WEBVTT

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in this lecture and a subsequent few we are
going to go through some of the basics on

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the networking aspects of internet of things
so the first thing that we need to understand

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is that iot has evolved a lot so starting
from basic research basic fundamental research

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and innovation there has been different other
types of innovation which are dik through

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ah which are disruptive and some of the other
innovations which are sustaining in nature

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so in terms of basic research there has been
lot of research on ah the nanotechnology the

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use of nanotechnology the use of quantum [teletransport/ah
teleportation] ah teleportation quantum teleportation

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basically means that how ah the different
information at the atomic level is sent from

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one point to another
so is transported from one point to another

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at the atomic level and nanotechnology ah
it involves things like nanoiot nanonodes

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nanonetworking nodes ah nanosensor nodes and
ah nanonetworks that means at the nanoscale

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forming a network which can be for different
purposes nanonetworks are used for different

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purposes ah in the human inside the human
body at the molecular level nanonetworks can

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be used so like this at the nanoscale and
ah for quantum ah ah ah communication there

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has been lot of ah advertisements ah that
has been done ah for ah involving ah basic

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innovations basic research innovations
so this is one likewise ah for ah semantic

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interoperability there has been lot of research
on semantic in for interoperability for example

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let us see that a temperature sensor it might
be given the data as temp another temperature

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sensor as temperature another temperature
sensor the third one st so there has to be

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interoperability between all these different
colossians but they are all different to the

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same temperature right so this is basically
taken care of by things like semantic interoperability

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there has been lot of research on this one
this particular aspect then energy harvesting

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again there has been lot of research ah you
know energy harvesting through different renewable

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ah sources ah such as wind energy solar etcetera
etcetera how these can harvest you know how

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these deferent renewable sources ah from these
how energy can be harvested to power the different

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nodes and iot these are very small powered
you know small sized nodes with very [la/limited]

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limited power
so energy harvesting is very crucial it plays

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a crucial role in the sustenance of these
networks so ah there has been lot of work

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on this one also and this has been like you
know these aspects for example there has been

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lot of brick through innovation on these ah
then disruptive innovation ah for example

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virtual reality augmented reality you know
so these are all like ah you know involvement

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of these an incorporation into the iot network
ah there has been lot of ah ah research ah

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on on this particular front and ah things
like cloud ah big data these are like sustaining

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technologies for iot again there has been
lot of work on ah these technologies ah as

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well ah now when we talk about iot if we think
about iot what we have we have these different

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things ah ah which as i said in one of the
previous lectures is these things are fitted

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ah ah these are basically physical objects
once again so these physical objects are fitted

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with different sensors and these sensors basically
ah sense different physical phenomena that

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are occurring around them
so these sensor fitted things sensors actuators

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and different other emirate devices ah these
these are one component of the iot so but

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these become the different nodes in the network
these are the individual nodes in the network

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so then what we have is these nodes they have
to communicate with one another and the information

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that is sensed by one of these sensors fitted
to this nodes this information from the sensor

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and the other sensors these are taken and
are sent to the other sensor nodes the destination

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nodes so how is that turn first these information
have to flow through the local network and

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then if the destination intended destination
is outside this local network then it is sent

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through the internet typically if it is if
we are talking about an iot which is basically

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internet ah based iot then basically it is
going to flow through the internet or some

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other wide area network and finally it is
going to arrive at the intended destination

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node and from there may be there can be some
there can be some ah at that point actually

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there can be some analytic engine which is
running on some backend server ah those could

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be there and from that point from the decision
from these analytics they can run on this

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servers ah decisions about actuation could
be made

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so what we see is from sensors to actuators
through the local area network the internet

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involving ah you know [black/backend] backend
services analytics ah which includes again

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some you know high end processing at deferent
servers ah and different [complec/complex]

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complex algorithms execution of different
[call/complex] algorithms ah which are based

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on may be machine learning ah neural networks
and so on and so forth these are all required

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so so basically you know what happens is we
basically can conceive ah of an iot as a very

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complex system involving sensors actuators
ah networks local area wide area internet

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and ah ah different servers different algorithms
machine learning and so on all executing ah

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together to make the system function as as
one single entity so going back we have ah

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in this local network as you are saying then
we have the internet we have the backend ah

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services and finally the applications that
i have been served

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so these are the different basic components
of iot so this is the scenario that i was

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referring to earlier so what we have we have
these different things we have these different

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things these things could be ah like you know
different ah physical objects which are fitted

