0:00:20.480,0:00:28.250 in this lecture and a subsequent few we are[br]going to go through some of the basics on 0:00:28.250,0:00:36.230 the networking aspects of internet of things[br]so the first thing that we need to understand 0:00:36.230,0:00:43.850 is that iot has evolved a lot so starting[br]from basic research basic fundamental research 0:00:43.850,0:00:49.300 and innovation there has been different other[br]types of innovation which are dik through 0:00:49.300,0:00:56.350 ah which are disruptive and some of the other[br]innovations which are sustaining in nature 0:00:56.350,0:01:05.740 so in terms of basic research there has been[br]lot of research on ah the nanotechnology the 0:01:05.740,0:01:12.860 use of nanotechnology the use of quantum [teletransport/ah[br]teleportation] ah teleportation quantum teleportation 0:01:12.860,0:01:21.210 basically means that how ah the different[br]information at the atomic level is sent from 0:01:21.210,0:01:25.390 one point to another[br]so is transported from one point to another 0:01:25.390,0:01:33.720 at the atomic level and nanotechnology ah[br]it involves things like nanoiot nanonodes 0:01:33.720,0:01:42.720 nanonetworking nodes ah nanosensor nodes and[br]ah nanonetworks that means at the nanoscale 0:01:42.720,0:01:47.679 forming a network which can be for different[br]purposes nanonetworks are used for different 0:01:47.679,0:01:53.060 purposes ah in the human inside the human[br]body at the molecular level nanonetworks can 0:01:53.060,0:02:01.890 be used so like this at the nanoscale and[br]ah for quantum ah ah ah communication there 0:02:01.890,0:02:08.348 has been lot of ah advertisements ah that[br]has been done ah for ah involving ah basic 0:02:08.348,0:02:15.770 innovations basic research innovations[br]so this is one likewise ah for ah semantic 0:02:15.770,0:02:21.020 interoperability there has been lot of research[br]on semantic in for interoperability for example 0:02:21.020,0:02:31.120 let us see that a temperature sensor it might[br]be given the data as temp another temperature 0:02:31.120,0:02:37.019 sensor as temperature another temperature[br]sensor the third one st so there has to be 0:02:37.019,0:02:41.090 interoperability between all these different[br]colossians but they are all different to the 0:02:41.090,0:02:47.739 same temperature right so this is basically[br]taken care of by things like semantic interoperability 0:02:47.739,0:02:52.930 there has been lot of research on this one[br]this particular aspect then energy harvesting 0:02:52.930,0:02:58.069 again there has been lot of research ah you[br]know energy harvesting through different renewable 0:02:58.069,0:03:05.430 ah sources ah such as wind energy solar etcetera[br]etcetera how these can harvest you know how 0:03:05.430,0:03:10.780 these deferent renewable sources ah from these[br]how energy can be harvested to power the different 0:03:10.780,0:03:16.170 nodes and iot these are very small powered[br]you know small sized nodes with very [la/limited] 0:03:16.170,0:03:19.670 limited power[br]so energy harvesting is very crucial it plays 0:03:19.670,0:03:24.439 a crucial role in the sustenance of these[br]networks so ah there has been lot of work 0:03:24.439,0:03:29.030 on this one also and this has been like you[br]know these aspects for example there has been 0:03:29.030,0:03:34.400 lot of brick through innovation on these ah[br]then disruptive innovation ah for example 0:03:34.400,0:03:39.790 virtual reality augmented reality you know[br]so these are all like ah you know involvement 0:03:39.790,0:03:46.069 of these an incorporation into the iot network[br]ah there has been lot of ah ah research ah 0:03:46.069,0:03:52.569 on on this particular front and ah things[br]like cloud ah big data these are like sustaining 0:03:52.569,0:03:58.909 technologies for iot again there has been[br]lot of work on ah these technologies ah as 0:03:58.909,0:04:08.450 well ah now when we talk about iot if we think[br]about iot what we have we have these different 0:04:08.450,0:04:15.489 things ah ah which as i said in one of the[br]previous lectures is these things are fitted 0:04:15.489,0:04:20.988 ah ah these are basically physical objects[br]once again so these physical objects are fitted 0:04:20.988,0:04:28.320 with different sensors and these sensors basically[br]ah sense different physical phenomena that 0:04:28.320,0:04:35.490 are occurring around them[br]so these sensor fitted things sensors actuators 0:04:35.490,0:04:45.260 and different other emirate devices ah these[br]these are one component of the iot so but 0:04:45.260,0:04:49.760 these become the different nodes in the network[br]these are the