1
00:00:20,480 --> 00:00:28,250
in this lecture and a subsequent few we are
going to go through some of the basics on

2
00:00:28,250 --> 00:00:36,230
the networking aspects of internet of things
so the first thing that we need to understand

3
00:00:36,230 --> 00:00:43,850
is that iot has evolved a lot so starting
from basic research basic fundamental research

4
00:00:43,850 --> 00:00:49,300
and innovation there has been different other
types of innovation which are dik through

5
00:00:49,300 --> 00:00:56,350
ah which are disruptive and some of the other
innovations which are sustaining in nature

6
00:00:56,350 --> 00:01:05,740
so in terms of basic research there has been
lot of research on ah the nanotechnology the

7
00:01:05,740 --> 00:01:12,860
use of nanotechnology the use of quantum [teletransport/ah
teleportation] ah teleportation quantum teleportation

8
00:01:12,860 --> 00:01:21,210
basically means that how ah the different
information at the atomic level is sent from

9
00:01:21,210 --> 00:01:25,390
one point to another
so is transported from one point to another

10
00:01:25,390 --> 00:01:33,720
at the atomic level and nanotechnology ah
it involves things like nanoiot nanonodes

11
00:01:33,720 --> 00:01:42,720
nanonetworking nodes ah nanosensor nodes and
ah nanonetworks that means at the nanoscale

12
00:01:42,720 --> 00:01:47,679
forming a network which can be for different
purposes nanonetworks are used for different

13
00:01:47,679 --> 00:01:53,060
purposes ah in the human inside the human
body at the molecular level nanonetworks can

14
00:01:53,060 --> 00:02:01,890
be used so like this at the nanoscale and
ah for quantum ah ah ah communication there

15
00:02:01,890 --> 00:02:08,348
has been lot of ah advertisements ah that
has been done ah for ah involving ah basic

16
00:02:08,348 --> 00:02:15,770
innovations basic research innovations
so this is one likewise ah for ah semantic

17
00:02:15,770 --> 00:02:21,020
interoperability there has been lot of research
on semantic in for interoperability for example

18
00:02:21,020 --> 00:02:31,120
let us see that a temperature sensor it might
be given the data as temp another temperature

19
00:02:31,120 --> 00:02:37,019
sensor as temperature another temperature
sensor the third one st so there has to be

20
00:02:37,019 --> 00:02:41,090
interoperability between all these different
colossians but they are all different to the

21
00:02:41,090 --> 00:02:47,739
same temperature right so this is basically
taken care of by things like semantic interoperability

22
00:02:47,739 --> 00:02:52,930
there has been lot of research on this one
this particular aspect then energy harvesting

23
00:02:52,930 --> 00:02:58,069
again there has been lot of research ah you
know energy harvesting through different renewable

24
00:02:58,069 --> 00:03:05,430
ah sources ah such as wind energy solar etcetera
etcetera how these can harvest you know how

25
00:03:05,430 --> 00:03:10,780
these deferent renewable sources ah from these
how energy can be harvested to power the different

26
00:03:10,780 --> 00:03:16,170
nodes and iot these are very small powered
you know small sized nodes with very [la/limited]

27
00:03:16,170 --> 00:03:19,670
limited power
so energy harvesting is very crucial it plays

28
00:03:19,670 --> 00:03:24,439
a crucial role in the sustenance of these
networks so ah there has been lot of work

29
00:03:24,439 --> 00:03:29,030
on this one also and this has been like you
know these aspects for example there has been

30
00:03:29,030 --> 00:03:34,400
lot of brick through innovation on these ah
then disruptive innovation ah for example

31
00:03:34,400 --> 00:03:39,790
virtual reality augmented reality you know
so these are all like ah you know involvement

32
00:03:39,790 --> 00:03:46,069
of these an incorporation into the iot network
ah there has been lot of ah ah research ah

33
00:03:46,069 --> 00:03:52,569
on on this particular front and ah things
like cloud ah big data these are like sustaining

34
00:03:52,569 --> 00:03:58,909
technologies for iot again there has been
lot of work on ah these technologies ah as

