[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.18,0:00:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1985, three researchers on \Na dolphin-studying expedition
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.12,0:00:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got a little bored.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.66,0:00:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To lighten things up, one pretended\Nto be Poseidon
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.91,0:00:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by placing a seaweed garland on his head\Nand then throwing it into the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.56,0:00:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moments later, a dolphin surfaced\Nwith the seaweed crowning her head.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.19,0:00:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sure, this could have been a coincidence,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.27,0:00:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's also entirely possible that\Nthe dolphin was mimicking the scientist.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.26,0:00:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because dolphins are one\Nof the smartest animals species on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.94,0:00:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So exactly how smart are they?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.99,0:00:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like whales and porpoises,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.11,0:00:47.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dolphins belong to the group\Nof aquatic mammals
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.71,0:00:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,known as cetaceans\Nwho comprise 86 different species,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.54,0:00:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and share a common link with ungulate,\Nor hoofed animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.43,0:01:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Originally land mammals,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first cetaceans entered the water\Nabout 55 million years ago
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as large predators with sharp teeth.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, a shift in ocean temperatures\Nabout 35 million years ago
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reduced the availability of prey.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One group of cetaceans who survived\Nthis distrubtion,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the odontocetes, wound up smaller\Nwith less sharp teeth,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also larger and more complex brains
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allowed for complex \Nsocial relationships,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as echolocation to navigate\Nand communicate.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jump ahead to the present,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and modern dolphins' brains are so large\Nthat they're encephalization quotient,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their brain size compared to the average\Nfor their body size,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is second only to humans.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dolphins have evolved to survive
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through their ability to form \Ncomplex social networks
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that hunt, ward off rivals,\Nand raise offspring together.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, one group of Florida dolphins
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,practices a sophisticated form\Nof cooperation to hunt fish.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A dolphin designated \Nas "the net-maker" kicks up mud
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while another gives the signal
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the other dolphins to simultaneously\Nline up and catch the escaping fish.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Achieving a goal like this requires\Ndeliberate planning and cooperation,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which in turn requires some form\Nof intentional communication.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dolphins pass down their communication\Nmethod and other skills
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from generation to generation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Different dolphin populations exhibit\Nvariations in greetings,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hunting strategies,\Nand other behaviors.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This sort of cultural transmission\Neven extends to tool use.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One group of bottlenose dolphins\Noff the Australian coast
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nicknamed The Dolphin Sponge Club,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has learned how to cover their rostrums\Nwith sponges when rooting in sharp corals,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,passing the knowledge \Nfrom mother to daughter.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dolphins have even demonstrated\Nlanguage comprehension.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When taught a language based on\Nwhistles and hand gestures,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they not only understood\Nwhat the symbols meant,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that their order had meaning.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The difference between \Nbringing the ball to the hoop
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bringing the hoop to the ball.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they were able to process two\Nof the main elements of human language:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,symbols that stand \Nfor objects and actions,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and syntax that governs \Nhow they are structured.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dolphins are also one of the few species\Nthat pass the mirror test.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By recognizing themselves in mirrors,\Nthey indicate physical self-awareness,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and research shows they can recognize\Nnot just their bodies,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also their own thoughts,\Na property called metacognition.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In one study, \Ndolphins comparing two sounds
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could indicate a same, different,\Nor uncertain response.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just like humans,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they indicated uncertainty\Nmore often with difficult trials,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suggesting they're aware \Nof what they know,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how confident they feel\Nabout that knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some of the most amazing things\Nabout dolphins
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are their senses of empathy, altruism,\Nand attachment.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The habit of helping injured individuals\Nextends across the species barrier
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as evidenced by the many accounts
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of dolphins carrying humans\Nto the surface to breath.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And like us, dolphins mourn their dead.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we consider all the evidence,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we may wonder why humans still hunt\Ndolphins for meat,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,endangering them through fishing\Nand pollution,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or imprison them to perform tricks.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ultimate question may not be\Nwhether dolphins are intelligent
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and complex beings,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but whether humans can empathize with them\Nenough to keep them safe and free.