WEBVTT 00:00:01.928 --> 00:00:03.500 Mark Miskin: This is a rotifer. 00:00:03.524 --> 00:00:06.698 It's a microorganism about a hair's width in size. 00:00:06.722 --> 00:00:10.408 They live everywhere on earth -- saltwater, freshwater, everywhere -- 00:00:10.432 --> 00:00:12.673 and this one is out looking for food. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:13.609 --> 00:00:15.635 I remember the first time I saw this thing, 00:00:15.659 --> 00:00:18.389 I was like eight years old and it completely blew me away. 00:00:18.413 --> 00:00:20.676 I mean, here is this incredible little creature, 00:00:20.700 --> 00:00:22.300 it's hunting, swimming, 00:00:22.324 --> 00:00:23.589 going about its life, 00:00:23.613 --> 00:00:27.063 but its whole universe fits within a drop of pond water. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:28.251 --> 00:00:31.653 Paul McEuen: So this little rotifer shows us something really amazing. 00:00:31.677 --> 00:00:33.725 It says that you can build a machine 00:00:33.749 --> 00:00:37.134 that is functional, complex, smart, 00:00:37.158 --> 00:00:39.676 but all in a tiny little package, 00:00:39.700 --> 00:00:42.785 one so small that it's impossible to see it. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:44.134 --> 00:00:47.479 Now, the engineer in me is just blown away by this thing, 00:00:47.503 --> 00:00:49.640 that anyone could make such a creature. 00:00:50.309 --> 00:00:54.248 But right behind that wonder, I have to admit, is a bit of envy. 00:00:54.578 --> 00:00:57.692 I mean, nature can do it. Why can't we? 00:00:58.518 --> 00:01:00.488 Why can't we build tiny robots? 00:01:01.205 --> 00:01:03.587 Well, I'm not the only one to have this idea. 00:01:03.611 --> 00:01:06.270 In fact, in the last, oh, few years, 00:01:06.294 --> 00:01:09.247 researchers around the world have taken up the task 00:01:09.271 --> 00:01:11.346 of trying to build robots 00:01:11.370 --> 00:01:14.200 that are so small that they can't be seen. 00:01:14.790 --> 00:01:16.878 And what we're going to tell you about today 00:01:16.902 --> 00:01:18.750 is an effort at Cornell University 00:01:18.774 --> 00:01:21.082 and now at the University of Pennsylvania 00:01:21.106 --> 00:01:23.461 to try to build tiny robots. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:24.064 --> 00:01:25.896 OK, so that's the goal. 00:01:26.523 --> 00:01:27.875 But how do we do it? 00:01:28.503 --> 00:01:30.699 How do we go about building tiny robots? 00:01:31.348 --> 00:01:35.115 Well, Pablo Picasso, of all people, gives us our first clue. 00:01:35.651 --> 00:01:36.804 Picasso said -- NOTE Paragraph 00:01:36.828 --> 00:01:38.848 ["Good artists copy, great artists steal."] NOTE Paragraph 00:01:38.872 --> 00:01:39.841 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:01:39.865 --> 00:01:42.332 "Good artists copy. Great artists steal." NOTE Paragraph 00:01:42.356 --> 00:01:43.764 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:01:43.788 --> 00:01:46.255 OK. But steal from what? 00:01:46.279 --> 00:01:47.527 Well, believe it or not, 00:01:47.551 --> 00:01:51.626 most of the technology you need to build a tiny robot already exists. 00:01:52.208 --> 00:01:55.121 The semiconductor industry has been getting better and better 00:01:55.145 --> 00:01:57.275 at making tinier and tinier devices, 00:01:57.299 --> 00:02:01.176 so at this point they could put something like a million transistors 00:02:01.200 --> 00:02:04.019 into the size of a package that is occupied by, say, 00:02:04.043 --> 00:02:06.067 a single-celled paramecium. 00:02:07.120 --> 00:02:09.260 And it's not just electronics. 00:02:09.284 --> 00:02:11.108 They can also build little sensors, 00:02:11.132 --> 00:02:12.303 LEDs, 00:02:12.327 --> 00:02:16.058 whole communication packages that are too small to be seen. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:16.961 --> 00:02:18.551 So that's what we're going to do. 00:02:18.575 --> 00:02:20.420 We're going to steal that technology. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:20.762 --> 00:02:21.937 Here's a robot. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:21.961 --> 00:02:23.583 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:02:23.607 --> 00:02:25.783 Robot's got two parts, as it turns out. 00:02:25.807 --> 00:02:27.830 It's got a head, and it's got legs. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:27.854 --> 00:02:29.066 [Steal these ---> Brains] NOTE Paragraph 00:02:29.090 --> 00:02:31.553 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:02:32.512 --> 00:02:35.389 We're going to call this a legless robot, 00:02:35.413 --> 00:02:37.045 which may sound exotic, 00:02:37.069 --> 00:02:39.775 but they're pretty cool all by themselves. 00:02:39.799 --> 00:02:43.064 In fact, most of you have a legless robot with you right now. 00:02:43.571 --> 00:02:47.533 Your smartphone is the world's most successful legless robot. 00:02:48.204 --> 00:02:51.599 In just 15 years, it has taken over the entire planet. 00:02:52.009 --> 00:02:53.242 And why not? 00:02:53.266 --> 00:02:55.525 It's such a beautiful little machine. 00:02:55.549 --> 00:02:57.145 It's incredibly intelligent, 00:02:57.169 --> 00:02:59.197 it's got great communication skills, 00:02:59.221 --> 00:03:02.057 and it's all in a package that you can hold in your hand. 00:03:02.517 --> 00:03:05.244 So we would like to be able to build something like this, 00:03:05.268 --> 00:03:07.351 only down at the cellular scale, 00:03:07.375 --> 00:03:08.823 the size of a paramecium. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:09.165 --> 00:03:10.587 And here it is. 00:03:10.611 --> 00:03:13.240 This is our cell-sized smartphone. 00:03:13.264 --> 00:03:15.349 It even kind of looks like a smartphone, 00:03:15.373 --> 00:03:18.437 only it's about 10,000 times smaller. 00:03:18.461 --> 00:03:20.350 We call it an OWIC. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:20.374 --> 00:03:23.283 [Optical Wireless Integrated Circuits] NOTE Paragraph 00:03:23.307 --> 00:03:25.245 OK, we're not advertisers, all right? NOTE Paragraph 00:03:25.269 --> 00:03:27.681 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:03:28.310 --> 00:03:30.222 But it's pretty cool all by itself. 00:03:30.246 --> 00:03:32.472 In fact, this OWIC has a number of parts. 00:03:32.496 --> 00:03:34.009 So up near the top, 00:03:34.033 --> 00:03:37.548 there are these cool little solar cells that you shine light of the device 00:03:37.572 --> 00:03:40.400 and it wakes up a little circuit that's there in the middle. 00:03:40.424 --> 00:03:42.543 And that circuit can drive a little tiny LED 00:03:42.567 --> 00:03:46.038 that can blink at you and allows the OWIC to communicate with you. 00:03:46.062 --> 00:03:47.454 So unlike your cell phone, 00:03:47.478 --> 00:03:49.206 the OWIC communicates with light, 00:03:49.230 --> 00:03:51.775 sort of like a tiny firefly. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:52.342 --> 00:03:54.779 Now, one thing that's pretty cool about these OWICs 00:03:54.803 --> 00:03:56.546 is we don't make them one at a time, 00:03:56.570 --> 00:03:58.298 soldering all the pieces together. 00:03:58.639 --> 00:04:00.886 We make them in massive parallel. 00:04:00.910 --> 00:04:03.286 For example, about a million of these OWICs 00:04:03.310 --> 00:04:06.266 can fit on a single four-inch wafer. 00:04:06.290 --> 00:04:08.395 And just like your phone has different apps, 00:04:08.419 --> 00:04:10.245 you can have different kinds of OWICs. 00:04:10.269 --> 00:04:12.394 There can be ones that, say, measure voltage, 00:04:12.418 --> 00:04:13.876 some that measure temperature, 00:04:13.900 --> 00:04:17.621 or just have a little light that can blink at you to tell you that it's there. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:17.645 --> 00:04:20.886 So that's pretty cool, these tiny little devices. 00:04:21.385 --> 00:04:24.420 And I'd like to tell you about them in a little more detail. 