35
00:03:58,909 --> 00:04:08,450
well ah now when we talk about iot if we think
about iot what we have we have these different

36
00:04:08,450 --> 00:04:15,489
things ah ah which as i said in one of the
previous lectures is these things are fitted

37
00:04:15,489 --> 00:04:20,988
ah ah these are basically physical objects
once again so these physical objects are fitted

38
00:04:20,988 --> 00:04:28,320
with different sensors and these sensors basically
ah sense different physical phenomena that

39
00:04:28,320 --> 00:04:35,490
are occurring around them
so these sensor fitted things sensors actuators

40
00:04:35,490 --> 00:04:45,260
and different other emirate devices ah these
these are one component of the iot so but

41
00:04:45,260 --> 00:04:49,760
these become the different nodes in the network
these are the individual nodes in the network

42
00:04:49,760 --> 00:04:55,900
so then what we have is these nodes they have
to communicate with one another and the information

43
00:04:55,900 --> 00:05:05,740
that is sensed by one of these sensors fitted
to this nodes this information from the sensor

44
00:05:05,740 --> 00:05:13,040
and the other sensors these are taken and
are sent to the other sensor nodes the destination

45
00:05:13,040 --> 00:05:23,410
nodes so how is that turn first these information
have to flow through the local network and

46
00:05:23,410 --> 00:05:29,570
then if the destination intended destination
is outside this local network then it is sent

47
00:05:29,570 --> 00:05:35,130
through the internet typically if it is if
we are talking about an iot which is basically

48
00:05:35,130 --> 00:05:40,130
internet ah based iot then basically it is
going to flow through the internet or some

49
00:05:40,130 --> 00:05:46,220
other wide area network and finally it is
going to arrive at the intended destination

50
00:05:46,220 --> 00:05:51,640
node and from there may be there can be some
there can be some ah at that point actually

51
00:05:51,640 --> 00:05:56,620
there can be some analytic engine which is
running on some backend server ah those could

52
00:05:56,620 --> 00:06:02,490
be there and from that point from the decision
from these analytics they can run on this

53
00:06:02,490 --> 00:06:05,820
servers ah decisions about actuation could
be made

54
00:06:05,820 --> 00:06:12,630
so what we see is from sensors to actuators
through the local area network the internet

55
00:06:12,630 --> 00:06:20,470
involving ah you know [black/backend] backend
services analytics ah which includes again

56
00:06:20,470 --> 00:06:26,690
some you know high end processing at deferent
servers ah and different [complec/complex]

57
00:06:26,690 --> 00:06:31,310
complex algorithms execution of different
[call/complex] algorithms ah which are based

58
00:06:31,310 --> 00:06:36,650
on may be machine learning ah neural networks
and so on and so forth these are all required

59
00:06:36,650 --> 00:06:43,750
so so basically you know what happens is we
basically can conceive ah of an iot as a very

60
00:06:43,750 --> 00:06:51,920
complex system involving sensors actuators
ah networks local area wide area internet

61
00:06:51,920 --> 00:07:00,680
and ah ah different servers different algorithms
machine learning and so on all executing ah

62
00:07:00,680 --> 00:07:11,410
together to make the system function as as
one single entity so going back we have ah

63
00:07:11,410 --> 00:07:15,450
in this local network as you are saying then
we have the internet we have the backend ah

64
00:07:15,450 --> 00:07:17,700
services and finally the applications that
i have been served

65
00:07:17,700 --> 00:07:25,400
so these are the different basic components
of iot so this is the scenario that i was

66
00:07:25,400 --> 00:07:32,150
referring to earlier so what we have we have
these different things we have these different

67
00:07:32,150 --> 00:07:37,970
things these things could be ah like you know
different ah physical objects which are fitted

68
00:07:37,970 --> 00:07:45,020
with different sensors these things could
be telephones ah lightning systems ah could

69
00:07:45,020 --> 00:07:50,870
be cameras could be different other scanner
sensors like ah the temperature sensor and

70
00:07:50,870 --> 00:07:59,950
so on and these things are able to communicate
with one another with the help of wireless

71
00:07:59,950 --> 00:08:06,890
technologies like zigbee bluetooth wifi and
so on so as you can see that this wireless

