[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.48,0:00:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if I told you there were trillions\Nof tiny bacteria all around you?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.04,0:00:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's true.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.52,0:00:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Microorganisms called bacteria\Nwere some of the first life forms
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.62,0:00:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to appear on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.53,0:00:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Though they consist of only a single cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.86,0:00:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their total biomass is greater than\Nthat of all plants and animals combined.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.67,0:00:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they live virtually everywhere:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.64,0:00:30.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the ground, in the water,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.02,0:00:33.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on your kitchen table, on your skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.56,0:00:35.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even inside you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.94,0:00:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't reach for the panic button just yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.28,0:00:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although you have 10 times\Nmore bacterial cells inside you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.10,0:00:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than your body has human cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.02,0:00:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of these bacteria\Nare harmless or even beneficial,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.11,0:00:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helping digestion and immunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.09,0:00:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are a few bad apples\Nthat can cause harmful infections,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.90,0:00:57.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from minor inconveniences\Nto deadly epidemics.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.72,0:01:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, there are amazing medicines\Ndesigned to fight bacterial infections.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.14,0:01:08.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Synthesized from chemicals or\Noccurring naturally in things like mold,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.04,0:01:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these antibiotics kill\Nor neutralize bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.12,0:01:13.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by interrupting cell wall synthesis
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.98,0:01:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or interfering with vital processes\Nlike protein synthesis,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.06,0:01:20.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all while leaving human cells unharmed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.13,0:01:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The deployment of antibiotics\Nover the course of the 20th century
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.45,0:01:27.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has rendered many previously\Ndangerous diseases easily treatable.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.97,0:01:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But today, more and more\Nof our antibiotics
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.87,0:01:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are becoming less effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.99,0:01:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did something go wrong\Nto make them stop working?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.59,0:01:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is not with the antibiotics\Nbut the bacteria they were made to fight,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.45,0:01:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the reason lies in Darwin's theory\Nof natural selection.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.59,0:01:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just like any other organisms,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.26,0:01:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individual bacteria\Ncan undergo random mutations.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.94,0:01:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of these mutations\Nare harmful or useless,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.24,0:01:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but every now and then,\None comes along that gives its organism
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.61,0:01:58.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an edge in survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.49,0:01:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for a bacterium,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.90,0:02:02.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a mutation making it resistant\Nto a certain antibiotic
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.94,0:02:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gives quite the edge.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.21,0:02:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the non-resistant bacteria\Nare killed off,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.00,0:02:11.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which happens especially quickly\Nin antibiotic-rich environments,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.37,0:02:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like hospitals,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.52,0:02:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is more room and resources\Nfor the resistant ones to thrive,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.74,0:02:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,passing along only the mutated genes\Nthat help them do so.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.60,0:02:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Reproduction\Nisn't the only way to do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.58,0:02:26.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some can release their DNA upon death\Nto be picked up by other bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.60,0:02:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while others use a method\Ncalled conjugation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.18,0:02:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connecting through pili\Nto share their genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.13,0:02:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over time, the resistant\Ngenes proliferate,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.86,0:02:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creating entire strains\Nof resistant super bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.13,0:02:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how much time do we have\Nbefore these superbugs take over?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.47,0:02:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, in some bacteria,\Nit's already happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.99,0:02:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, some strands\Nof staphylococcus aureus,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.38,0:02:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which causes everything from\Nskin infections to pneumonia and sepsis,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.18,0:02:56.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have developed into MRSA,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.23,0:02:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becoming resistant\Nto beta-lactam antibiotics,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.12,0:03:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like penicillin, methicillin,\Nand oxacillin.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.57,0:03:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks to a gene that replaces the protein\Nbeta-lactams normally target and bind to,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.40,0:03:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MRSA can keep making\Nits cell walls unimpeded.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.86,0:03:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other super bacteria, like salmonella,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.91,0:03:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even sometimes produce enzymes\Nlike beta-lactams
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.08,0:03:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that break down antibiotic attackers\Nbefore they can do any damage,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.70,0:03:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and E. coli, a diverse group of bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.44,0:03:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that contains strains that cause\Ndiarrhea and kidney failure,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.85,0:03:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can prevent the function of antibiotics,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.99,0:03:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like quinolones, by actively\Nbooting any invaders
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.40,0:03:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that manage to enter the cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.57,0:03:36.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is good news.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.39,0:03:39.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists are working to stay\None step ahead of the bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.61,0:03:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and although development\Nof new antibiotics
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.73,0:03:43.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has slowed in recent years,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.40,0:03:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the World Health Organization has made it\Na priority to develop novel treatments.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.49,0:03:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other scientists are investigating\Nalternate solutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.27,0:03:54.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as phage therapy\Nor using vaccines to prevent infections.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.78,0:03:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most importantly, curbing the excessive\Nand unnecessary use of antibiotics,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.62,0:04:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as for minor infections\Nthat can resolve on their own,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.68,0:04:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as changing medical practice\Nto prevent hospital infections,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.34,0:04:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can have a major impact
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.74,0:04:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by keeping more\Nnon-resistant bacteria alive
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.29,0:04:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as competition for resistant strains.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.08,0:04:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the war against super bacteria,\Ndeescalation may sometimes work better
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.84,0:04:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than an evolutionary arms race.