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當時是95年

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我在上大學

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我和一個朋友開車去玩

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從羅德島的普羅旺斯區出發

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到奧勒岡州的波特蘭市

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我們年輕，無業

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於是整個旅程都在鄉間小道

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經過州立公園

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和國家保護森林

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我們盡可能繞著最長的路徑

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在南達科塔州之中某處

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我轉向我的朋友

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問她一個

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兩千英里路途上

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一直煩惱我的問題

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"路邊那個一直出現的中文字到底是什麼?"

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我的朋友露出疑惑的神情

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正如現在坐在第一排的這三位男士

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所露出的神情一樣

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（笑聲）

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我說"你知道的

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我們一直看到的那個路牌

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寫著中文的那個啊"

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她瞪著我的臉一陣子

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突然笑開了

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因為她總算知道我所指為何

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我說的是這個

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（笑聲）

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沒錯，這就是代表野餐區的那個中文字

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（笑聲）

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過去的五年

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我一直在思考

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剛剛我所描述的狀況

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為什麼我們會對身邊的徵兆

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產生誤解

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當誤解發生時我們作何反應

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以及這一切所告訴我們的人性

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換句話說，就像 Chris 剛才說的

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過去五年的時間

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我都在思考錯誤的價值

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你可能覺得這是個奇異的專業

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但有一項好處是不容置疑的：

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沒有競爭者。

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（笑聲）

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事實上，我們大部分的人

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都盡力不思考錯誤的價值

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或至少避免想到我們

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有可能犯錯。

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我們都知道這個模糊的概念。

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我們都知道這裡的每個人都曾經犯錯

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人類本來就會犯錯 － 沒問題

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一旦這個想法臨到我們自身

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我們現在所有的

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所有的信念

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對人類可能犯錯的抽象概念

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隨即被我們拋棄

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我無法想到我有哪裡出錯

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但是，我們活在現在

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我們開會，去家庭旅遊

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去投票

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全都是現在式

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我們就像現在一個小泡泡裡

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經歷人生

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感覺自己總是對的

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我認為這是個問題

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我認為這是每個人私人生活

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和職業生活中的問題

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我認為我們身為群體，這也造成了文化問題

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於是，我今天想做的是

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先談談為甚麼我們會

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陷在這種自以為是的心態中

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第二是為甚麼這是個問題

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最後我想說服大家

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克服這種感覺

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是可能的

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而且一旦你做到了

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這將成為你道德上

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智性上和創意上最大的進步

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為甚麼我們會陷在

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這種自以為是的心態中？

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事實上這和犯錯的感覺有關

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我想問問你們

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讓我問問台上的你們

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當你意識到自己犯錯了

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你感覺如何？

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糟透了。很差勁。

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難堪。很好，是的。

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很糟糕，很差勁，很難堪。

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謝謝你們提供這些答案

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但這些答案沒有回答我的問題

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你們回答的問題是：

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當你意識到你犯錯的時候，你的感覺如何？

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（笑聲）

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意識到你犯錯了就會有剛剛所說的這些感覺，不是嗎？

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令人沮喪，暴露了一些真實

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有時候甚至有些好笑

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像我誤以為路牌是中文字

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但犯錯本身

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事實上毫無感覺

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讓我給你一個例子

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你記得卡通裡

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那個總是在追逐

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卻從未抓到獵物的土狼嗎？

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幾乎在每一集裡

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牠的獵物 － 一隻走鵑鳥

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都會跳下懸崖

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反正牠是鳥，牠可以飛

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但土狼也會跟著牠一起跳崖

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那很好笑

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如果你是個六歲兒童

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土狼也很好

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牠就這麼繼續跑

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直到牠往下看

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發現自己漫步在空中

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這時候他才會往下掉

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在我們犯錯時

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在我們意識到我們犯錯時

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我們就像那隻土狼

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還沒意識到自己奔出懸崖

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我們已經錯了

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已經惹上麻煩了

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但仍然感覺像走在地上

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我應該改變我之前的說法

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犯錯的感覺就和

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正確的感覺一樣