individual nodes in the network 0:04:49.760,0:04:55.900 so then what we have is these nodes they have[br]to communicate with one another and the information 0:04:55.900,0:05:05.740 that is sensed by one of these sensors fitted[br]to this nodes this information from the sensor 0:05:05.740,0:05:13.040 and the other sensors these are taken and[br]are sent to the other sensor nodes the destination 0:05:13.040,0:05:23.410 nodes so how is that turn first these information[br]have to flow through the local network and 0:05:23.410,0:05:29.570 then if the destination intended destination[br]is outside this local network then it is sent 0:05:29.570,0:05:35.130 through the internet typically if it is if[br]we are talking about an iot which is basically 0:05:35.130,0:05:40.130 internet ah based iot then basically it is[br]going to flow through the internet or some 0:05:40.130,0:05:46.220 other wide area network and finally it is[br]going to arrive at the intended destination 0:05:46.220,0:05:51.640 node and from there may be there can be some[br]there can be some ah at that point actually 0:05:51.640,0:05:56.620 there can be some analytic engine which is[br]running on some backend server ah those could 0:05:56.620,0:06:02.490 be there and from that point from the decision[br]from these analytics they can run on this 0:06:02.490,0:06:05.820 servers ah decisions about actuation could[br]be made 0:06:05.820,0:06:12.630 so what we see is from sensors to actuators[br]through the local area network the internet 0:06:12.630,0:06:20.470 involving ah you know [black/backend] backend[br]services analytics ah which includes again 0:06:20.470,0:06:26.690 some you know high end processing at deferent[br]servers ah and different [complec/complex] 0:06:26.690,0:06:31.310 complex algorithms execution of different[br][call/complex] algorithms ah which are based 0:06:31.310,0:06:36.650 on may be machine learning ah neural networks[br]and so on and so forth these are all required 0:06:36.650,0:06:43.750 so so basically you know what happens is we[br]basically can conceive ah of an iot as a very 0:06:43.750,0:06:51.920 complex system involving sensors actuators[br]ah networks local area wide area internet 0:06:51.920,0:07:00.680 and ah ah different servers different algorithms[br]machine learning and so on all executing ah 0:07:00.680,0:07:11.410 together to make the system function as as[br]one single entity so going back we have ah 0:07:11.410,0:07:15.450 in this local network as you are saying then[br]we have the internet we have the backend ah 0:07:15.450,0:07:17.700 services and finally the applications that[br]i have been served 0:07:17.700,0:07:25.400 so these are the different basic components[br]of iot so this is the scenario that i was 0:07:25.400,0:07:32.150 referring to earlier so what we have we have[br]these different things we have these different 0:07:32.150,0:07:37.970 things these things could be ah like you know[br]different ah physical objects which are fitted 0:07:37.970,0:07:45.020 with different sensors these things could[br]be telephones ah lightning systems ah could 0:07:45.020,0:07:50.870 be cameras could be different other scanner[br]sensors like ah the temperature sensor and 0:07:50.870,0:07:59.950 so on and these things are able to communicate[br]with one another with the help of wireless 0:07:59.950,0:08:06.890 technologies like zigbee bluetooth wifi and[br]so on so as you can see that this wireless 0:08:06.890,0:08:13.240 basically helps these different devices to[br]talk to one another and this information from 0:08:13.240,0:08:17.950 these devices they will fro through a local[br]network and from a local network they will 0:08:17.950,0:08:24.050 go through the internet to ah ah to the ah[br]you know these data are basically sent to 0:08:24.050,0:08:30.280 the backend services involving different servers[br]processors and so on and so forth for running 0:08:30.280,0:08:37.909 different analytics and then based on that[br]different devices can be actuated ah um ah 0:08:37.909,0:08:42.409 you know ah may be a pump ah this is an example[br]that i gave earlier in a previous lecture 0:08:42.409,0:08:48.250 basically for agricultural purposes the use[br]of iot a pump might be started might be actuated 0:08:48.250,0:08:54.180 based on the data that is received from the[br]sensor nodes and based on analytics are run 0:08:54.180,0:09:04.850 at the different servers ah a ah in a that[br]are involved in the backend service processing 0:09:04.850,0:09:10.639 so in terms of the functional components of[br]iot so one of the very important things is 0:09:10.639,0:09:16.899 basically interaction interaction not only[br]with the