How many of you are creatives?
Designers, engineers, entrepreneurs, artists,
or maybe you just have a really big imagination.
Show of hands?
(Applause)
That's most of you.
I have some news for us creatives.
Over the course of the next 20 years ...
more will change around the way we do our work
than has happened in the last 2,000.
In fact, I think we're at the dawn of a new age in human history.
Now, there have been four major historical eras defined by the way we work.
The Hunter-Gatherer Age lasted several million years.
And then the Agricultural Age lasted several thousand years.
The Industrial Age lasted a couple of centuries,
and now the Information Age has lasted just a few decades.
And now today,
we're on the cusp of our next great era as a species.
Welcome to the Augemented Age.
In this new era,
your natural human capabilities are going to be augmented by computational systems
that help you think,
robotic systems that help you make,
and [a] digital nervous system
that connects you to the world fay beyond your natural senses.
Let's start with cognitive augmentation.
How many of you are augmented cyborgs?
(Laughter)
I would actually argue that we're already augmented.
Imagine you're at a party,
and somebody asks you a question that you don't know the answer to.
If you have one of these,
in a few seconds,
you can know the answer.
But this is just a primitive beginning.
Even Siri is just a passive tool.
In fact, for the last three-and-a-half million years,
the tools that we've had have been completely passive.
They do exactly what we tell them and nothing more.
Our very first tool only cut where we struck it.
The chisel only carves where the artist points it.
And even our most advanced tools do nothing without our explicit direction.
In fact, to date --
and this is something that frustrates me --
we've always been limited
by this need to manually push our wills into our tools --
like manual,
like literally using our hands,
even with computers.
But I'm more like Scotty in "Star Trek."
(Laughter)
I want to have a conversation with a computer.
I want to say, "Computer, let's design a car,"
and the computer shows me a car.
And I say, "No, more fast-looking, and less German,"
and bang, the computer shows me an option.
(Laughter)
That conversation might be a little ways off,
it's actually probably less than any of us think,
but right now,
we're working on it.
Tools are making this leap from being passive to being generative.
Generative design tools use a computer and algorithms
to synthesize geometry
to come up with new designs all by themselves.
All it needs are your goals and your constraints.
I'll give you an example.
In the case of this aerial drone chassis,
all you would need to do is tell it something like,
it has four propellers,
you want it to be as lightweight as possible,
and you need it to be aerodynamically efficient.
And then what the computer does
is it explores the entire solution space:
every single possibility that solves and meets your criteria --
millions of them.
It takes big computers to do this,
but it comes back to us with designs
that we by ourselves never could've imagined.
And the computer's coming up with this stuff all by itself,
no one ever drew anything,
and it started completely from scratch.
And by the way,
it's no accident
that the drone body looks just like the pelvis of a flying squirrel.
(Laughter)
It's because the algorithms are designed to work the same way that evolution does.
What's exciting is we're starting to see this technology out in the real world.
We've been working with Airbus for a couple of years
on this concept plane for the future.
It's aways out still,
but just recently we used a generative design AI
to come up with this.
This is a 3D printed cabin partition that's been designed by a computer.
It's stronger than the original yet half the weight,
and it will be flying in the Airbus A320 later this year.
So, computers can now generate.
They can come up with their own solutions to our well-defined problems.
But they're not inutitive.
They still have to start from scratch every single time,
and that's because they never learn ...
unlike Maggie.
(Laughter)
Maggie's actually smarter than our most advanced design tools.
What do I mean by that?
If her owner picks up that leash,
Maggie knows with a fair degree of certainty
that it's time to for a walk.
And how did she learn?
Well, every time the owner picked up the leash,
they went for a walk.
And Maggie did three things:
she had to pay attention,
she had to remember what happened
and she had to retain and create a pattern in her mind.
Interestingly,
that's exactly computer scientists have been trying to get AIs to do
for the last 60 or so years.
Back in 1952,
they built this computer that could play Tic-Tac-Toe.
Big deal.
Then 45 years later,
in 1997,
Deep Blue beats Kasparov at Chess.
2011, Watson beats these two humans at Jeopardy,
which is much harder for a computer to play than Chess is.
In fact, rather than working from predefined recipes,
Watson had to use reasoning to overcome his human opponents.
And then a couple of weeks ago,
DeepMind's AlphaGo beats the world's best human at Go,
which is the most difficult game that we have.
In fact in Go,
there are more possible moves than there are atoms in the universe.
So in order to win,
what AlphaGo had to do was develop intuition,
and in fact,
at some points,
AlphaGo's programmers didn't understand why AlphaGo was doing what it was doing.
And things are moving really fast.
I mean, consider --
in the space of a human lifetime,
computers have gone from a child's game
to what's recognized as the pinnacle of strategic thought.
What's basically happening
is computers are going from being like Spock
to being a lot more like Kirk.
(Laughter)
Right?
From pure logic to intuition.
Would you cross this bridge?
Most of you are saying,
"Oh, hell no."
(Laughter)
And you arrived at that decision in a split second.
You just sort of knew that that bridge was unsafe.
And that's exactly the kind of intuition
that our deep learning systems are starting to develop right now.
Very soon,
you'll literally be able to show something you've made,
you've designed,
to a computer,
and it will look at it and say,
"Mm, sorry homey, that will never work,
you have to try again."
Or you could ask it if people are going to like your next song,
or your next flavor of ice cream.
Or, much more importantly,
you could work with a computer to solve a problem that we've never faced before.
For instance climate change.
We're not doing a very good job on our own,
we could certainly use all the help we can get.
