[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.78,0:00:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine trying to use words \Nto describe every scene in a film,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.42,0:00:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every note in your favorite song,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.32,0:00:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or every street in your town.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.04,0:00:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now imagine trying to do it using \Nonly the numbers 1 and 0.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.86,0:00:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every time you use the Internet\Nto watch a movie,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.75,0:00:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,listen to music,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.86,0:00:26.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or check directions,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.35,0:00:28.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that’s exactly what your device is doing,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.86,0:00:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using the language of binary code.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.81,0:00:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computers use binary because \Nit's a reliable way of storing data.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.50,0:00:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, a computer's main\Nmemory is made of transistors
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.58,0:00:44.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that switch between either high \Nor low voltage levels,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.15,0:00:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as 5 volts and 0 volts.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.64,0:00:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Voltages sometimes oscillate,\Nbut since there are only two options,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.75,0:00:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a value of 1 volt \Nwould still be read as "low."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.75,0:00:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That reading is done by \Nthe computer’s processor,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.28,0:01:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which uses the transistors’ states \Nto control other computer devices
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.60,0:01:04.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,according to software instructions.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.79,0:01:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The genius of this system \Nis that a given binary sequence
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.13,0:01:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't have a pre-determined meaning \Non its own.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.52,0:01:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, each type of data\Nis encoded in binary
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.20,0:01:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,according to a separate \Nset of rules.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.12,0:01:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let’s take numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.50,0:01:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In normal decimal notation, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.18,0:01:26.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each digit is multiplied by 10 raised \Nto the value of its position,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.03,0:01:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starting from zero on the right.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.48,0:01:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So 84 in decimal form is 4x10⁰ + 8x10¹.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.04,0:01:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Binary number notation works similarly,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.76,0:01:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but with each position \Nbased on 2 raised to some power.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.56,0:01:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So 84 would be written as follows:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.57,0:01:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, letters are interpreted \Nbased on standard rules like UTF-8,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.38,0:01:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which assigns each character to a specific\Ngroup of 8-digit binary strings.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.48,0:02:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, 01010100 corresponds \Nto the letter T.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.39,0:02:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how can you know whether \Na given instance of this sequence
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.15,0:02:08.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is supposed to mean T or 84?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.83,0:02:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, you can’t from seeing \Nthe string alone
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.87,0:02:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,– just as you can’t tell what the sound\N"da" means from hearing it in isolation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.44,0:02:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need context to tell whether you're\Nhearing Russian, Spanish, or English.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.28,0:02:22.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you need similar context
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.67,0:02:26.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tell whether you’re looking \Nat binary numbers or binary text.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.78,0:02:31.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Binary code is also used for \Nfar more complex types of data.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.15,0:02:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each frame of this video, for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.49,0:02:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is made of hundreds \Nof thousands of pixels.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.96,0:02:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In color images,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.64,0:02:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every pixel is represented \Nby three binary sequences
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.10,0:02:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that correspond to the primary colors.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.70,0:02:45.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each sequence encodes a number
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.49,0:02:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that determines\Nthe intensity of that particular color.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.67,0:02:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, a video driver program transmits \Nthis information
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.60,0:02:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the millions of liquid crystals \Nin your screen
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.31,0:02:58.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make all the different hues \Nyou see now.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.09,0:03:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sound in this video \Nis also stored in binary,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.40,0:03:04.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the help of a technique \Ncalled pulse code modulation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.81,0:03:07.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Continuous sound waves are digitized
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.19,0:03:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by taking "snapshots" of their \Namplitudes every few milliseconds.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.58,0:03:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are recorded as numbers \Nin the form of binary strings,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.25,0:03:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with as many as 44,000\Nfor every second of sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.16,0:03:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they’re read by \Nyour computer’s audio software,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.77,0:03:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the numbers determine how quickly \Nthe coils in your speakers should vibrate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.12,0:03:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create sounds of different frequencies.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.96,0:03:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of this requires billions \Nand billions of bits.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.66,0:03:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that amount can be reduced \Nthrough clever compression formats.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.66,0:03:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, if a picture has 30 adjacent \Npixels of green space,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.17,0:03:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can be recorded as "30 green" instead\Nof coding each pixel separately -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.02,0:03:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a process known as run-length encoding.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.19,0:03:54.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These compressed formats are themselves \Nwritten in binary code.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.09,0:03:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So is binary the end-all-be-all \Nof computing?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.16,0:03:58.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not necessarily.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.55,0:04:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There’s been research \Ninto ternary computers,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.97,0:04:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with circuits in three possible states,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.43,0:04:05.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even quantum computers,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.25,0:04:08.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose circuits can be\Nin multiple states simultaneously.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.92,0:04:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But so far, none of these has provided
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.34,0:04:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as much physical stability \Nfor data storage and transmission.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.64,0:04:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for now, everything you see,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.08,0:04:17.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hear,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.85,0:04:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and read through your screen
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.46,0:04:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes to you as the result \Nof a simple "true" or "false" choice,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.10,0:04:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made billions of times over.