00:04:24.444 --> 00:04:27.310 But first, I have to tell you about something else. 00:04:27.334 --> 00:04:30.798 I'm going to tell you a few things about pennies that you might not know. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:30.822 --> 00:04:32.789 So this one is a little bit older penny. 00:04:32.813 --> 00:04:35.413 It's got a picture of the Lincoln Memorial on the back. 00:04:35.437 --> 00:04:37.310 But the first thing you might not know, 00:04:37.334 --> 00:04:40.274 that if you zoom in, you'll find in the center of this thing 00:04:40.298 --> 00:04:42.154 you can actually see Abraham Lincoln, 00:04:42.178 --> 00:04:45.050 just like in the real Lincoln Memorial not so far from here. 00:04:45.074 --> 00:04:46.861 What I'm sure you don't know, 00:04:46.885 --> 00:04:49.111 that if you zoom in even further -- NOTE Paragraph 00:04:49.135 --> 00:04:50.579 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:04:50.603 --> 00:04:54.660 you'll see that there's actually an OWIC on Abe Lincoln's chest. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:54.684 --> 00:04:57.258 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:04:57.282 --> 00:04:58.948 But the cool thing is, 00:04:58.972 --> 00:05:02.301 you could stare at this all day long and you would never see it. 00:05:03.377 --> 00:05:05.208 It's invisible to the naked eye. 00:05:05.232 --> 00:05:06.814 These OWICs are so small, 00:05:06.838 --> 00:05:09.329 and we make them in such parallel fashion, 00:05:09.353 --> 00:05:12.319 that each OWIC costs actually less than a penny. 00:05:13.260 --> 00:05:16.672 In fact, the most expensive thing in this demo is that little sticker 00:05:16.696 --> 00:05:18.013 that says "OWIC." NOTE Paragraph 00:05:18.037 --> 00:05:20.994 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:05:22.879 --> 00:05:24.932 That cost about eight cents. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:24.956 --> 00:05:26.596 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:05:28.266 --> 00:05:31.565 Now, we're very excited about these things for all sorts of reasons. 00:05:31.589 --> 00:05:34.756 For example, we can use them as little tiny secure smart tags, 00:05:34.780 --> 00:05:36.732 more identifying than a fingerprint. 00:05:36.756 --> 00:05:39.738 We're actually putting them inside of other medical instruments 00:05:39.762 --> 00:05:41.008 to give other information, 00:05:41.032 --> 00:05:43.798 and even starting to think about putting them in the brain 00:05:43.822 --> 00:05:45.567 to listen to neurons one at a time. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:45.591 --> 00:05:48.444 In fact, there's only one thing wrong with these OWICs: 00:05:49.574 --> 00:05:50.880 it's not a robot. 00:05:50.904 --> 00:05:52.240 It's just a head. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:52.264 --> 00:05:53.383 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:05:53.407 --> 00:05:55.256 And I think we'll all agree 00:05:55.280 --> 00:05:58.459 that half a robot really isn't a robot at all. 00:05:59.553 --> 00:06:02.314 Without the legs, we've got basically nothing. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:02.837 --> 00:06:06.136 MM: OK, so you need the legs, too, if you want to build a robot. 00:06:06.160 --> 00:06:08.584 Now, here it turns out you can't just steal 00:06:08.608 --> 00:06:10.528 some preexisting technology. 00:06:10.552 --> 00:06:14.970 If you want legs for your tiny robot, you need actuators, parts that move. 00:06:14.994 --> 00:06:17.472 They have to satisfy a lot of different requirements. 00:06:17.486 --> 00:06:19.416 They need to be low voltage. 00:06:19.440 --> 00:06:20.955 They need to be low power, too. 00:06:20.979 --> 00:06:23.040 But most importantly, they have to be small. 00:06:23.064 --> 00:06:26.764 If you want to build a cell-sized robot, you need cell-sized legs. 00:06:26.788 --> 00:06:28.518 Now, nobody knows how to build that. 00:06:28.542 --> 00:06:31.919 There was no preexisting technology that meets all of those demands. 