in this lecture and a subsequent few we are
going to go through some of the basics on
the networking aspects of internet of things
so the first thing that we need to understand
is that iot has evolved a lot so starting
from basic research basic fundamental research
and innovation there has been different other
types of innovation which are dik through
ah which are disruptive and some of the other
innovations which are sustaining in nature
so in terms of basic research there has been
lot of research on ah the nanotechnology the
use of nanotechnology the use of quantum [teletransport/ah
teleportation] ah teleportation quantum teleportation
basically means that how ah the different
information at the atomic level is sent from
one point to another
so is transported from one point to another
at the atomic level and nanotechnology ah
it involves things like nanoiot nanonodes
nanonetworking nodes ah nanosensor nodes and
ah nanonetworks that means at the nanoscale
forming a network which can be for different
purposes nanonetworks are used for different
purposes ah in the human inside the human
body at the molecular level nanonetworks can
be used so like this at the nanoscale and
ah for quantum ah ah ah communication there
has been lot of ah advertisements ah that
has been done ah for ah involving ah basic
innovations basic research innovations
so this is one likewise ah for ah semantic
interoperability there has been lot of research
on semantic in for interoperability for example
let us see that a temperature sensor it might
be given the data as temp another temperature
sensor as temperature another temperature
sensor the third one st so there has to be
interoperability between all these different
colossians but they are all different to the
same temperature right so this is basically
taken care of by things like semantic interoperability
there has been lot of research on this one
this particular aspect then energy harvesting
again there has been lot of research ah you
know energy harvesting through different renewable
ah sources ah such as wind energy solar etcetera
etcetera how these can harvest you know how
these deferent renewable sources ah from these
how energy can be harvested to power the different
nodes and iot these are very small powered
you know small sized nodes with very [la/limited]
limited power
so energy harvesting is very crucial it plays
a crucial role in the sustenance of these
networks so ah there has been lot of work
on this one also and this has been like you
know these aspects for example there has been
lot of brick through innovation on these ah
then disruptive innovation ah for example
virtual reality augmented reality you know
so these are all like ah you know involvement
of these an incorporation into the iot network
ah there has been lot of ah ah research ah
on on this particular front and ah things
like cloud ah big data these are like sustaining
technologies for iot again there has been
lot of work on ah these technologies ah as
well ah now when we talk about iot if we think
about iot what we have we have these different
things ah ah which as i said in one of the
previous lectures is these things are fitted
ah ah these are basically physical objects
once again so these physical objects are fitted
with different sensors and these sensors basically
ah sense different physical phenomena that
are occurring around them
so these sensor fitted things sensors actuators
and different other emirate devices ah these
these are one component of the iot so but
these become the different nodes in the network
these are the individual nodes in the network
so then what we have is these nodes they have
to communicate with one another and the information
that is sensed by one of these sensors fitted
to this nodes this information from the sensor
and the other sensors these are taken and
are sent to the other sensor nodes the destination
nodes so how is that turn first these information
have to flow through the local network and
then if the destination intended destination
is outside this local network then it is sent
through the internet typically if it is if
we are talking about an iot which is basically
internet ah based iot then basically it is
going to flow through the internet or some
other wide area network and finally it is
going to arrive at the intended destination
node and from there may be there can be some
there can be some ah at that point actually
there can be some analytic engine which is
running on some backend server ah those could
be there and from that point from the decision
from these analytics they can run on this
servers ah decisions about actuation could
be made
so what we see is from sensors to actuators
through the local area network the internet
involving ah you know [black/backend] backend
services analytics ah which includes again
some you know high end processing at deferent
servers ah and different [complec/complex]
complex algorithms execution of different
[call/complex] algorithms ah which are based
on may be machine learning ah neural networks
and so on and so forth these are all required
so so basically you know what happens is we
basically can conceive ah of an iot as a very
complex system involving sensors actuators
ah networks local area wide area internet
and ah ah different servers different algorithms
machine learning and so on all executing ah
together to make the system function as as
one single entity so going back we have ah
in this local network as you are saying then
we have the internet we have the backend ah
services and finally the applications that
i have been served
so these are the different basic components
of iot so this is the scenario that i was
referring to earlier so what we have we have
these different things we have these different
things these things could be ah like you know
different ah physical objects which are fitted
with different sensors these things could
be telephones ah lightning systems ah could
be cameras could be different other scanner
sensors like ah the temperature sensor and
so on and these things are able to communicate
with one another with the help of wireless
technologies like zigbee bluetooth wifi and
so on so as you can see that this wireless
basically helps these different devices to