72
00:08:06,890 --> 00:08:13,240
basically helps these different devices to
talk to one another and this information from

73
00:08:13,240 --> 00:08:17,950
these devices they will fro through a local
network and from a local network they will

74
00:08:17,950 --> 00:08:24,050
go through the internet to ah ah to the ah
you know these data are basically sent to

75
00:08:24,050 --> 00:08:30,280
the backend services involving different servers
processors and so on and so forth for running

76
00:08:30,280 --> 00:08:37,909
different analytics and then based on that
different devices can be actuated ah um ah

77
00:08:37,909 --> 00:08:42,409
you know ah may be a pump ah this is an example
that i gave earlier in a previous lecture

78
00:08:42,409 --> 00:08:48,250
basically for agricultural purposes the use
of iot a pump might be started might be actuated

79
00:08:48,250 --> 00:08:54,180
based on the data that is received from the
sensor nodes and based on analytics are run

80
00:08:54,180 --> 00:09:04,850
at the different servers ah a ah in a that
are involved in the backend service processing

81
00:09:04,850 --> 00:09:10,639
so in terms of the functional components of
iot so one of the very important things is

82
00:09:10,639 --> 00:09:16,899
basically interaction interaction not only
with the physical environment by this different

83
00:09:16,899 --> 00:09:23,829
sensors but also interaction and communication
with the different devices ah ah ah that means

84
00:09:23,829 --> 00:09:33,670
a different nodes in the iot in the iot network
then comes the processing so processing and

85
00:09:33,670 --> 00:09:38,709
analysis of the different functioning and
the operations that taken place so processing

86
00:09:38,709 --> 00:09:47,470
of that ah data the processing of operations
ah so this is another component ah the third

87
00:09:47,470 --> 00:09:54,709
functional component is basically the interaction
interaction typically with the internet ah

88
00:09:54,709 --> 00:09:59,269
and because you know at present most of the
times the most of the iot implementations

89
00:09:59,269 --> 00:10:06,180
are still using the internet so it is all
you know internet powered iot implementations

90
00:10:06,180 --> 00:10:12,740
so ah internet interaction is a ah is one
of the very important ah ah components of

91
00:10:12,740 --> 00:10:18,470
ah building iot then we have the web services
web services machine to machine communication

92
00:10:18,470 --> 00:10:22,379
and so on so basically it what is going to
happen earlier most of the so when you talk

93
00:10:22,379 --> 00:10:26,860
about a web technology typically we are talking
about human to machine communication you know

94
00:10:26,860 --> 00:10:32,959
web service we are talking about ah you know
ah some machine ah ah sending ah or some ah

95
00:10:32,959 --> 00:10:38,339
some ah equipment basically sensing and sending
that data to another machine for further processing

96
00:10:38,339 --> 00:10:43,449
or machine to machine communication is involved
and offering different services so one machine

97
00:10:43,449 --> 00:10:50,660
offer some services to another machine and
so on so so like this ah and this is basically

98
00:10:50,660 --> 00:10:56,569
you know this sort of thing in a iot scenario
is taken care of ah ah um ah typically and

99
00:10:56,569 --> 00:11:03,639
then we have ah the integration of different
applications services and the user interface

100
00:11:03,639 --> 00:11:09,269
to access the iot that is another component
so there has to be is a user interface a human

101
00:11:09,269 --> 00:11:19,379
interface to accessing the iot network or
the iot ah you know mega network so looking

102
00:11:19,379 --> 00:11:27,089
at this particular figure i would like to
try to clarify how the iot implementation

103
00:11:27,089 --> 00:11:33,699
is typically done and it can be done to achieve
different application needs so this is a figure

104
00:11:33,699 --> 00:11:41,389
which shows that we have different sensors
processors and radio it refitted to each of

105
00:11:41,389 --> 00:11:47,960
this devices or the sensor nodes or the sensor
motes or the iot motes as you may want to

106
00:11:47,960 --> 00:11:55,290
call them so these motes they talk to one
another but these different sensor nodes these