physical environment by this different 0:09:16.899,0:09:23.829 sensors but also interaction and communication[br]with the different devices ah ah ah that means 0:09:23.829,0:09:33.670 a different nodes in the iot in the iot network[br]then comes the processing so processing and 0:09:33.670,0:09:38.709 analysis of the different functioning and[br]the operations that taken place so processing 0:09:38.709,0:09:47.470 of that ah data the processing of operations[br]ah so this is another component ah the third 0:09:47.470,0:09:54.709 functional component is basically the interaction[br]interaction typically with the internet ah 0:09:54.709,0:09:59.269 and because you know at present most of the[br]times the most of the iot implementations 0:09:59.269,0:10:06.180 are still using the internet so it is all[br]you know internet powered iot implementations 0:10:06.180,0:10:12.740 so ah internet interaction is a ah is one[br]of the very important ah ah components of 0:10:12.740,0:10:18.470 ah building iot then we have the web services[br]web services machine to machine communication 0:10:18.470,0:10:22.379 and so on so basically it what is going to[br]happen earlier most of the so when you talk 0:10:22.379,0:10:26.860 about a web technology typically we are talking[br]about human to machine communication you know 0:10:26.860,0:10:32.959 web service we are talking about ah you know[br]ah some machine ah ah sending ah or some ah 0:10:32.959,0:10:38.339 some ah equipment basically sensing and sending[br]that data to another machine for further processing 0:10:38.339,0:10:43.449 or machine to machine communication is involved[br]and offering different services so one machine 0:10:43.449,0:10:50.660 offer some services to another machine and[br]so on so so like this ah and this is basically 0:10:50.660,0:10:56.569 you know this sort of thing in a iot scenario[br]is taken care of ah ah um ah typically and 0:10:56.569,0:11:03.639 then we have ah the integration of different[br]applications services and the user interface 0:11:03.639,0:11:09.269 to access the iot that is another component[br]so there has to be is a user interface a human 0:11:09.269,0:11:19.379 interface to accessing the iot network or[br]the iot ah you know mega network so looking 0:11:19.379,0:11:27.089 at this particular figure i would like to[br]try to clarify how the iot implementation 0:11:27.089,0:11:33.699 is typically done and it can be done to achieve[br]different application needs so this is a figure 0:11:33.699,0:11:41.389 which shows that we have different sensors[br]processors and radio it refitted to each of 0:11:41.389,0:11:47.960 this devices or the sensor nodes or the sensor[br]motes or the iot motes as you may want to 0:11:47.960,0:11:55.290 call them so these motes they talk to one[br]another but these different sensor nodes these 0:11:55.290,0:12:01.170 different sensor nodes they are basically[br]within the jurisdiction or the domain of the 0:12:01.170,0:12:08.839 gateway so the gateway is basically tasked[br]to assign different local locally unique addresses 0:12:08.839,0:12:14.269 to these different nodes to these different[br]iot nodes and the gateway basically takes 0:12:14.269,0:12:23.420 care of the local addressing within that particular[br]local area network so from the that point 0:12:23.420,0:12:29.889 all the data can flow through a proxy server[br]if internet access is required so it will 0:12:29.889,0:12:34.800 go through the internet then a web socket[br]and from the web socket it goes through a 0:12:34.800,0:12:40.119 cloud server that means this is where lot[br]of analytics and backend processing takes 0:12:40.119,0:12:45.370 place and based on that the actuation based[br]on the analytics and the infer ant says that 0:12:45.370,0:12:50.050 and run from the sensed data actuation of[br]different devices can take place 0:12:50.050,0:12:58.170 for example lighting a particular lamp could[br]be the actuation of that particular lamp we 0:12:58.170,0:13:05.860 have different interdependencies that are[br]evolved in the implementation of iot so we 0:13:05.860,0:13:14.999 have if we look at iot from another prospective[br]or we have we have sensors we have actuators 0:13:14.999,0:13:20.809 and a bunch of other things that are they[br]are in between has shown in this particular 0:13:20.809,0:13:28.829 figure so this is basically the entire spend[br]of these different embedded devices so the 0:13:28.829,0:13:38.470 sensors basically sense the data and that[br]data is basically serving the application 0:13:38.470,0:13:45.420 requirements and then we have an operating[br]system and a power management unit which basically 0:13:45.420,0:13:52.770 