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with different sensors these things could
be telephones ah lightning systems ah could

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be cameras could be different other scanner
sensors like ah the temperature sensor and

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so on and these things are able to communicate
with one another with the help of wireless

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technologies like zigbee bluetooth wifi and
so on so as you can see that this wireless

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basically helps these different devices to
talk to one another and this information from

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these devices they will fro through a local
network and from a local network they will

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go through the internet to ah ah to the ah
you know these data are basically sent to

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the backend services involving different servers
processors and so on and so forth for running

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different analytics and then based on that
different devices can be actuated ah um ah

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you know ah may be a pump ah this is an example
that i gave earlier in a previous lecture

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basically for agricultural purposes the use
of iot a pump might be started might be actuated

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based on the data that is received from the
sensor nodes and based on analytics are run

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at the different servers ah a ah in a that
are involved in the backend service processing

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so in terms of the functional components of
iot so one of the very important things is

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basically interaction interaction not only
with the physical environment by this different

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sensors but also interaction and communication
with the different devices ah ah ah that means

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a different nodes in the iot in the iot network
then comes the processing so processing and

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analysis of the different functioning and
the operations that taken place so processing

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of that ah data the processing of operations
ah so this is another component ah the third

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functional component is basically the interaction
interaction typically with the internet ah

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and because you know at present most of the
times the most of the iot implementations

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are still using the internet so it is all
you know internet powered iot implementations

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so ah internet interaction is a ah is one
of the very important ah ah components of

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ah building iot then we have the web services
web services machine to machine communication

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and so on so basically it what is going to
happen earlier most of the so when you talk

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about a web technology typically we are talking
about human to machine communication you know

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web service we are talking about ah you know
ah some machine ah ah sending ah or some ah

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some ah equipment basically sensing and sending
that data to another machine for further processing

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or machine to machine communication is involved
and offering different services so one machine

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offer some services to another machine and
so on so so like this ah and this is basically

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you know this sort of thing in a iot scenario
is taken care of ah ah um ah typically and

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then we have ah the integration of different
applications services and the user interface

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to access the iot that is another component
so there has to be is a user interface a human

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interface to accessing the iot network or
the iot ah you know mega network so looking

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at this particular figure i would like to
try to clarify how the iot implementation

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is typically done and it can be done to achieve
different application needs so this is a figure

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which shows that we have different sensors
processors and radio it refitted to each of

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this devices or the sensor nodes or the sensor
motes or the iot motes as you may want to

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call them so these motes they talk to one
another but these different sensor nodes these

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different sensor nodes they are basically
within the jurisdiction or the domain of the

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gateway so the gateway is basically tasked
to assign different local locally unique addresses

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to these different nodes to these different
iot nodes and the gateway basically takes

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care of the local addressing within that particular
local area network so from the that point

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all the data can flow through a proxy server
if internet access is required so it will

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go through the internet then a web socket
and from the web socket it goes through a

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cloud server that means this is where lot
of analytics and backend processing takes

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place and based on that the actuation based
on the analytics and the infer ant says that

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and run from the sensed data actuation of
different devices can take place

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for example lighting a particular lamp could
be the actuation of that particular lamp we

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have different interdependencies that are
evolved in the implementation of iot so we

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have if we look at iot from another prospective
or we have we have sensors we have actuators

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and a bunch of other things that are they
are in between has shown in this particular

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figure so this is basically the entire spend
of these different embedded devices so the

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sensors basically sense the data and that
data is basically serving the application

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requirements and then we have an operating
system and a power management unit which basically

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you know does things like duty cycling of
the sensors the how much the sensors ah you

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know how much time we are going to be active
or how much time they are going to be in the

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sleep state how to power them how to power
them because these are very small sized you

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know very resource staved sensors so ah and
the the basically the power unit in these

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sensor nodes these are very small ah in size
so basically consequently what happens is

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these embedded devices they themselves are
very resource staved so we have ah a very

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power management unit which basically takes
care of power management as a whole how much

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power is require for how long it is going
to power then what are the ways to harvest

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energy if at all it can be harvested and ah
how much power consumption is going to take

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place at different points of time can it be
can it be optimized ah different points of

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ah operation ah on so on and so forth and
a as you can see over here there after we

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have these different radios involving bluetooth
zigbee six low pan wifi ethernet and ah low

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range ah basically wifi ah
so these are the different you know radios

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that can help ah in communicating the data
ah that is sensed ah ah ah onward to other

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nodes these these basically these [di/different]
different radio technologies can help in the