107
00:11:55,290 --> 00:12:01,170
different sensor nodes they are basically
within the jurisdiction or the domain of the

108
00:12:01,170 --> 00:12:08,839
gateway so the gateway is basically tasked
to assign different local locally unique addresses

109
00:12:08,839 --> 00:12:14,269
to these different nodes to these different
iot nodes and the gateway basically takes

110
00:12:14,269 --> 00:12:23,420
care of the local addressing within that particular
local area network so from the that point

111
00:12:23,420 --> 00:12:29,889
all the data can flow through a proxy server
if internet access is required so it will

112
00:12:29,889 --> 00:12:34,800
go through the internet then a web socket
and from the web socket it goes through a

113
00:12:34,800 --> 00:12:40,119
cloud server that means this is where lot
of analytics and backend processing takes

114
00:12:40,119 --> 00:12:45,370
place and based on that the actuation based
on the analytics and the infer ant says that

115
00:12:45,370 --> 00:12:50,050
and run from the sensed data actuation of
different devices can take place

116
00:12:50,050 --> 00:12:58,170
for example lighting a particular lamp could
be the actuation of that particular lamp we

117
00:12:58,170 --> 00:13:05,860
have different interdependencies that are
evolved in the implementation of iot so we

118
00:13:05,860 --> 00:13:14,999
have if we look at iot from another prospective
or we have we have sensors we have actuators

119
00:13:14,999 --> 00:13:20,809
and a bunch of other things that are they
are in between has shown in this particular

120
00:13:20,809 --> 00:13:28,829
figure so this is basically the entire spend
of these different embedded devices so the

121
00:13:28,829 --> 00:13:38,470
sensors basically sense the data and that
data is basically serving the application

122
00:13:38,470 --> 00:13:45,420
requirements and then we have an operating
system and a power management unit which basically

123
00:13:45,420 --> 00:13:52,770
you know does things like duty cycling of
the sensors the how much the sensors ah you

124
00:13:52,770 --> 00:13:57,069
know how much time we are going to be active
or how much time they are going to be in the

125
00:13:57,069 --> 00:14:02,230
sleep state how to power them how to power
them because these are very small sized you

126
00:14:02,230 --> 00:14:08,910
know very resource staved sensors so ah and
the the basically the power unit in these

127
00:14:08,910 --> 00:14:16,029
sensor nodes these are very small ah in size
so basically consequently what happens is

128
00:14:16,029 --> 00:14:24,680
these embedded devices they themselves are
very resource staved so we have ah a very

129
00:14:24,680 --> 00:14:29,279
power management unit which basically takes
care of power management as a whole how much

130
00:14:29,279 --> 00:14:33,920
power is require for how long it is going
to power then what are the ways to harvest

131
00:14:33,920 --> 00:14:39,029
energy if at all it can be harvested and ah
how much power consumption is going to take

132
00:14:39,029 --> 00:14:45,759
place at different points of time can it be
can it be optimized ah different points of

133
00:14:45,759 --> 00:14:52,120
ah operation ah on so on and so forth and
a as you can see over here there after we

134
00:14:52,120 --> 00:14:59,089
have these different radios involving bluetooth
zigbee six low pan wifi ethernet and ah low

135
00:14:59,089 --> 00:15:04,300
range ah basically wifi ah
so these are the different you know radios

136
00:15:04,300 --> 00:15:12,339
that can help ah in communicating the data
ah that is sensed ah ah ah onward to other

137
00:15:12,339 --> 00:15:16,550
nodes these these basically these [di/different]
different radio technologies can help in the

138
00:15:16,550 --> 00:15:22,879
[com/for] for the communication purpose so
alongside we also have things like virtual

139
00:15:22,879 --> 00:15:29,679
machines which the takes care of the virtualization
of the nodes we have the web ah we have ah

140
00:15:29,679 --> 00:15:35,059
you know different things like http client
mqtt client coap client so these are the once

141
00:15:35,059 --> 00:15:41,959
mqtt coap we are going to talk next in in
the ah subsequent lectures so ah ah that will

142
00:15:41,959 --> 00:15:46,259
make our understanding clearance but these
are like no different application level ah