you know does things like duty cycling of[br]the sensors the how much the sensors ah you 0:13:52.770,0:13:57.069 know how much time we are going to be active[br]or how much time they are going to be in the 0:13:57.069,0:14:02.230 sleep state how to power them how to power[br]them because these are very small sized you 0:14:02.230,0:14:08.910 know very resource staved sensors so ah and[br]the the basically the power unit in these 0:14:08.910,0:14:16.029 sensor nodes these are very small ah in size[br]so basically consequently what happens is 0:14:16.029,0:14:24.680 these embedded devices they themselves are[br]very resource staved so we have ah a very 0:14:24.680,0:14:29.279 power management unit which basically takes[br]care of power management as a whole how much 0:14:29.279,0:14:33.920 power is require for how long it is going[br]to power then what are the ways to harvest 0:14:33.920,0:14:39.029 energy if at all it can be harvested and ah[br]how much power consumption is going to take 0:14:39.029,0:14:45.759 place at different points of time can it be[br]can it be optimized ah different points of 0:14:45.759,0:14:52.120 ah operation ah on so on and so forth and[br]a as you can see over here there after we 0:14:52.120,0:14:59.089 have these different radios involving bluetooth[br]zigbee six low pan wifi ethernet and ah low 0:14:59.089,0:15:04.300 range ah basically wifi ah[br]so these are the different you know radios 0:15:04.300,0:15:12.339 that can help ah in communicating the data[br]ah that is sensed ah ah ah onward to other 0:15:12.339,0:15:16.550 nodes these these basically these [di/different][br]different radio technologies can help in the 0:15:16.550,0:15:22.879 [com/for] for the communication purpose so[br]alongside we also have things like virtual 0:15:22.879,0:15:29.679 machines which the takes care of the virtualization[br]of the nodes we have the web ah we have ah 0:15:29.679,0:15:35.059 you know different things like http client[br]mqtt client coap client so these are the once 0:15:35.059,0:15:41.959 mqtt coap we are going to talk next in in[br]the ah subsequent lectures so ah ah that will 0:15:41.959,0:15:46.259 make our understanding clearance but these[br]are like no different application level ah 0:15:46.259,0:15:52.619 protocols that are used for functioning of[br]these different iot devices and finally comes 0:15:52.619,0:15:58.100 the actuator verticals[br]so we have the sensors we have different applications 0:15:58.100,0:16:05.600 operating system power management radios virtual[br]machines web and then we have these actuators 0:16:05.600,0:16:12.249 all together which forms the embedded systems[br]the embedded devices now you let us now look 0:16:12.249,0:16:21.480 at the service orientation the service oriented[br]architecture of ah ah iot so in the iot if 0:16:21.480,0:16:27.269 here what we have at these different layers[br]the sensing layer the network layer the service 0:16:27.269,0:16:33.470 layer and the interface layer so we have four[br]different layers and as the name suggests 0:16:33.470,0:16:40.730 sensing layer basically takes care of sensing[br]through different rfid tags sensors and so 0:16:40.730,0:16:47.360 on so fourth and then data are sensed are[br]acquired and so on are sent to the next layer 0:16:47.360,0:16:54.079 higher up which is the network layer the network[br]layer basically ah serves sensor networks 0:16:54.079,0:17:00.089 social networks you know different other networks[br]and data bases internet and so on that is 0:17:00.089,0:17:05.700 the network layer then what we have we have[br]the service layer which deals [mo/mostly] 0:17:05.700,0:17:11.689 mostly with the service delivery ah such as[br]ah service ah division service integration 0:17:11.689,0:17:19.800 ah service ah ah you know service repository[br]ah service ah logic ah by business logic and 0:17:19.800,0:17:23.890 so on so all these different things that i[br]involved with the offering of the services 0:17:23.890,0:17:29.260 to support the business functions[br]then we have the interface layer we have the 0:17:29.260,0:17:37.130 application frontend we have ah a contract[br]interface and application apis so so [these/this] 0:17:37.130,0:17:43.340 this becomes the interface layer and when[br]we have the security issues which basically 0:17:43.340,0:17:54.590 span all these different ah layer verticals[br]ah sorry layer horizontals so in terms of 0:17:54.590,0:18:02.120 ah ah the categorization of iot it can be[br]categorized into two one is the consumer iot 0:18:02.120,0:18:08.330 which is what typically most of the people[br]tempt to use and these are ah here basically 0:18:08.330,0:18:15.290 these