talk to one another and this information from
these devices they will fro through a local
network and from a local network they will
go through the internet to ah ah to the ah
you know these data are basically sent to
the backend services involving different servers
processors and so on and so forth for running
different analytics and then based on that
different devices can be actuated ah um ah
you know ah may be a pump ah this is an example
that i gave earlier in a previous lecture
basically for agricultural purposes the use
of iot a pump might be started might be actuated
based on the data that is received from the
sensor nodes and based on analytics are run
at the different servers ah a ah in a that
are involved in the backend service processing
so in terms of the functional components of
iot so one of the very important things is
basically interaction interaction not only
with the physical environment by this different
sensors but also interaction and communication
with the different devices ah ah ah that means
a different nodes in the iot in the iot network
then comes the processing so processing and
analysis of the different functioning and
the operations that taken place so processing
of that ah data the processing of operations
ah so this is another component ah the third
functional component is basically the interaction
interaction typically with the internet ah
and because you know at present most of the
times the most of the iot implementations
are still using the internet so it is all
you know internet powered iot implementations
so ah internet interaction is a ah is one
of the very important ah ah components of
ah building iot then we have the web services
web services machine to machine communication
and so on so basically it what is going to
happen earlier most of the so when you talk
about a web technology typically we are talking
about human to machine communication you know
web service we are talking about ah you know
ah some machine ah ah sending ah or some ah
some ah equipment basically sensing and sending
that data to another machine for further processing
or machine to machine communication is involved
and offering different services so one machine
offer some services to another machine and
so on so so like this ah and this is basically
you know this sort of thing in a iot scenario
is taken care of ah ah um ah typically and
then we have ah the integration of different
applications services and the user interface
to access the iot that is another component
so there has to be is a user interface a human
interface to accessing the iot network or
the iot ah you know mega network so looking
at this particular figure i would like to
try to clarify how the iot implementation
is typically done and it can be done to achieve
different application needs so this is a figure
which shows that we have different sensors
processors and radio it refitted to each of
this devices or the sensor nodes or the sensor
motes or the iot motes as you may want to
call them so these motes they talk to one
another but these different sensor nodes these
different sensor nodes they are basically
within the jurisdiction or the domain of the
gateway so the gateway is basically tasked
to assign different local locally unique addresses
to these different nodes to these different
iot nodes and the gateway basically takes
care of the local addressing within that particular
local area network so from the that point
all the data can flow through a proxy server
if internet access is required so it will
go through the internet then a web socket
and from the web socket it goes through a
cloud server that means this is where lot
of analytics and backend processing takes
place and based on that the actuation based
on the analytics and the infer ant says that
and run from the sensed data actuation of
different devices can take place
for example lighting a particular lamp could
be the actuation of that particular lamp we
have different interdependencies that are
evolved in the implementation of iot so we
have if we look at iot from another prospective
or we have we have sensors we have actuators
and a bunch of other things that are they
are in between has shown in this particular
figure so this is basically the entire spend
of these different embedded devices so the
sensors basically sense the data and that
data is basically serving the application
requirements and then we have an operating
system and a power management unit which basically
you know does things like duty cycling of
the sensors the how much the sensors ah you
know how much time we are going to be active
or how much time they are going to be in the
sleep state how to power them how to power
them because these are very small sized you
know very resource staved sensors so ah and
the the basically the power unit in these
sensor nodes these are very small ah in size
so basically consequently what happens is
these embedded devices they themselves are
very resource staved so we have ah a very
power management unit which basically takes
care of power management as a whole how much
power is require for how long it is going
to power then what are the ways to harvest
energy if at all it can be harvested and ah
how much power consumption is going to take
place at different points of time can it be
can it be optimized ah different points of
ah operation ah on so on and so forth and
a as you can see over here there after we
have these different radios involving bluetooth
zigbee six low pan wifi ethernet and ah low
range ah basically wifi ah
so these are the different you know radios
that can help ah in communicating the data
ah that is sensed ah ah ah onward to other
nodes these these basically these [di/different]
different radio technologies can help in the
[com/for] for the communication purpose so
alongside we also have things like virtual
machines which the takes care of the virtualization
of the nodes we have the web ah we have ah
you know different things like http client
mqtt client coap client so these are the once
mqtt coap we are going to talk next in in
the ah subsequent lectures so ah ah that will
make our understanding clearance but these
are like no different application level ah
protocols that are used for functioning of
these different iot devices and finally comes