143
00:15:46,259 --> 00:15:52,619
protocols that are used for functioning of
these different iot devices and finally comes

144
00:15:52,619 --> 00:15:58,100
the actuator verticals
so we have the sensors we have different applications

145
00:15:58,100 --> 00:16:05,600
operating system power management radios virtual
machines web and then we have these actuators

146
00:16:05,600 --> 00:16:12,249
all together which forms the embedded systems
the embedded devices now you let us now look

147
00:16:12,249 --> 00:16:21,480
at the service orientation the service oriented
architecture of ah ah iot so in the iot if

148
00:16:21,480 --> 00:16:27,269
here what we have at these different layers
the sensing layer the network layer the service

149
00:16:27,269 --> 00:16:33,470
layer and the interface layer so we have four
different layers and as the name suggests

150
00:16:33,470 --> 00:16:40,730
sensing layer basically takes care of sensing
through different rfid tags sensors and so

151
00:16:40,730 --> 00:16:47,360
on so fourth and then data are sensed are
acquired and so on are sent to the next layer

152
00:16:47,360 --> 00:16:54,079
higher up which is the network layer the network
layer basically ah serves sensor networks

153
00:16:54,079 --> 00:17:00,089
social networks you know different other networks
and data bases internet and so on that is

154
00:17:00,089 --> 00:17:05,700
the network layer then what we have we have
the service layer which deals [mo/mostly]

155
00:17:05,700 --> 00:17:11,689
mostly with the service delivery ah such as
ah service ah division service integration

156
00:17:11,689 --> 00:17:19,800
ah service ah ah you know service repository
ah service ah logic ah by business logic and

157
00:17:19,800 --> 00:17:23,890
so on so all these different things that i
involved with the offering of the services

158
00:17:23,890 --> 00:17:29,260
to support the business functions
then we have the interface layer we have the

159
00:17:29,260 --> 00:17:37,130
application frontend we have ah a contract
interface and application apis so so [these/this]

160
00:17:37,130 --> 00:17:43,340
this becomes the interface layer and when
we have the security issues which basically

161
00:17:43,340 --> 00:17:54,590
span all these different ah layer verticals
ah sorry layer horizontals so in terms of

162
00:17:54,590 --> 00:18:02,120
ah ah the categorization of iot it can be
categorized into two one is the consumer iot

163
00:18:02,120 --> 00:18:08,330
which is what typically most of the people
tempt to use and these are ah here basically

164
00:18:08,330 --> 00:18:15,290
these different devices they communicate ah
with another ah ah ah through these local

165
00:18:15,290 --> 00:18:19,920
networks and it can be you know find a further
communication you can also take place over

166
00:18:19,920 --> 00:18:24,840
the internet as well so depending on the requirements
either local or ah through the internet then

167
00:18:24,840 --> 00:18:32,320
we have the local communication which is typically
done via bluetooth zigbee or wifi and ah so

168
00:18:32,320 --> 00:18:39,549
basically this local communication is constraint
within the bounds of or within the domain

169
00:18:39,549 --> 00:18:46,951
of the iot gateway so ah this is consumer
iot then ah we have the industrial iot which

170
00:18:46,951 --> 00:18:56,330
is basically ah ah quite similar to the consumer
iot but ah the application ah ah uh the application

171
00:18:56,330 --> 00:19:01,149
interest is in the industrial sector
so we are talking about manufacturing industries

172
00:19:01,149 --> 00:19:06,110
with different machines with these machines
are fitted with different iot devices they

173
00:19:06,110 --> 00:19:10,740
together become the iot device they have different
sensors and so on feature there which can

174
00:19:10,740 --> 00:19:16,169
the node as a whole can communicate with other
machines and so on so this becomes the industrial

175
00:19:16,169 --> 00:19:22,880
iot and ah basically there are different communication
that takes place between the different nodes

176
00:19:22,880 --> 00:19:30,510
as well as different industry specific technologies
now we talk about iot gateways ah so this

177
00:19:30,510 --> 00:19:36,570
is what i told you that ah in a local network
you have this locally unique addresses ah

178
00:19:36,570 --> 00:19:43,510
and that are they are ah within that local
area network iot network and so ah ah