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[com/for] for the communication purpose so
alongside we also have things like virtual

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machines which the takes care of the virtualization
of the nodes we have the web ah we have ah

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you know different things like http client
mqtt client coap client so these are the once

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mqtt coap we are going to talk next in in
the ah subsequent lectures so ah ah that will

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make our understanding clearance but these
are like no different application level ah

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protocols that are used for functioning of
these different iot devices and finally comes

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the actuator verticals
so we have the sensors we have different applications

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operating system power management radios virtual
machines web and then we have these actuators

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all together which forms the embedded systems
the embedded devices now you let us now look

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at the service orientation the service oriented
architecture of ah ah iot so in the iot if

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here what we have at these different layers
the sensing layer the network layer the service

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layer and the interface layer so we have four
different layers and as the name suggests

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sensing layer basically takes care of sensing
through different rfid tags sensors and so

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on so fourth and then data are sensed are
acquired and so on are sent to the next layer

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higher up which is the network layer the network
layer basically ah serves sensor networks

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social networks you know different other networks
and data bases internet and so on that is

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the network layer then what we have we have
the service layer which deals [mo/mostly]

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mostly with the service delivery ah such as
ah service ah division service integration

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ah service ah ah you know service repository
ah service ah logic ah by business logic and

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so on so all these different things that i
involved with the offering of the services

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to support the business functions
then we have the interface layer we have the

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application frontend we have ah a contract
interface and application apis so so [these/this]

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this becomes the interface layer and when
we have the security issues which basically

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span all these different ah layer verticals
ah sorry layer horizontals so in terms of

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ah ah the categorization of iot it can be
categorized into two one is the consumer iot

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which is what typically most of the people
tempt to use and these are ah here basically

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these different devices they communicate ah
with another ah ah ah through these local

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networks and it can be you know find a further
communication you can also take place over

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the internet as well so depending on the requirements
either local or ah through the internet then

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we have the local communication which is typically
done via bluetooth zigbee or wifi and ah so

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basically this local communication is constraint
within the bounds of or within the domain

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of the iot gateway so ah this is consumer
iot then ah we have the industrial iot which

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is basically ah ah quite similar to the consumer
iot but ah the application ah ah uh the application

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interest is in the industrial sector
so we are talking about manufacturing industries

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with different machines with these machines
are fitted with different iot devices they

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together become the iot device they have different
sensors and so on feature there which can

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the node as a whole can communicate with other
machines and so on so this becomes the industrial

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iot and ah basically there are different communication
that takes place between the different nodes

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as well as different industry specific technologies
now we talk about iot gateways ah so this

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is what i told you that ah in a local network
you have this locally unique addresses ah

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and that are they are ah within that local
area network iot network and so ah ah

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so these local addresses basically they take
care of ah ah the addressing of the ah the

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different nodes now so what are these gateways
doing so the gateways basically take care

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of the addressing but then ah in this is what
the gateway structure looks like so this is

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ah what ah is here so we have the local network
on one side of the gateway we have the global

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network on the other side of the gateway and
this is where the the gateway this is how

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the gateway looks like so the gateway has
ah and functions different tasks such as switching

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ah routing protocol conversion firewall and
vpn services security as a whole and processing

00:20:30.769 --> 00:20:37.700
so this is what a gateway does and the gateway
with the local network and the global network

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communicate via the wired or wireless channels
ah and so on so this is how the iot gateways

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function different associated technologies
of iot ah involving big data cloud smart grid

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internet of vehicles ah that means you know
different vehicles on the road ah ah are fitted

00:21:00.510 --> 00:21:05.120
with different iot devices which can communicate
with one another and different intelligence

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about the route traffic conditions about the
offering different ah road side services ah

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ah can be make possible with the help of internet
of vehicles then we have the machine to machine

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communication where one machine talks to another
without any human intervention

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we have telemedicine ah offering ah you know
offering health care services to the demote

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hospitals demote health care centers and so
on ah cps server physical systems we have

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three g four g five g we have ah sdn ah and
so on so these are the different associated

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technologies which together ah make ah ah
ah iot which together are used to ah deliver

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iot solutions now you know if we try to to
make a side by side comparison between ah

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the iot stack and web stack we will see that
more or less the application layers remain

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the same for both iot as well as the as well
as the web so conceptually these application

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layers these different layers communication
layers and application layers that communication

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layers remaining the same between iot and
web but what is different is that we have

00:22:20.639 --> 00:22:28.149
a new set of protocols that are used over
here so the new set of protocols and additionally