different devices they communicate ah[br]with another ah ah ah through these local 0:18:15.290,0:18:19.920 networks and it can be you know find a further[br]communication you can also take place over 0:18:19.920,0:18:24.840 the internet as well so depending on the requirements[br]either local or ah through the internet then 0:18:24.840,0:18:32.320 we have the local communication which is typically[br]done via bluetooth zigbee or wifi and ah so 0:18:32.320,0:18:39.549 basically this local communication is constraint[br]within the bounds of or within the domain 0:18:39.549,0:18:46.951 of the iot gateway so ah this is consumer[br]iot then ah we have the industrial iot which 0:18:46.951,0:18:56.330 is basically ah ah quite similar to the consumer[br]iot but ah the application ah ah uh the application 0:18:56.330,0:19:01.149 interest is in the industrial sector[br]so we are talking about manufacturing industries 0:19:01.149,0:19:06.110 with different machines with these machines[br]are fitted with different iot devices they 0:19:06.110,0:19:10.740 together become the iot device they have different[br]sensors and so on feature there which can 0:19:10.740,0:19:16.169 the node as a whole can communicate with other[br]machines and so on so this becomes the industrial 0:19:16.169,0:19:22.880 iot and ah basically there are different communication[br]that takes place between the different nodes 0:19:22.880,0:19:30.510 as well as different industry specific technologies[br]now we talk about iot gateways ah so this 0:19:30.510,0:19:36.570 is what i told you that ah in a local network[br]you have this locally unique addresses ah 0:19:36.570,0:19:43.510 and that are they are ah within that local[br]area network iot network and so ah ah 0:19:43.510,0:19:49.520 so these local addresses basically they take[br]care of ah ah the addressing of the ah the 0:19:49.520,0:19:55.049 different nodes now so what are these gateways[br]doing so the gateways basically take care 0:19:55.049,0:20:00.880 of the addressing but then ah in this is what[br]the gateway structure looks like so this is 0:20:00.880,0:20:07.080 ah what ah is here so we have the local network[br]on one side of the gateway we have the global 0:20:07.080,0:20:12.470 network on the other side of the gateway and[br]this is where the the gateway this is how 0:20:12.470,0:20:20.950 the gateway looks like so the gateway has[br]ah and functions different tasks such as switching 0:20:20.950,0:20:30.769 ah routing protocol conversion firewall and[br]vpn services security as a whole and processing 0:20:30.769,0:20:37.700 so this is what a gateway does and the gateway[br]with the local network and the global network 0:20:37.700,0:20:46.840 communicate via the wired or wireless channels[br]ah and so on so this is how the iot gateways 0:20:46.840,0:20:55.169 function different associated technologies[br]of iot ah involving big data cloud smart grid 0:20:55.169,0:21:00.510 internet of vehicles ah that means you know[br]different vehicles on the road ah ah are fitted 0:21:00.510,0:21:05.120 with different iot devices which can communicate[br]with one another and different intelligence 0:21:05.120,0:21:11.519 about the route traffic conditions about the[br]offering different ah road side services ah 0:21:11.519,0:21:16.889 ah can be make possible with the help of internet[br]of vehicles then we have the machine to machine 0:21:16.889,0:21:20.549 communication where one machine talks to another[br]without any human intervention 0:21:20.549,0:21:26.639 we have telemedicine ah offering ah you know[br]offering health care services to the demote 0:21:26.639,0:21:32.300 hospitals demote health care centers and so[br]on ah cps server physical systems we have 0:21:32.300,0:21:38.409 three g four g five g we have ah sdn ah and[br]so on so these are the different associated 0:21:38.409,0:21:46.760 technologies which together ah make ah ah[br]ah iot which together are used to ah deliver 0:21:46.760,0:21:54.320 iot solutions now you know if we try to to[br]make a side by side comparison between ah 0:21:54.320,0:22:01.179 the iot stack and web stack we will see that[br]more or less the application layers remain 0:22:01.179,0:22:08.139 the same for both iot as well as the as well[br]as the web so conceptually these application 0:22:08.139,0:22:13.010 layers these different layers communication[br]layers and application layers that communication 0:22:13.010,0:22:20.639 layers remaining the same between iot and[br]web but what is different is that we have 0:22:20.639,0:22:28.149 a new set of protocols that are used over[br]here so the new set of protocols and additionally 0:22:28.149,0:22:35.120 in iot unlike