179
00:19:43,510 --> 00:19:49,520
so these local addresses basically they take
care of ah ah the addressing of the ah the

180
00:19:49,520 --> 00:19:55,049
different nodes now so what are these gateways
doing so the gateways basically take care

181
00:19:55,049 --> 00:20:00,880
of the addressing but then ah in this is what
the gateway structure looks like so this is

182
00:20:00,880 --> 00:20:07,080
ah what ah is here so we have the local network
on one side of the gateway we have the global

183
00:20:07,080 --> 00:20:12,470
network on the other side of the gateway and
this is where the the gateway this is how

184
00:20:12,470 --> 00:20:20,950
the gateway looks like so the gateway has
ah and functions different tasks such as switching

185
00:20:20,950 --> 00:20:30,769
ah routing protocol conversion firewall and
vpn services security as a whole and processing

186
00:20:30,769 --> 00:20:37,700
so this is what a gateway does and the gateway
with the local network and the global network

187
00:20:37,700 --> 00:20:46,840
communicate via the wired or wireless channels
ah and so on so this is how the iot gateways

188
00:20:46,840 --> 00:20:55,169
function different associated technologies
of iot ah involving big data cloud smart grid

189
00:20:55,169 --> 00:21:00,510
internet of vehicles ah that means you know
different vehicles on the road ah ah are fitted

190
00:21:00,510 --> 00:21:05,120
with different iot devices which can communicate
with one another and different intelligence

191
00:21:05,120 --> 00:21:11,519
about the route traffic conditions about the
offering different ah road side services ah

192
00:21:11,519 --> 00:21:16,889
ah can be make possible with the help of internet
of vehicles then we have the machine to machine

193
00:21:16,889 --> 00:21:20,549
communication where one machine talks to another
without any human intervention

194
00:21:20,549 --> 00:21:26,639
we have telemedicine ah offering ah you know
offering health care services to the demote

195
00:21:26,639 --> 00:21:32,300
hospitals demote health care centers and so
on ah cps server physical systems we have

196
00:21:32,300 --> 00:21:38,409
three g four g five g we have ah sdn ah and
so on so these are the different associated

197
00:21:38,409 --> 00:21:46,760
technologies which together ah make ah ah
ah iot which together are used to ah deliver

198
00:21:46,760 --> 00:21:54,320
iot solutions now you know if we try to to
make a side by side comparison between ah

199
00:21:54,320 --> 00:22:01,179
the iot stack and web stack we will see that
more or less the application layers remain

200
00:22:01,179 --> 00:22:08,139
the same for both iot as well as the as well
as the web so conceptually these application

201
00:22:08,139 --> 00:22:13,010
layers these different layers communication
layers and application layers that communication

202
00:22:13,010 --> 00:22:20,639
layers remaining the same between iot and
web but what is different is that we have

203
00:22:20,639 --> 00:22:28,149
a new set of protocols that are used over
here so the new set of protocols and additionally

204
00:22:28,149 --> 00:22:35,120
in iot unlike in the case of web things such
as different types of management management

205
00:22:35,120 --> 00:22:42,429
of the network management of the power management
of different other resources these are all

206
00:22:42,429 --> 00:22:51,580
additionally taken care of in the iot node
ah in the iot stack ah which is not available

207
00:22:51,580 --> 00:22:58,230
in the case of the web and this is very much
required because you know in the case of iot

208
00:22:58,230 --> 00:23:02,480
we are talking about heavily resource constraint
nodes and this heavily resource constraint

209
00:23:02,480 --> 00:23:08,320
nodes basically required management network
management in terms of energy in terms of

210
00:23:08,320 --> 00:23:14,880
processing in terms of data and so on and
so forth

211
00:23:14,880 --> 00:23:22,649
so there are different key technologies that
basically help iot survive we have the future

212
00:23:22,649 --> 00:23:29,340
internet knowledge aggregation yeah obtain
through data assignation data data collection

213
00:23:29,340 --> 00:23:35,750
processing and ah analysis then we have the
different standards we have the sensor networks