That's what I'm talking about:
technology amplifying our cognitive abilities
so we can imagine and design things
that were simply out of our reach as plain old unaugmented humans.
So, what about making all of this crazy new stuff
that we're going to invent and design?
I think the era of human augmentation is as much about the physical world
as it is about the virtual, intellectual realm.
So how will technology augment us?
In the physcial world,
robotic systems.
OK, there's certainly a fear that robots are going to take jobs away from humans,
and that is true in certain sectors.
But I'm much more interested in this idea
that humans and robots working together are going to augment each other,
and start to inhabit a new space.
This is our applied research lab in San Francisco,
where one of our areas of focus is advanced robotics,
specifically human-robot collaboration.
And this is Bishop,
one of our robots.
As an experiment,
we set it up to help a person working in construction doing repetitive tasks.
Tasks like cutting out holes for outlets or light switches in dry wall.
(Laughter)
So, Bishop's human partner can tell what to do in plain English
and with simple gestures,
kind of like talking to a dog,
and then Bishop executes on those instructions
with perfect precision.
We're using the human for what the human is good at,
right?
Awareness, perception and desicion making.
And we're using the robot for what it's good at:
precision and repetitiveness.
Here's another cool project that Bishop worked on.
The goal of this project,
which we called the HIVE,
was to prototype the experience of humans, computers and robots
all working together to solve a highly complex design problem.
The humans acted as labor.
They cruised around the construction site,
they manipulated the bamboo,
which by the way,
because it's a [nonisomorphic] material,
is super hard for robots to deal with.
But then the robots did this fiber winding,
which was almost impossible for a human to do.
And then we had an AI that was controlling everything.
It was telling the humans what to do,
it was telling the robots what to do,
and keeping track of thousands of individual components.
What's interesting is building this pavilion was simply not possible
without human, robot and AI augmenting each other.
OK, I'll share one more project.
This one's a little bit crazy.
We're working with Amsterdam-based artist, Joris Laarman and his team at MX3D
to generatively design and robotically print
the world's first autonomously manufactured bridge.
So, Joris and an AI are designing this thing right now, as we speak,
in Amsterdam.
And when they're done,
we're going to hit "go,"
and robots will start 3D printing in stainless steel,
and then they're going to keep printing without human intervention
until the bridge is finished.
So, as computers are going to augment our ability
to imagine and design new stuff,
robotic systems are going to help us
build and make things that we've never been able to make before.
But what about our ability to sense and control these things?
What about a nervous system for the things that we make?
Our nervous system --
the human nervous system --
tells us everything that's going on around us.
But the nervous system of the things we make is rudimentary at best.
For instance,
a car doesn't tell the city's Public Works department
that it just hit a pothole at the corner of Broadway and Morrison;
A building doesn't tell its designers
whether or not the people inside like being there,
and the toy manufacturer doesn't know if a toy is actually being played with --
how and where and whether or not it's any fun.
Look, I'm sure that the designers imagined this lifestyle for Barbie
when they designed her --
right?
But what if it turns out that Barbie's actually really lonely?
(Laughter)
If the designers had known what was really happening in the real world
with their designs --
the road, the building and Barbie --
they could've used that knowledge
to create an experience that was better for the user.
What's missing is a nervous system
connecting us to all of the things that we design, make and use.
What if all of you had that kind of information flowing to you
from the things you create in the real world?
With all of the stuff we make,
we spend a tremendous amount of money and energy --
in fact last year about two trillion dollars --
convincing people to buy the things that we've made.
But if you had this connection to the things that you design and create
after they're out in the real world,
after they've been sold, or launched or whatever,
we could actually change that,
and go from making people want our stuff,
to just making stuff that people want in the first place.
The good news is we're working on digital nervous systems
that connect us to the things we design.
We're working on one project with a couple of guys down in Los Angeles
called the Bandito Brothers,
and their team,
and one of the things these guys do is build insane cars
that do absolutely insane things.
These guys are crazy --
(Laughter)
in the best way.
And what we're doing with them
is taking a traditional racecar chassis
and giving it a nervous system.
So, we instrumented it with dozens of sensors,
and then we put a world-class driver behind the wheel,
took it out to the desert
and drove the hell out of it for a week.
And the car's nervous system captured everything that was happening to the car.
We captured four billion data points ...
all of the forces that it was subjected to.
And then we did something crazy.
We took all of that data,
and plugged it into a generative design AI that we call, Dreamcatcher.
So, what do get when you give a design tool a nervous system,
and you ask it to build you the ultimate car chassis?
You get this.
This is something that human could never have designed.
Except a human did design this,
but it was a human that was augmented by a generative design AI,
a digital nervous system,
and robots that can actually fabricate something like this.
So, if this is the future,
the Augmented Age,
and we're going to be augmented cognitively, physically and perceptually,
what will that look like?
What is this wonderland going to be like?
I think we're going to see a world
where we're moving from things that are fabricated
to things that are farmed.
Where we're moving from things that are constructed
to that which is grown.
We're going to move from being isolated
to being connected,
and we'll move away from extraction
to embrace aggregation.
I also think we'll shift from craving obedience from our things
to valuing autonomy.
Thanks to our augmented capabilities,
our world is going to change dramatically.
We're going to have a world with more variety,
more connectedness,
more dynamism,
more complexity,
more adaptability,
and of course,
more beauty.
The shape of things to come
will be unlike anything we've ever seen before.
Why?
Because what will be shaping those things
is this new partnership between technology, nature and humanity.
That to me, is a future well worth looking forward to.
Thank you all so much.
(Applause)