in the case of web things such[br]as different types of management management 0:22:35.120,0:22:42.429 of the network management of the power management[br]of different other resources these are all 0:22:42.429,0:22:51.580 additionally taken care of in the iot node[br]ah in the iot stack ah which is not available 0:22:51.580,0:22:58.230 in the case of the web and this is very much[br]required because you know in the case of iot 0:22:58.230,0:23:02.480 we are talking about heavily resource constraint[br]nodes and this heavily resource constraint 0:23:02.480,0:23:08.320 nodes basically required management network[br]management in terms of energy in terms of 0:23:08.320,0:23:14.880 processing in terms of data and so on and[br]so forth 0:23:14.880,0:23:22.649 so there are different key technologies that[br]basically help iot survive we have the future 0:23:22.649,0:23:29.340 internet knowledge aggregation yeah obtain[br]through data assignation data data collection 0:23:29.340,0:23:35.750 processing and ah analysis then we have the[br]different standards we have the sensor networks 0:23:35.750,0:23:41.250 we have the communication we have cloud computing[br]we have discovery services nanoelectronics 0:23:41.250,0:23:47.389 embedded systems software system integration[br]and last but not the least what is over here 0:23:47.389,0:23:53.080 on top is the security on privacy issues so[br]security on privacy issues are per amount 0:23:53.080,0:23:58.510 in iot because there are heavy concerns ah[br]because you know we are dealing with resource 0:23:58.510,0:24:04.399 constraint nodes with communication constraints[br]bandwidth constraints processing constraints 0:24:04.399,0:24:11.399 energy constraints and so on so these nodes[br]become very much valuably valuable to different 0:24:11.399,0:24:17.710 type of attacks different types of security[br]breaches and also because iot systems are 0:24:17.710,0:24:22.750 very much detail intensive there is lot of[br]information that frozen through the network 0:24:22.750,0:24:29.620 as a consequence of which the privacy of the[br]individuals of the organizations might be 0:24:29.620,0:24:34.149 at stack so security and privacy and trust[br]also which is not mentioned over here these 0:24:34.149,0:24:43.490 are very much important ah to power iot technologies[br]there are different types of challenges securities 0:24:43.490,0:24:50.029 scalability energy efficiency bandwidth management[br]interfacing interoperability 0:24:50.029,0:24:54.100 so when we are talking about interfacing it[br]is typically we are referring to device interfacing 0:24:54.100,0:24:59.389 so different you know one device ah talking[br]to another device may be these devices do 0:24:59.389,0:25:03.590 not belong to the same vender they are not[br]running the same stack they are not following 0:25:03.590,0:25:08.260 the same standard and so on so then comes[br]consequently then comes the interoperability 0:25:08.260,0:25:13.820 issue how to make these devices talk to one[br]another how the different protocols the different 0:25:13.820,0:25:18.970 devices the different algorithms they are[br]going to hand shake with one another so like 0:25:18.970,0:25:23.950 this this is another challenge which is typical[br]of iot implementations then we have data storage 0:25:23.950,0:25:29.580 an analytics and complexity management with[br]tools such as sdn so asdn basically helps 0:25:29.580,0:25:37.039 in ah addressing the com ah the complexity[br]of ah systems by decupling ah the control 0:25:37.039,0:25:44.570 plane from the detect plane of the networks[br]different considerations and they are for 0:25:44.570,0:25:51.899 building iot one is that will to have a straight[br]network architecture which can be used by 0:25:51.899,0:25:58.330 different iot implementations so there has[br]to be a governing network architecture number 0:25:58.330,0:26:05.019 two hardware requirements and cost are important[br]ah you know what type of communication hardware 0:26:05.019,0:26:11.519 are going to be used ah and different devices[br]in the costs that are involved and due to 0:26:11.519,0:26:16.850 the presence of numerous applications of iot[br]enabled devices a single networking platform 0:26:16.850,0:26:21.911 may not be sufficient to address and the needs[br]of the consumer or the iot device 0:26:21.911,0:26:27.669 so this is another the third consideration[br]that has to be taken into ah ah account while 0:26:27.669,0:26:33.340 building the iot systems then we have the[br]complexity of the networks ah you know if 0:26:33.340,0:26:38.150 the number of nodes in the network increases[br]then whether the in the solution because if 