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People have been using media to talk
about sex for a long time.

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Love letters, phone sex, racy polaroids.

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There's even a story of a girl who eloped
with a man that she met over the telegraph

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in 1886.

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Today we have sexting,
and I am a sexting expert.

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Not an expect sexter.

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Though, I do know what this means,
I think you do too.

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I have been studying sexting since 
the media attention to it began in 2008.

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I wrote a book on the moral
panic about sexting.

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And here's what I found:

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most people are worrying
about the wrong thing.

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They're trying to just prevent
sexting from happening entirely.

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But let me ask you this:

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As long as it's completely consensual,
what's the problem with sexting?

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People are into all sorts of things
that you may not be into,

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like blue cheese or cilantro.

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Sexting is certainly risky,
like anything that's fun,

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but as long as you're not sending an image
to someone who doesn't want to receive it,

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there's no harm.

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What I do think is a serious problem is
when people share private images of others

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without their permission.

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And instead of worrying about sexting,
what I think we need to do

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is think a lot more about digital privacy.

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The key is consent.

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Right now most people are thinking

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about sexting without really thinking
about consent at all.

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Did you know we currently
criminalize teen sexting?

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It can be a crime because it counts
as child pornography,

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if there's an image of someone under 18
and it doesn't even matter

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if they took that image of themselves
and shared it willingly.

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So we end up with this
bizarre legal situation

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where two 17-year-olds
can legally have sex in most U.S. states

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but they can't photograph it.

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Some states have also tried passing
sexting misdemeanor laws

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but these laws repeat the same problem

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because they still make
consensual sexting illegal.

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It doesn't make sense

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to try to ban all sexting
to try to address privacy violations.

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This is kind of like saying,

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let's solve the problem of date rape
by just making dating completely illegal.

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Most teens don't get arrested for sexting,
but can you guess who does?

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It's often teens who are disliked
by their partner's parent.

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And this can be because of class bias,
racism or homophobia.

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Most prosecutors are smart enough
not to use child pornography charges

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against teenagers but some do.

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According to researchers
at the University of New Hampshire

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seven percent of all child pornography
possession arrests are teens,

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sexting consensually with other teens.

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Child pornography is a serious crime,

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but it's just not
the same thing as teen sexting.

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Parents and educators are also
responding to sexting

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without really thinking
too much about consent.

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Their message to teens is often,
just don't do it.

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And I totally get it,
there are serious legal risks

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and of course,
that potential for privacy violations.

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And when you were a teen,

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I'm sure you did exactly
as you were told, right?

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You're probably thinking,
my kid would never sext.

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And that's true, your little angel
may not be sexting

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because only 33% of 16 and
17-year-olds are sexting.

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But, sorry, by the time they're older,
odds are they will be sexting.

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Every study I've seen puts the rate
above 50% for 18 to 24-year-olds.

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And most of the time,
nothing goes wrong.

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People ask me all the time things like,
isn't sexting just so dangerous, though,

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like you wouldn't leave your wallet
on a park bench and you expect

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it's gonna get stolen
if you do that, right?

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Here's how I think about it:

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sexting is like leaving your wallet
at your boyfriend's house.

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If you come back the next day

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and all the money is just gone,
you really need to dump that guy

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So instead of criminalizing sexting to try
to prevent these privacy violations,

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instead we need to make consent central

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to how we think about the circulation
of our private information.

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Every new media technology
raises privacy concerns.

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In fact, in the U.S. the very first
major debates about privacy

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were in response to technologies
that were relatively new at the time.

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In the late 1800s, people were
worried about cameras,

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which were just suddenly more portable
than ever before,

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and newspaper gossip columns.

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They were worried that the camera
would capture information about them,

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take it out of context
and widely disseminate it.

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Does this sound familiar?

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It's exactly what we're worrying about
now with social media and drone cameras.

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and, of course, sexting.

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And these fears about technology,
they make sense because technologies

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can amplify and bring out
our worst qualities and behaviors.

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But there are solutions.

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And we've been here before
with a dangerous new technology.

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In 1908, Ford introduced the Model T car.

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Traffic fatality rates were rising.


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It was a serious problem --
it looks so safe, right?

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Our first response was to try
to change drivers behavior,

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so we developed speed limits and
enforced them through fines.

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But over the following decades,

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we started to realize the technology
of the car itself is not just neutral.

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We could design the car to make it safer.

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So in the 1920s, we got
shatter-resistant windshields.

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In the 1950s, seatbelts.
And in the 1990s, airbags.

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All three of these areas:

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laws, individuals, industry
came together

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over time to help solve the problem
that a new technology causes.

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And we can do the same thing with digital privacy. Of course, it comes back to consent. Here's the idea. Before anyone can distribute your private information, they should have to get your permission. This idea of affirmative consent comes from anti-rape activists who tell us that we need consent for every sexual act. And we have really high standards for consent in a lot of other areas. Think about having surgery. Your doctor has to make sure that you are meaningfully and knowingly consenting to that medical procedure. This is not the type of consent with an iTunes Terms of Service where you scroll to the bottom and you're like, agree, agree, whatever. If we think more about consent, we can have better privacy laws. Right now we just don't have that many protections. If your ex-husband or your ex-wife is a terrible person, they can take your nude photos and upload them to a porn site. It can be really hard to get those images taken down. And in a lot of states, you're actually better off if you took the images of yourself because then you can file a copyright claim. RIght now, if someone violates your privacy, whether that's an individual or a company or the NSA, you can try filing a lawsuit, though you may not be successful because many courts assume that digital privacy is just impossible. So they're not willing to punish anyone for violating it. I still hear people asking me all the time, isn't a digital image somehow blurring the line between public and private because it's digital, right? No! No! Everything digital is not just automatically public. That doesn't make any sense. As NYU legal scholar Helen Nissenbaum tells us, we have laws and policies and norms that protect all kinds of information that's private, and it doesn't make difference if it's digital or not. All of your health records are digitized but your doctor can't just share them with anyone. All of your financial information is held in digital databases, but your credit card company can't just post your purchase history online. Better laws could help address privacy violations after they happen, but one of the easiest things we can all do is make personal changes to help protect each other's privacy. We're always told that privacy is our own, sole, individual responsibility. We're told, constantly monitor