00:06:31.943 --> 00:06:34.405 To make our legs for our tiny robots, 00:06:34.429 --> 00:06:35.929 we had to make something new. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:35.953 --> 00:06:37.595 So here's what we built. 00:06:37.619 --> 00:06:40.576 This is one of our actuators, and I'm applying a voltage to it. 00:06:40.600 --> 00:06:43.586 When I do, you can see the actuator respond by curling up. 00:06:43.610 --> 00:06:45.305 Now, this might not look like much, 00:06:45.329 --> 00:06:49.114 but if we were to put a red blood cell up on the screen, it'd be about that big, 00:06:49.138 --> 00:06:51.111 so these are unbelievably tiny curls. 00:06:51.135 --> 00:06:52.437 They're unbelievably small, 00:06:52.461 --> 00:06:56.249 and yet this device can just bend and unbend, no problem, nothing breaks. 00:06:56.273 --> 00:06:57.426 So how do we do it? 00:06:57.450 --> 00:06:59.847 Well, the actuator is made from a layer of platinum 00:06:59.871 --> 00:07:01.362 just a dozen atoms or so thick. 00:07:01.386 --> 00:07:04.174 Now it turns out, if you take platinum and put it in water 00:07:04.198 --> 00:07:05.447 and apply a voltage to it, 00:07:05.471 --> 00:07:07.972 atoms from the water will attach or remove themselves 00:07:07.996 --> 00:07:09.580 from the surface of the platinum, 00:07:09.604 --> 00:07:11.429 depending on how much voltage you use. 00:07:11.453 --> 00:07:12.620 This creates a force, 00:07:12.644 --> 00:07:15.524 and you can use that force for voltage-controlled actuation. 00:07:15.548 --> 00:07:18.435 The key here was to make everything ultrathin. 00:07:18.459 --> 00:07:20.227 Then your actuator is flexible enough 00:07:20.251 --> 00:07:22.403 to bend to these small sizes without breaking, 00:07:22.427 --> 00:07:24.386 and it can use the forces that come about 00:07:24.410 --> 00:07:27.038 from just attaching or removing a single layer of atoms. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:27.062 --> 00:07:29.699 Now, we don't have to build these one at a time, either. 00:07:29.723 --> 00:07:31.120 In fact, just like the OWICs, 00:07:31.144 --> 00:07:33.480 we can build them massively in parallel as well. 00:07:33.504 --> 00:07:35.931 So here's a couple thousand or so actuators, 00:07:35.955 --> 00:07:38.198 and all I'm doing is applying a voltage, 00:07:38.222 --> 00:07:39.862 and they all wave, 00:07:39.886 --> 00:07:43.443 looking like nothing more than the legs of a future robot army. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:43.467 --> 00:07:45.551 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:07:46.170 --> 00:07:48.913 So now we've got the brains and we've got the brawn. 00:07:48.937 --> 00:07:51.376 We've got the smarts and the actuators. 00:07:51.400 --> 00:07:52.733 The OWICs are the brains. 00:07:52.737 --> 00:07:55.173 They give us sensors, they give us power supplies, 00:07:55.197 --> 00:07:58.052 and they give us a two-way communication system via light. 00:07:58.076 --> 00:07:59.766 The platinum layers are the muscle. 00:07:59.790 --> 00:08:01.951 They're what's going to move the robot around. 00:08:01.975 --> 00:08:04.425 Now we can take those two pieces, put them together 00:08:04.449 --> 00:08:06.532 and start to build our tiny, tiny robots. 00:08:06.556 --> 00:08:09.533 The first thing we wanted to build was something really simple. 00:08:09.557 --> 00:08:11.560 This robot walks around under user control. 00:08:11.584 --> 00:08:14.686 In the middle are some solar cells and some wiring attached to it. 00:08:14.710 --> 00:08:15.861 That's the OWIC. 00:08:15.885 --> 00:08:18.811 They're connected to a set of legs which have a platinum layer 00:08:18.835 --> 00:08:20.801 and these rigid panels that we put on top 00:08:20.825 --> 00:08:23.832 that tell the legs how to fold up, which shape they should take. 00:08:23.856 --> 00:08:26.979 The idea is that by shooting a laser at the different solar cells, 00:08:27.003 --> 00:08:28.978 you can choose which leg you want to move 00:08:29.002 --> 00:08:30.628 and make the robot walk around. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:30.652 --> 00:08:33.419 Now, of course, we don't build those one at a time, either. 00:08:33.443 --> 00:08:35.525 We build them massively in parallel as well. 00:08:35.549 --> 00:08:39.114 We can build something like one million robots on a single four-inch wafer. 00:08:39.138 --> 00:08:41.822 So, for example, this image on the left, this is a chip, 00:08:41.846 --> 00:08:44.415 and this chip has something like 10,000 robots on it. 00:08:44.439 --> 00:08:46.120 Now, in our world, the macro world, 00:08:46.144 --> 00:08:49.372 this thing looks like it might be a new microprocessor or something. 00:08:49.396 --> 00:08:52.271 But if you take that chip and you put it under a microscope, 00:08:52.295 --> 00:08:55.898 what you're going to see are thousands and thousands of tiny robots. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:56.410 --> 00:08:58.301 Now, these robots are still stuck down. 00:08:58.325 --> 00:09:01.164 They're still attached to the surface that we built them on. 00:09:01.188 --> 00:09:03.925 In order for them to walk around, we have to release them. 00:09:03.949 --> 00:09:07.415 We wanted to show you how we do that live, how we release the robot army, 00:09:07.439 --> 00:09:10.339 but the process involves highly dangerous chemicals, 00:09:10.363 --> 00:09:13.120 like, really nasty stuff, 00:09:13.144 --> 00:09:15.677 and we're like a mile from the White House right now? 00:09:15.701 --> 00:09:18.109 Yeah. They wouldn't let us do it. 00:09:18.133 --> 00:09:19.291 So -- NOTE Paragraph 00:09:19.315 --> 00:09:21.245 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:09:21.269 --> 00:09:24.464 so we're going to show you a movie instead. (Laughs) 00:09:25.072 --> 00:09:28.387 What you're looking at here are the final stages of robot deployment. 00:09:28.411 --> 00:09:29.566 We're using chemicals 00:09:29.590 --> 00:09:32.114 to etch the substrate out from underneath the robots. 00:09:32.138 --> 00:09:35.665 When it dissolves, the robots are free to fold up into their final shapes. 00:09:35.689 --> 00:09:38.152 Now, you can see here, the yield's about 90 percent, 00:09:38.176 --> 00:09:40.809 so almost every one of those 10,000 robots we build, 00:09:40.833 --> 00:09:43.681 that's a robot that we can deploy and control later. NOTE Paragraph 00:09:43.705 --> 00:09:46.724 And we can take those robots and we can put them places as well. 00:09:46.748 --> 00:09:50.011 So if you look at the movie on the left, that's some robots in water. 00:09:50.035 --> 00:09:51.993 I'm going to come along with a pipette, 00:09:52.017 --> 00:09:53.629 and I can vacuum them all up. 00:09:54.571 --> 00:09:57.259 Now when you inject the robots back out of that pipette, 00:09:57.283 --> 00:09:58.436 they're just fine. 00:09:58.460 --> 00:10:00.138 In fact, these robots are so small, 00:10:00.162 --> 00:10:03.318 they're small enough to pass through the thinnest hypodermic needle 00:10:03.342 --> 00:10:04.496 you can buy. 00:10:04.520 --> 00:10:06.244 Yeah, so if you wanted to, 00:10:06.268 --> 00:10:08.597 you could inject yourself full of robots. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:08.621 --> 00:10:10.287 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:10:10.733 --> 00:10:12.388 I think they're into it. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:12.412 --> 00:10:14.087 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:10:15.274 --> 00:10:17.980 On the right is a robot that we put in some pond water. 00:10:18.004 --> 00:10:20.285 I want you to wait for just one second. 00:10:20.309 --> 00:10:22.133 Ooop! 00:10:22.157 --> 00:10:26.385 You see that? That was no shark. That was a paramecium. 00:10:26.409 --> 00:10:28.886 So that's the world that these things live in. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:28.910 --> 00:10:30.527 OK, so this is all well and good, 00:10:30.551 --> 00:10:32.570 but you might be wondering at this point, 00:10:32.594 --> 00:10:34.410 "Well, do they walk?" 00:10:34.434 --> 00:10:38.726 Right? That's what they're supposed to do. They better. So let's find out. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:38.750 --> 00:10:41.743 So here's the robot and here are its solar cells in the middle. 00:10:41.767 --> 00:10:43.397 Those are those little rectangles. 00:10:43.421 --> 00:10:46.715 I want you to look at the solar cell closest to the top of the slide. 00:10:46.739 --> 00:10:48.953 See that little white dot? That's a laser spot. 00:10:48.977 --> 00:10:51.692 Now watch what happens when we start switching that laser 00:10:51.716 --> 00:10:53.758 between different solar cells on the robot. 00:10:57.567 --> 00:10:59.000 Off it goes! NOTE Paragraph 00:10:59.024 --> 00:11:01.497 (Applause) NOTE Paragraph 00:11:01.521 --> 00:11:02.697 Yeah! NOTE Paragraph 00:11:02.721 --> 00:11:06.756 (Applause) NOTE Paragraph 00:11:08.469 --> 00:11:11.137 Off goes the robot marching around the microworld. 00:11:11.613 --> 00:11:14.272 Now, one of the things that's cool about this movie is: 00:11:14.296 --> 00:11:16.771 I'm actually piloting the robot in this movie. 00:11:16.795 --> 00:11:21.999 In fact, for six months, my job was to shoot lasers at tiny cell-sized robots 00:11:22.023 --> 00:11:24.186 to pilot them around the microworld. 00:11:24.210 --> 00:11:25.729 This was actually my job. 00:11:25.753 --> 00:11:28.769 As far as I could tell, that is the coolest job in the world. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:28.793 --> 00:11:30.068 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:11:30.092 --> 00:11:32.409 It was just the feeling of total excitement, 00:11:32.433 --> 00:11:34.153 like you're doing the impossible. 00:11:34.614 --> 00:11:38.139 It's a feeling of wonder like that first time I looked through a microscope 00:11:38.163 --> 00:11:40.368 as a kid staring at that rotifer. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:40.392 --> 00:11:44.065 Now, I'm a dad, I have a son of my own, and he's about three years old. 00:11:44.089 --> 00:11:47.486 But one day, he's going to look through a microscope like that one. 00:11:47.510 --> 00:11:48.913 And I often wonder: 00:11:49.715 --> 00:11:51.216 What is he going to see? 00:11:51.716 --> 00:11:53.781 Instead of just watching the microworld, 00:11:53.805 --> 00:11:56.991 we as humans can now build technology to shape it, 00:11:57.015 --> 00:11:59.549 to interact with it, to engineer it. 00:12:00.169 --> 00:12:04.231 In 30 years, when my son is my age, what will we do with that ability? 00:12:05.334 --> 00:12:08.590 Will microrobots live in our bloodstream, 00:12:08.614 --> 00:12:10.196 as common as bacteria? 00:12:10.888 --> 00:12:13.220 Will they live on our crops and get rid of pests? 00:12:13.878 --> 00:12:18.093 Will they tell us when we have infections, or will they fight cancer cell by cell? NOTE Paragraph 00:12:19.952 --> 00:12:21.349 PM: And one cool part is, 00:12:21.373 --> 00:12:24.133 you're going to be able to participate in this revolution. 00:12:24.157 --> 00:12:25.376 Ten years or so from now, 00:12:25.400 --> 00:12:29.701 when you buy your new iPhone 15x Moto or whatever it's called -- NOTE Paragraph 00:12:29.725 --> 00:12:30.741 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:12:30.765 --> 00:12:34.131 it may come with a little jar with a few thousand tiny robots in it 00:12:34.155 --> 00:12:36.853 that you can control by an app on your cell phone. 00:12:37.424 --> 00:12:40.620 So if you want to ride a paramecium, go for it. 00:12:41.200 --> 00:12:45.480 If you want to -- I don't know -- DJ the world's smallest robot dance party, 00:12:45.504 --> 00:12:46.664 make it happen. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:46.688 --> 00:12:47.713 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:12:47.737 --> 00:12:51.591 And I, for one, am very excited about that day coming. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:51.615 --> 00:12:52.852 MM: Thank you. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:52.876 --> 00:12:57.064 (Applause)