the actuator verticals
so we have the sensors we have different applications
operating system power management radios virtual
machines web and then we have these actuators
all together which forms the embedded systems
the embedded devices now you let us now look
at the service orientation the service oriented
architecture of ah ah iot so in the iot if
here what we have at these different layers
the sensing layer the network layer the service
layer and the interface layer so we have four
different layers and as the name suggests
sensing layer basically takes care of sensing
through different rfid tags sensors and so
on so fourth and then data are sensed are
acquired and so on are sent to the next layer
higher up which is the network layer the network
layer basically ah serves sensor networks
social networks you know different other networks
and data bases internet and so on that is
the network layer then what we have we have
the service layer which deals [mo/mostly]
mostly with the service delivery ah such as
ah service ah division service integration
ah service ah ah you know service repository
ah service ah logic ah by business logic and
so on so all these different things that i
involved with the offering of the services
to support the business functions
then we have the interface layer we have the
application frontend we have ah a contract
interface and application apis so so [these/this]
this becomes the interface layer and when
we have the security issues which basically
span all these different ah layer verticals
ah sorry layer horizontals so in terms of
ah ah the categorization of iot it can be
categorized into two one is the consumer iot
which is what typically most of the people
tempt to use and these are ah here basically
these different devices they communicate ah
with another ah ah ah through these local
networks and it can be you know find a further
communication you can also take place over
the internet as well so depending on the requirements
either local or ah through the internet then
we have the local communication which is typically
done via bluetooth zigbee or wifi and ah so
basically this local communication is constraint
within the bounds of or within the domain
of the iot gateway so ah this is consumer
iot then ah we have the industrial iot which
is basically ah ah quite similar to the consumer
iot but ah the application ah ah uh the application
interest is in the industrial sector
so we are talking about manufacturing industries
with different machines with these machines
are fitted with different iot devices they
together become the iot device they have different
sensors and so on feature there which can
the node as a whole can communicate with other
machines and so on so this becomes the industrial
iot and ah basically there are different communication
that takes place between the different nodes
as well as different industry specific technologies
now we talk about iot gateways ah so this
is what i told you that ah in a local network
you have this locally unique addresses ah
and that are they are ah within that local
area network iot network and so ah ah
so these local addresses basically they take
care of ah ah the addressing of the ah the
different nodes now so what are these gateways
doing so the gateways basically take care
of the addressing but then ah in this is what
the gateway structure looks like so this is
ah what ah is here so we have the local network
on one side of the gateway we have the global
network on the other side of the gateway and
this is where the the gateway this is how
the gateway looks like so the gateway has
ah and functions different tasks such as switching
ah routing protocol conversion firewall and
vpn services security as a whole and processing
so this is what a gateway does and the gateway
with the local network and the global network
communicate via the wired or wireless channels
ah and so on so this is how the iot gateways
function different associated technologies
of iot ah involving big data cloud smart grid
internet of vehicles ah that means you know
different vehicles on the road ah ah are fitted
with different iot devices which can communicate
with one another and different intelligence
about the route traffic conditions about the
offering different ah road side services ah
ah can be make possible with the help of internet
of vehicles then we have the machine to machine
communication where one machine talks to another
without any human intervention
we have telemedicine ah offering ah you know
offering health care services to the demote
hospitals demote health care centers and so
on ah cps server physical systems we have
three g four g five g we have ah sdn ah and
so on so these are the different associated
technologies which together ah make ah ah
ah iot which together are used to ah deliver
iot solutions now you know if we try to to
make a side by side comparison between ah
the iot stack and web stack we will see that
more or less the application layers remain
the same for both iot as well as the as well
as the web so conceptually these application
layers these different layers communication
layers and application layers that communication
layers remaining the same between iot and
web but what is different is that we have
a new set of protocols that are used over
here so the new set of protocols and additionally
in iot unlike in the case of web things such
as different types of management management
of the network management of the power management
of different other resources these are all
additionally taken care of in the iot node
ah in the iot stack ah which is not available
in the case of the web and this is very much
required because you know in the case of iot
we are talking about heavily resource constraint
nodes and this heavily resource constraint
nodes basically required management network
management in terms of energy in terms of
processing in terms of data and so on and
so forth
so there are different key technologies that
basically help iot survive we have the future
internet knowledge aggregation yeah obtain
through data assignation data data collection
processing and ah analysis then we have the
different standards we have the sensor networks
we have the communication we have cloud computing