00:22:28.149 --> 00:22:35.120
in iot unlike in the case of web things such
as different types of management management

00:22:35.120 --> 00:22:42.429
of the network management of the power management
of different other resources these are all

00:22:42.429 --> 00:22:51.580
additionally taken care of in the iot node
ah in the iot stack ah which is not available

00:22:51.580 --> 00:22:58.230
in the case of the web and this is very much
required because you know in the case of iot

00:22:58.230 --> 00:23:02.480
we are talking about heavily resource constraint
nodes and this heavily resource constraint

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nodes basically required management network
management in terms of energy in terms of

00:23:08.320 --> 00:23:14.880
processing in terms of data and so on and
so forth

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so there are different key technologies that
basically help iot survive we have the future

00:23:22.649 --> 00:23:29.340
internet knowledge aggregation yeah obtain
through data assignation data data collection

00:23:29.340 --> 00:23:35.750
processing and ah analysis then we have the
different standards we have the sensor networks

00:23:35.750 --> 00:23:41.250
we have the communication we have cloud computing
we have discovery services nanoelectronics

00:23:41.250 --> 00:23:47.389
embedded systems software system integration
and last but not the least what is over here

00:23:47.389 --> 00:23:53.080
on top is the security on privacy issues so
security on privacy issues are per amount

00:23:53.080 --> 00:23:58.510
in iot because there are heavy concerns ah
because you know we are dealing with resource

00:23:58.510 --> 00:24:04.399
constraint nodes with communication constraints
bandwidth constraints processing constraints

00:24:04.399 --> 00:24:11.399
energy constraints and so on so these nodes
become very much valuably valuable to different

00:24:11.399 --> 00:24:17.710
type of attacks different types of security
breaches and also because iot systems are

00:24:17.710 --> 00:24:22.750
very much detail intensive there is lot of
information that frozen through the network

00:24:22.750 --> 00:24:29.620
as a consequence of which the privacy of the
individuals of the organizations might be

00:24:29.620 --> 00:24:34.149
at stack so security and privacy and trust
also which is not mentioned over here these

00:24:34.149 --> 00:24:43.490
are very much important ah to power iot technologies
there are different types of challenges securities

00:24:43.490 --> 00:24:50.029
scalability energy efficiency bandwidth management
interfacing interoperability

00:24:50.029 --> 00:24:54.100
so when we are talking about interfacing it
is typically we are referring to device interfacing

00:24:54.100 --> 00:24:59.389
so different you know one device ah talking
to another device may be these devices do

00:24:59.389 --> 00:25:03.590
not belong to the same vender they are not
running the same stack they are not following

00:25:03.590 --> 00:25:08.260
the same standard and so on so then comes
consequently then comes the interoperability

00:25:08.260 --> 00:25:13.820
issue how to make these devices talk to one
another how the different protocols the different

00:25:13.820 --> 00:25:18.970
devices the different algorithms they are
going to hand shake with one another so like

00:25:18.970 --> 00:25:23.950
this this is another challenge which is typical
of iot implementations then we have data storage

00:25:23.950 --> 00:25:29.580
an analytics and complexity management with
tools such as sdn so asdn basically helps

00:25:29.580 --> 00:25:37.039
in ah addressing the com ah the complexity
of ah systems by decupling ah the control

00:25:37.039 --> 00:25:44.570
plane from the detect plane of the networks
different considerations and they are for

00:25:44.570 --> 00:25:51.899
building iot one is that will to have a straight
network architecture which can be used by

00:25:51.899 --> 00:25:58.330
different iot implementations so there has
to be a governing network architecture number

00:25:58.330 --> 00:26:05.019
two hardware requirements and cost are important
ah you know what type of communication hardware

00:26:05.019 --> 00:26:11.519
are going to be used ah and different devices
in the costs that are involved and due to

00:26:11.519 --> 00:26:16.850
the presence of numerous applications of iot
enabled devices a single networking platform

00:26:16.850 --> 00:26:21.911
may not be sufficient to address and the needs
of the consumer or the iot device

00:26:21.911 --> 00:26:27.669
so this is another the third consideration
that has to be taken into ah ah account while

00:26:27.669 --> 00:26:33.340
building the iot systems then we have the
complexity of the networks ah you know if

00:26:33.340 --> 00:26:38.150
the number of nodes in the network increases
then whether the in the solution because if

00:26:38.150 --> 00:26:45.390
the system is going to be ah ah you know sustainable
whether it can be scaled up or not ah then