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（笑聲）

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事實上我們這種自以為對的感受

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是有構造性的原因的

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我稱之為錯誤盲點

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大部份的時間裡

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我們身體裡沒有任何機制

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提醒我們錯了

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直到木已成舟

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但還有第二個理由

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文化性的理由

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回想小學時代

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你坐在課堂裡

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你的老師發回小考考卷

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像這樣的小考考卷

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雖然這張不是我的

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（笑聲）

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你從小學時代

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就知道該對拿這張考卷的同學

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下甚麼評語

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笨蛋，搗蛋鬼

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從不做功課的壞學生

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你不過才九歲

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你已經懂得，首先

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那些犯錯的人

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都是懶惰、不負責任的傻瓜

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第二

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想要在人生中成功

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就不要犯錯

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我們很早就得到這些錯誤訊息

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而我們

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尤其是這個大廳裡的許多人

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都因此成為好學生

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拿全A

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完美主義、永不滿意

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不是嗎？

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財務長、天體物理學家、超級馬拉松先生們？

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（笑聲）

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結果是你們全成了財務長、天體物理學家、跑超級馬拉松

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那很好

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但一旦我們發現有可能犯錯

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就開始手足無措

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因為依照規定

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犯錯

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代表我們一定也有甚麼不對勁

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於是我們堅持己見

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因為那讓我們感覺聰明、得體

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安全和可靠

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讓我告訴你們一個故事

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幾年前

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一個女人到 Beth Israel Deaconess 診所做手術

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Beth Israel 在波士頓

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是哈佛大學的教學附屬醫院

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全國數一數二的醫療中心

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這個女人被送進開刀房

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麻醉，外科醫生做完手術

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縫合，將她送進恢復室

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一切看上去都很好

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她醒來，往自己身上一看

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說“為甚麼我的左腿綁著繃帶？”

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她應該接受治療的是右腿

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但為他做手術的外科醫生

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卻把刀開在左腿

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當副院長出來為醫院的醫療品質

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和這次意外做出解釋時

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他說了句很有趣的話

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他說“無論如何

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這位外科醫生感覺

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他開下的刀是在正確的一側”

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（笑聲）

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故事的重點是

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相信自己的判斷力

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相信自己站在對的一邊

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是非常危險的

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我們心中時常感覺到的

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理直氣壯的感覺

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在真實世界中

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並不是個可靠的嚮導。

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當我們依此行事

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不再思考我們是否犯錯

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我們就有可能

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把兩百灣加侖的石油倒進墨西哥灣

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或是顛覆世界經濟

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這是個很實際的問題

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這也是個很大的社會問題

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“感覺對”究竟是什麼意思

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這代表著你認為你的信念

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和真實是一致的

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當你有這種感覺的時候

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你的問題就大了

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因為如果你是對的

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為甚麼還有人和你持不同意見？

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於是我們往往用同一種

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思考方式去解釋這些異議

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第一是當他人不同意我們的說法

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我們便覺得他們無知

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他們不像我們懂得這麼多

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當我們慷慨地和他們分享我們的知識

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他們便會理解，並加入我們的行列

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如果不是這樣

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如果這些人和我們獲得的資訊一樣多

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卻仍然不認同我們

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我們便有了下一個定論

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那就是他們是白癡

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（笑聲）

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他們已經有了所有的資訊

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卻笨到無法拼湊出正確的圖像

232
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一旦第二個定論也不成立

233
00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:45,000
當這些反對我們的人

234
00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:47,000
和我們有一樣的資訊

235
00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:50,000
又聰明

236
00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:53,000
我們便有了第三個結論

237
00:10:53,000 --> 00:10:56,000
他們知道事實是甚麼

238
00:10:56,000 --> 00:10:58,000
但卻為了自己的好處

239
00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:01,000
故意曲解真實。

240
00:11:02,000 --> 00:11:04,000
這真是個大災難

241
00:11:04,000 --> 00:11:07,000
我們的自以為是

242
00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:09,000
讓我們在最需要的時候

243
00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:11,000
無法預防犯錯

244
00:11:11,000 --> 00:11:14,000
更讓我們互相仇視

245
00:11:15,000 --> 00:11:17,000
對我來說

246
00:11:17,000 --> 00:11:20,000
最大的悲劇是

247
00:11:20,000 --> 00:11:24,000
它讓我們錯失了身為人的珍貴意義

248
00:11:24,000 --> 00:11:26,000
那就像是想像

249
00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:29,000
我們的心靈之窗完全透明

250
00:11:29,000 --> 00:11:31,000
我們向外觀看

251
00:11:31,000 --> 00:11:34,000
描述在我們之前展開的世界

252
00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:36,000
我們想要每個人和我們有一樣的窗子