0:26:38.150,0:26:45.390 the system is going to be ah ah you know sustainable[br]whether it can be scaled up or not ah then 0:26:45.390,0:26:49.929 we have the interface among ah interference[br]among the different devices this is very watch 0:26:49.929,0:26:56.539 in vital in ah in any network interference[br]is ah a crucial issue and particularly iot 0:26:56.539,0:27:04.830 networks involve lot of large number of typically[br]densely deployed nodes and these nodes because 0:27:04.830,0:27:12.179 the at you know typically ah wireless power[br]ah by wifi or bluetooth or zigbee and so on 0:27:12.179,0:27:17.169 so interference between these different ah[br]ah communication between these different nodes 0:27:17.169,0:27:22.210 that at the ah corresponding radios and so[br]on is possible so how do you handle it network 0:27:22.210,0:27:28.330 management as a whole as i was tell in earlier[br]involving ah you know energy management involving 0:27:28.330,0:27:34.419 computation management involving communication[br]management involving service management and 0:27:34.419,0:27:39.419 infrastructure management and so on so network[br]management as a whole then heterogeneity in 0:27:39.419,0:27:45.580 the networks heterogeneity in terms of the[br]devices standards the protocols the algorithms 0:27:45.580,0:27:51.470 and so on so how do you handle[br]because iot devices unlike traditional internet 0:27:51.470,0:27:58.600 iot networks come in different ah you know[br]come from different venders different devices 0:27:58.600,0:28:05.200 coming from different venders different devices[br]using different algorithms these different 0:28:05.200,0:28:11.909 protocols being used and so on so so all these[br]ah basically invite ah dealing with the issue 0:28:11.909,0:28:16.029 of heterogeneity lot of heterogeneity is involves[br]so how heterogeneity is taken care of and 0:28:16.029,0:28:21.370 protocol organization and standardization[br]so ah within the network so how the different 0:28:21.370,0:28:26.789 protocols can be standardized ah so that a[br]device running one protocol can talk to another 0:28:26.789,0:28:35.130 device and so on the different wireless networks[br]are used issues such as traffic management 0:28:35.130,0:28:41.720 load management ah then variations in the[br]different wireless network forms for example 0:28:41.720,0:28:46.309 wireless [pa/personal] personal area network[br]w turn versus wireless body area network interoperability 0:28:46.309,0:28:52.009 i have already mentioned just a while back[br]then network management and overlay network 0:28:52.009,0:28:57.190 so ah ah so basically you know the overlay[br]network takes care of some kind of a virtualization 0:28:57.190,0:29:02.570 of the physical devices on you know so ah[br]and and one type of this physical virtual 0:29:02.570,0:29:07.470 devices and the networks and overlay is created[br]this is basically the overlay network 0:29:07.470,0:29:13.450 scalability in involving flexibility within[br]the internet ah then integration of different 0:29:13.450,0:29:19.070 iot devices there are many manufactured using[br]different standards may be in the using different 0:29:19.070,0:29:26.520 ah you know vender specific ah ah protocols[br]ah so iot integration ah is ah a very complex 0:29:26.520,0:29:32.639 issue ah which basically dictates the scalability[br]of the system large scale deployment issues 0:29:32.639,0:29:41.769 ah and real time connectivity of billion centurions[br]of devices with this we come to an end of 0:29:41.769,0:29:48.460 ah this lecture on ah ah on the basics of[br]iot networking ah um ah but this is just a 0:29:48.460,0:29:54.490 first part we are going to cover ah many other[br]ah issues involving ah the networking aspects 0:29:54.490,0:30:01.220 of iot in the subsequent lectures and from[br]ah there we can understand from this subsequent 0:30:01.220,0:30:09.010 lectures we can understand how forming an[br]iot is very complex what are the different 0:30:09.010,0:30:13.769 protocols individual protocols that are how[br]they are did may not be a single isolated 0:30:13.769,0:30:20.700 or or a single ah thread head let us say ah[br]um ah one protocol ah for iot as a whole but 0:30:20.700,0:30:25.100 there as all these individual protocols settled[br]there so how that can be taken care of and 0:30:25.100,0:30:31.519 for how can architecture be sent up between[br]these different iot devices manufactured by 0:30:31.519,0:30:35.720 different venders so these like this actually[br]there are different complexities that i have 0:30:35.720,0:30:39.090 involved so we have really talk about that[br]in the subsequent lectures 0:30:39.090,0:00:00.000 thank you