we have discovery services nanoelectronics
embedded systems software system integration
and last but not the least what is over here
on top is the security on privacy issues so
security on privacy issues are per amount
in iot because there are heavy concerns ah
because you know we are dealing with resource
constraint nodes with communication constraints
bandwidth constraints processing constraints
energy constraints and so on so these nodes
become very much valuably valuable to different
type of attacks different types of security
breaches and also because iot systems are
very much detail intensive there is lot of
information that frozen through the network
as a consequence of which the privacy of the
individuals of the organizations might be
at stack so security and privacy and trust
also which is not mentioned over here these
are very much important ah to power iot technologies
there are different types of challenges securities
scalability energy efficiency bandwidth management
interfacing interoperability
so when we are talking about interfacing it
is typically we are referring to device interfacing
so different you know one device ah talking
to another device may be these devices do
not belong to the same vender they are not
running the same stack they are not following
the same standard and so on so then comes
consequently then comes the interoperability
issue how to make these devices talk to one
another how the different protocols the different
devices the different algorithms they are
going to hand shake with one another so like
this this is another challenge which is typical
of iot implementations then we have data storage
an analytics and complexity management with
tools such as sdn so asdn basically helps
in ah addressing the com ah the complexity
of ah systems by decupling ah the control
plane from the detect plane of the networks
different considerations and they are for
building iot one is that will to have a straight
network architecture which can be used by
different iot implementations so there has
to be a governing network architecture number
two hardware requirements and cost are important
ah you know what type of communication hardware
are going to be used ah and different devices
in the costs that are involved and due to
the presence of numerous applications of iot
enabled devices a single networking platform
may not be sufficient to address and the needs
of the consumer or the iot device
so this is another the third consideration
that has to be taken into ah ah account while
building the iot systems then we have the
complexity of the networks ah you know if
the number of nodes in the network increases
then whether the in the solution because if
the system is going to be ah ah you know sustainable
whether it can be scaled up or not ah then
we have the interface among ah interference
among the different devices this is very watch
in vital in ah in any network interference
is ah a crucial issue and particularly iot
networks involve lot of large number of typically
densely deployed nodes and these nodes because
the at you know typically ah wireless power
ah by wifi or bluetooth or zigbee and so on
so interference between these different ah
ah communication between these different nodes
that at the ah corresponding radios and so
on is possible so how do you handle it network
management as a whole as i was tell in earlier
involving ah you know energy management involving
computation management involving communication
management involving service management and
infrastructure management and so on so network
management as a whole then heterogeneity in
the networks heterogeneity in terms of the
devices standards the protocols the algorithms
and so on so how do you handle
because iot devices unlike traditional internet
iot networks come in different ah you know
come from different venders different devices
coming from different venders different devices
using different algorithms these different
protocols being used and so on so so all these
ah basically invite ah dealing with the issue
of heterogeneity lot of heterogeneity is involves
so how heterogeneity is taken care of and
protocol organization and standardization
so ah within the network so how the different
protocols can be standardized ah so that a
device running one protocol can talk to another
device and so on the different wireless networks
are used issues such as traffic management
load management ah then variations in the
different wireless network forms for example
wireless [pa/personal] personal area network
w turn versus wireless body area network interoperability
i have already mentioned just a while back
then network management and overlay network
so ah ah so basically you know the overlay
network takes care of some kind of a virtualization
of the physical devices on you know so ah
and and one type of this physical virtual
devices and the networks and overlay is created
this is basically the overlay network
scalability in involving flexibility within
the internet ah then integration of different
iot devices there are many manufactured using
different standards may be in the using different
ah you know vender specific ah ah protocols
ah so iot integration ah is ah a very complex
issue ah which basically dictates the scalability
of the system large scale deployment issues
ah and real time connectivity of billion centurions
of devices with this we come to an end of
ah this lecture on ah ah on the basics of
iot networking ah um ah but this is just a
first part we are going to cover ah many other
ah issues involving ah the networking aspects
of iot in the subsequent lectures and from
ah there we can understand from this subsequent
lectures we can understand how forming an
iot is very complex what are the different
protocols individual protocols that are how
they are did may not be a single isolated
or or a single ah thread head let us say ah
um ah one protocol ah for iot as a whole but
there as all these individual protocols settled
there so how that can be taken care of and
for how can architecture be sent up between
these different iot devices manufactured by
different venders so these like this actually
there are different complexities that i have
involved so we have really talk about that
in the subsequent lectures
thank you