolved to adapt to,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.47,0:09:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in cases where that is not possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.43,0:09:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are means to reduce\Nthe negative health consequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.16,0:09:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lastly, I wish you to imagine\Na world for a while,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.08,0:09:29.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a world where there would be\Nsuch a health care system
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.09,0:09:31.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when you take your baby\Nto a health care check,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.61,0:09:36.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would routinely monitor the gut\Nmicrobiota development of that baby,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.47,0:09:38.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if any disruptions would be noted,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.81,0:09:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a tailor-made product\Nto restore the microbiota
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.66,0:09:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be prescribed.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.08,0:09:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, how wonderful would that be,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.20,0:09:50.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the onset of any chronic diseases\Nwould be extremely rare
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.81,0:09:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of this preemptive\Nhealth care system?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.52,0:09:59.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you imagine such a world?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.75,0:10:04.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you believe that that kind\Nof future would be possible?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.29,0:10:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.13,0:10:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe in that future\Nand I want to contribute
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.02,0:10:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the unfolding of that future,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.44,0:10:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a future in which each baby\Nhas an equal starting point for life
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.75,0:10:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be programmed for lifelong health.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.93,0:10:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.83,0:10:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)