214
00:23:35,750 --> 00:23:41,250
we have the communication we have cloud computing
we have discovery services nanoelectronics

215
00:23:41,250 --> 00:23:47,389
embedded systems software system integration
and last but not the least what is over here

216
00:23:47,389 --> 00:23:53,080
on top is the security on privacy issues so
security on privacy issues are per amount

217
00:23:53,080 --> 00:23:58,510
in iot because there are heavy concerns ah
because you know we are dealing with resource

218
00:23:58,510 --> 00:24:04,399
constraint nodes with communication constraints
bandwidth constraints processing constraints

219
00:24:04,399 --> 00:24:11,399
energy constraints and so on so these nodes
become very much valuably valuable to different

220
00:24:11,399 --> 00:24:17,710
type of attacks different types of security
breaches and also because iot systems are

221
00:24:17,710 --> 00:24:22,750
very much detail intensive there is lot of
information that frozen through the network

222
00:24:22,750 --> 00:24:29,620
as a consequence of which the privacy of the
individuals of the organizations might be

223
00:24:29,620 --> 00:24:34,149
at stack so security and privacy and trust
also which is not mentioned over here these

224
00:24:34,149 --> 00:24:43,490
are very much important ah to power iot technologies
there are different types of challenges securities

225
00:24:43,490 --> 00:24:50,029
scalability energy efficiency bandwidth management
interfacing interoperability

226
00:24:50,029 --> 00:24:54,100
so when we are talking about interfacing it
is typically we are referring to device interfacing

227
00:24:54,100 --> 00:24:59,389
so different you know one device ah talking
to another device may be these devices do

228
00:24:59,389 --> 00:25:03,590
not belong to the same vender they are not
running the same stack they are not following

229
00:25:03,590 --> 00:25:08,260
the same standard and so on so then comes
consequently then comes the interoperability

230
00:25:08,260 --> 00:25:13,820
issue how to make these devices talk to one
another how the different protocols the different

231
00:25:13,820 --> 00:25:18,970
devices the different algorithms they are
going to hand shake with one another so like

232
00:25:18,970 --> 00:25:23,950
this this is another challenge which is typical
of iot implementations then we have data storage

233
00:25:23,950 --> 00:25:29,580
an analytics and complexity management with
tools such as sdn so asdn basically helps

234
00:25:29,580 --> 00:25:37,039
in ah addressing the com ah the complexity
of ah systems by decupling ah the control

235
00:25:37,039 --> 00:25:44,570
plane from the detect plane of the networks
different considerations and they are for

236
00:25:44,570 --> 00:25:51,899
building iot one is that will to have a straight
network architecture which can be used by

237
00:25:51,899 --> 00:25:58,330
different iot implementations so there has
to be a governing network architecture number

238
00:25:58,330 --> 00:26:05,019
two hardware requirements and cost are important
ah you know what type of communication hardware

239
00:26:05,019 --> 00:26:11,519
are going to be used ah and different devices
in the costs that are involved and due to

240
00:26:11,519 --> 00:26:16,850
the presence of numerous applications of iot
enabled devices a single networking platform

241
00:26:16,850 --> 00:26:21,911
may not be sufficient to address and the needs
of the consumer or the iot device

242
00:26:21,911 --> 00:26:27,669
so this is another the third consideration
that has to be taken into ah ah account while

243
00:26:27,669 --> 00:26:33,340
building the iot systems then we have the
complexity of the networks ah you know if

244
00:26:33,340 --> 00:26:38,150
the number of nodes in the network increases
then whether the in the solution because if

245
00:26:38,150 --> 00:26:45,390
the system is going to be ah ah you know sustainable
whether it can be scaled up or not ah then

246
00:26:45,390 --> 00:26:49,929
we have the interface among ah interference
among the different devices this is very watch

247
00:26:49,929 --> 00:26:56,539
in vital in ah in any network interference
is ah a crucial issue and particularly iot

248
00:26:56,539 --> 00:27:04,830
networks involve lot of large number of typically
densely deployed nodes and these nodes because

249
00:27:04,830 --> 00:27:12,179
the at you know typically ah wireless power
ah by wifi or bluetooth or zigbee and so on