00:26:45.390 --> 00:26:49.929
we have the interface among ah interference
among the different devices this is very watch

00:26:49.929 --> 00:26:56.539
in vital in ah in any network interference
is ah a crucial issue and particularly iot

00:26:56.539 --> 00:27:04.830
networks involve lot of large number of typically
densely deployed nodes and these nodes because

00:27:04.830 --> 00:27:12.179
the at you know typically ah wireless power
ah by wifi or bluetooth or zigbee and so on

00:27:12.179 --> 00:27:17.169
so interference between these different ah
ah communication between these different nodes

00:27:17.169 --> 00:27:22.210
that at the ah corresponding radios and so
on is possible so how do you handle it network

00:27:22.210 --> 00:27:28.330
management as a whole as i was tell in earlier
involving ah you know energy management involving

00:27:28.330 --> 00:27:34.419
computation management involving communication
management involving service management and

00:27:34.419 --> 00:27:39.419
infrastructure management and so on so network
management as a whole then heterogeneity in

00:27:39.419 --> 00:27:45.580
the networks heterogeneity in terms of the
devices standards the protocols the algorithms

00:27:45.580 --> 00:27:51.470
and so on so how do you handle
because iot devices unlike traditional internet

00:27:51.470 --> 00:27:58.600
iot networks come in different ah you know
come from different venders different devices

00:27:58.600 --> 00:28:05.200
coming from different venders different devices
using different algorithms these different

00:28:05.200 --> 00:28:11.909
protocols being used and so on so so all these
ah basically invite ah dealing with the issue

00:28:11.909 --> 00:28:16.029
of heterogeneity lot of heterogeneity is involves
so how heterogeneity is taken care of and

00:28:16.029 --> 00:28:21.370
protocol organization and standardization
so ah within the network so how the different

00:28:21.370 --> 00:28:26.789
protocols can be standardized ah so that a
device running one protocol can talk to another

00:28:26.789 --> 00:28:35.130
device and so on the different wireless networks
are used issues such as traffic management

00:28:35.130 --> 00:28:41.720
load management ah then variations in the
different wireless network forms for example

00:28:41.720 --> 00:28:46.309
wireless [pa/personal] personal area network
w turn versus wireless body area network interoperability

00:28:46.309 --> 00:28:52.009
i have already mentioned just a while back
then network management and overlay network

00:28:52.009 --> 00:28:57.190
so ah ah so basically you know the overlay
network takes care of some kind of a virtualization

00:28:57.190 --> 00:29:02.570
of the physical devices on you know so ah
and and one type of this physical virtual

00:29:02.570 --> 00:29:07.470
devices and the networks and overlay is created
this is basically the overlay network

00:29:07.470 --> 00:29:13.450
scalability in involving flexibility within
the internet ah then integration of different

00:29:13.450 --> 00:29:19.070
iot devices there are many manufactured using
different standards may be in the using different

00:29:19.070 --> 00:29:26.520
ah you know vender specific ah ah protocols
ah so iot integration ah is ah a very complex

00:29:26.520 --> 00:29:32.639
issue ah which basically dictates the scalability
of the system large scale deployment issues

00:29:32.639 --> 00:29:41.769
ah and real time connectivity of billion centurions
of devices with this we come to an end of

00:29:41.769 --> 00:29:48.460
ah this lecture on ah ah on the basics of
iot networking ah um ah but this is just a

00:29:48.460 --> 00:29:54.490
first part we are going to cover ah many other
ah issues involving ah the networking aspects

00:29:54.490 --> 00:30:01.220
of iot in the subsequent lectures and from
ah there we can understand from this subsequent

00:30:01.220 --> 00:30:09.010
lectures we can understand how forming an
iot is very complex what are the different

00:30:09.010 --> 00:30:13.769
protocols individual protocols that are how
they are did may not be a single isolated

00:30:13.769 --> 00:30:20.700
or or a single ah thread head let us say ah
um ah one protocol ah for iot as a whole but

00:30:20.700 --> 00:30:25.100
there as all these individual protocols settled
there so how that can be taken care of and

00:30:25.100 --> 00:30:31.519
for how can architecture be sent up between
these different iot devices manufactured by

00:30:31.519 --> 00:30:35.720
different venders so these like this actually
there are different complexities that i have

00:30:35.720 --> 00:30:39.090
involved so we have really talk about that
in the subsequent lectures

00:30:39.090 --> 00:00:00.000
thank you