253
00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:38,000
對世界做出一樣的觀察

254
00:11:38,000 --> 00:11:40,000
那不是真的

255
00:11:40,000 --> 00:11:43,000
如果是，人生將會多麼無聊

256
00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:46,000
心靈的神奇之處

257
00:11:46,000 --> 00:11:49,000
不在你懂得這個世界是甚麼樣子

258
00:11:50,000 --> 00:11:53,000
而是去理解那些你不懂的地方

259
00:11:54,000 --> 00:11:56,000
我們記得過去

260
00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:59,000
思考未來

261
00:11:59,000 --> 00:12:01,000
我們想像

262
00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:04,000
自己成為他人，在他方

263
00:12:04,000 --> 00:12:06,000
我們的想像都有些不同

264
00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:08,000
於是當我們抬頭看同一個夜空

265
00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:10,000
我們看到這個

266
00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:12,000
這個

267
00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:15,000
和這個

268
00:12:15,000 --> 00:12:18,000
這也是我們搞錯事情的原因

269
00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:21,000
在笛卡兒說出那句有名的”我思故我在“

270
00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:23,000
的一千兩百年前

271
00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:25,000
聖奧古斯丁，坐下來

272
00:12:25,000 --> 00:12:28,000
寫下"Fallor ergo sum"

273
00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:32,000
"我錯故我在"

274
00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:34,000
奧古斯丁懂得

275
00:12:34,000 --> 00:12:36,000
我們犯錯的能力

276
00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:38,000
這並不是人性中

277
00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:40,000
一個令人難堪的缺陷

278
00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:43,000
不是我們可以克服或消滅的

279
00:12:43,000 --> 00:12:46,000
這是我們的本質

280
00:12:46,000 --> 00:12:48,000
因為我們不是上帝

281
00:12:48,000 --> 00:12:51,000
我們不知道我們之外究竟發生了甚麼

282
00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:54,000
而不同於其它動物的是

283
00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:58,000
我們都瘋狂地想找出解答

284
00:12:58,000 --> 00:13:00,000
對我來說

285
00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:02,000
這種尋找的衝動

286
00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:05,000
就是我們生產力和創造力的來源

287
00:13:05,000 --> 00:13:08,000
因為一些緣故

288
00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:10,000
去年我在廣播上

289
00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:12,000
聽了很多集的"我們的美國人生"

290
00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:15,000
我聽著聽著

291
00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:18,000
突然發現

292
00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:21,000
這些故事全和犯錯有關

293
00:13:22,000 --> 00:13:24,000
我的第一個念頭是

294
00:13:24,000 --> 00:13:26,000
“我完了

295
00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:28,000
我寫書寫瘋了

296
00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:30,000
四處都看到有關犯錯的幻覺”

297
00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:32,000
說真的是這樣

298
00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:34,000
但幾個月後

299
00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:36,000
我訪問了那個廣播節目的主持人 Ira Glass

300
00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:38,000
我向他提到這件事

301
00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:41,000
他回答我“事實上

302
00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:43,000
你是對的”他說

303
00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:45,000
“我們這些工作人員總是

304
00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:47,000
開玩笑說每集節目之中的

305
00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:50,000
祕密主題都是一樣的

306
00:13:50,000 --> 00:13:52,000
這個祕密主題就是

307
00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:55,000
"我以為這件事會這樣發生

308
00:13:55,000 --> 00:13:58,000
結果其它事情發生了"

309
00:13:58,000 --> 00:14:01,000
他說“但是，這就是我們需要的

310
00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:03,000
我們需要這些意外

311
00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:05,000
這些顛倒和錯誤

312
00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:07,000
這些故事才能成立。"