250
00:27:12,179 --> 00:27:17,169
so interference between these different ah
ah communication between these different nodes

251
00:27:17,169 --> 00:27:22,210
that at the ah corresponding radios and so
on is possible so how do you handle it network

252
00:27:22,210 --> 00:27:28,330
management as a whole as i was tell in earlier
involving ah you know energy management involving

253
00:27:28,330 --> 00:27:34,419
computation management involving communication
management involving service management and

254
00:27:34,419 --> 00:27:39,419
infrastructure management and so on so network
management as a whole then heterogeneity in

255
00:27:39,419 --> 00:27:45,580
the networks heterogeneity in terms of the
devices standards the protocols the algorithms

256
00:27:45,580 --> 00:27:51,470
and so on so how do you handle
because iot devices unlike traditional internet

257
00:27:51,470 --> 00:27:58,600
iot networks come in different ah you know
come from different venders different devices

258
00:27:58,600 --> 00:28:05,200
coming from different venders different devices
using different algorithms these different

259
00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:11,909
protocols being used and so on so so all these
ah basically invite ah dealing with the issue

260
00:28:11,909 --> 00:28:16,029
of heterogeneity lot of heterogeneity is involves
so how heterogeneity is taken care of and

261
00:28:16,029 --> 00:28:21,370
protocol organization and standardization
so ah within the network so how the different

262
00:28:21,370 --> 00:28:26,789
protocols can be standardized ah so that a
device running one protocol can talk to another

263
00:28:26,789 --> 00:28:35,130
device and so on the different wireless networks
are used issues such as traffic management

264
00:28:35,130 --> 00:28:41,720
load management ah then variations in the
different wireless network forms for example

265
00:28:41,720 --> 00:28:46,309
wireless [pa/personal] personal area network
w turn versus wireless body area network interoperability

266
00:28:46,309 --> 00:28:52,009
i have already mentioned just a while back
then network management and overlay network

267
00:28:52,009 --> 00:28:57,190
so ah ah so basically you know the overlay
network takes care of some kind of a virtualization

268
00:28:57,190 --> 00:29:02,570
of the physical devices on you know so ah
and and one type of this physical virtual

269
00:29:02,570 --> 00:29:07,470
devices and the networks and overlay is created
this is basically the overlay network

270
00:29:07,470 --> 00:29:13,450
scalability in involving flexibility within
the internet ah then integration of different

271
00:29:13,450 --> 00:29:19,070
iot devices there are many manufactured using
different standards may be in the using different

272
00:29:19,070 --> 00:29:26,520
ah you know vender specific ah ah protocols
ah so iot integration ah is ah a very complex

273
00:29:26,520 --> 00:29:32,639
issue ah which basically dictates the scalability
of the system large scale deployment issues

274
00:29:32,639 --> 00:29:41,769
ah and real time connectivity of billion centurions
of devices with this we come to an end of

275
00:29:41,769 --> 00:29:48,460
ah this lecture on ah ah on the basics of
iot networking ah um ah but this is just a

276
00:29:48,460 --> 00:29:54,490
first part we are going to cover ah many other
ah issues involving ah the networking aspects

277
00:29:54,490 --> 00:30:01,220
of iot in the subsequent lectures and from
ah there we can understand from this subsequent

278
00:30:01,220 --> 00:30:09,010
lectures we can understand how forming an
iot is very complex what are the different

279
00:30:09,010 --> 00:30:13,769
protocols individual protocols that are how
they are did may not be a single isolated

280
00:30:13,769 --> 00:30:20,700
or or a single ah thread head let us say ah
um ah one protocol ah for iot as a whole but

281
00:30:20,700 --> 00:30:25,100
there as all these individual protocols settled
there so how that can be taken care of and

282
00:30:25,100 --> 00:30:31,519
for how can architecture be sent up between
these different iot devices manufactured by

283
00:30:31,519 --> 00:30:35,720
different venders so these like this actually
there are different complexities that i have

284
00:30:35,720 --> 00:30:39,090
involved so we have really talk about that
in the subsequent lectures

285
00:30:39,090 --> 00:00:00,000
thank you