313
00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:09,000
而我們身為觀眾

314
00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:12,000
聽眾、讀者

315
00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:14,000
我們吸收這些故事

316
00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:17,000
我們喜歡故事轉折

317
00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:20,000
令人驚訝的結局

318
00:14:20,000 --> 00:14:23,000
我們喜歡在故事裡

319
00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:26,000
看到犯錯

320
00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:28,000
但，故事會這樣寫

321
00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:31,000
是因為人生就是這樣

322
00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:34,000
我們以為某些事情會這樣發生

323
00:14:34,000 --> 00:14:37,000
發生的卻是其它事

324
00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:39,000
小布希以為他入侵伊拉克

325
00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:41,000
會找到大規模毀滅性武器

326
00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:44,000
解放中東百姓，為他們帶來民主自由

327
00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:47,000
但卻不是這樣

328
00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:50,000
穆巴拉克以為

329
00:14:50,000 --> 00:14:52,000
他到死都會是埃及的獨裁者

330
00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:54,000
一直到他年老或臥病

331
00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:57,000
再把他的權力交給下一代

332
00:14:57,000 --> 00:15:00,000
但卻不是這樣

333
00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:03,000
或許你想過

334
00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:05,000
你會長大、嫁給你的初戀情人

335
00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:08,000
搬回老家，生一群孩子

336
00:15:09,000 --> 00:15:12,000
但卻不是這樣

337
00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:14,000
我必須說

338
00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:16,000
我以為我寫的是一本很冷僻的書

339
00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:18,000
有關一個人人討厭的主題

340
00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:21,000
為一些從不存在的讀者

341
00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:23,000
但卻不是這樣

342
00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:25,000
（笑聲）

343
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:27,000
我們的人生

344
00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:29,000
無論好壞

345
00:15:29,000 --> 00:15:32,000
我們創造了啦

346
00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:34,000
那包圍我們的世界

347
00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:37,000
而世界轉過頭來，令我們大吃一驚

348
00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:43,000
說真的，這整個會議

349
00:15:43,000 --> 00:15:45,000
充斥著這樣難以置信的時刻

350
00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:47,000
我們一次又一次地意識到自己的錯誤

351
00:15:47,000 --> 00:15:49,000
我們花了整整一週

352
00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:51,000
討論創新，進步

353
00:15:51,000 --> 00:15:53,000
和改善

354
00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:56,000
你知道我們為甚麼需要這些創新

355
00:15:56,000 --> 00:15:58,000
進步和改善嗎？

356
00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:00,000
因為其中有一半

357
00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:03,000
來自最應該改變世界的

358
00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:05,000
98年的TED

359
00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:07,000
呃

360
00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:11,000
（笑聲）

361
00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:13,000
真是出人意料之外啊，不是嗎

362
00:16:13,000 --> 00:16:15,000
（笑聲）

363
00:16:15,000 --> 00:16:18,000
我的逃生火箭在哪，Chris?

364
00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:22,000
（笑聲）

365
00:16:22,000 --> 00:16:27,000
（掌聲）

366
00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:30,000
於是我們又在這裡

367
00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:32,000
事情就是這樣

368
00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:34,000
我們重新想出其它點子

369
00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:37,000
我們有了新的故事

370
00:16:37,000 --> 00:16:40,000
我們開了另一個會議

371
00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:42,000
這次的主題是

372
00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:44,000
如果你還沒有聽到耳朵出油的話

373
00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:46,000
是重新找到想像的力量

374
00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:48,000
對我來說

375
00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:51,000
如果你真的想重新找到想像的力量

376
00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:53,000
你需要離開

377
00:16:53,000 --> 00:16:59,000
那個小小的、自我感覺良好的小圈圈

378
00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:02,000
看看彼此

379
00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:05,000
看看宇宙的

380
00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:08,000
廣大無垠

381
00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:11,000
複雜神祕

382
00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:14,000
然後真正地說

383
00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:18,000
“哇，我不知道

384
00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:20,000
或許我錯了。”

385
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:22,000
謝謝各位

386
00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:25,000
（掌聲）

387
00:17:25,000 --> 00:17:27,000
謝謝

388
00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:30,000
（掌聲）