0:00:01.659,0:00:02.809
Spoons.

0:00:04.944,0:00:06.326
Cardboard boxes.

0:00:07.302,0:00:09.722
Toddler-size electric trains.

0:00:10.522,0:00:11.854
Holiday ornaments.

0:00:12.442,0:00:13.832
Bounce houses.

0:00:14.292,0:00:15.577
Blankets.

0:00:15.601,0:00:16.751
Baskets.

0:00:17.228,0:00:18.474
Carpets.

0:00:18.498,0:00:19.649
Tray tables.

0:00:19.673,0:00:21.077
Smartphones.

0:00:21.101,0:00:22.381
Pianos.

0:00:23.284,0:00:24.598
Robes.

0:00:24.622,0:00:25.772
Photographs.

0:00:26.415,0:00:28.447
What do all of these things[br]have in common,

0:00:28.471,0:00:31.904
aside from the fact they're photos[br]that I took in the last three months,

0:00:31.928,0:00:33.770
and therefore, own the copyright to?

0:00:33.794,0:00:35.299
(Laughter)

0:00:35.323,0:00:36.855
They're all inventions

0:00:36.879,0:00:40.529
that were created[br]with the benefit of language.

0:00:40.553,0:00:43.249
None of these things[br]would have existed without language.

0:00:43.273,0:00:45.233
Imagine creating any one of those things

0:00:45.257,0:00:48.003
or, like, building[br]an entire building like this,

0:00:48.027,0:00:50.383
without being able to use language

0:00:50.407,0:00:54.949
or without benefiting from any knowledge[br]that was got by the use of language.

0:00:54.973,0:00:59.021
Basically, language[br]is the most important thing

0:00:59.045,0:01:00.219
in the entire world.

0:01:00.243,0:01:03.284
All of our civilization rests upon it.

0:01:03.308,0:01:05.760
And those who devote[br]their lives to studying it --

0:01:05.784,0:01:10.776
both how language emerged,[br]how human languages differ,

0:01:10.800,0:01:13.310
how they differ from[br]animal communication systems --

0:01:13.334,0:01:14.484
are linguists.

0:01:15.141,0:01:20.120
Formal linguistics is a relatively[br]young field, more or less.

0:01:21.099,0:01:23.496
And it's uncovered a lot[br]of really important stuff.

0:01:23.520,0:01:26.052
Like, for example, that human[br]communication systems

0:01:26.076,0:01:28.837
differ crucially from animal[br]communication systems,

0:01:28.861,0:01:31.522
that all languages are equally expressive,

0:01:31.546,0:01:33.585
even if they do it in different ways.

0:01:33.998,0:01:37.272
And yet, despite this,

0:01:37.296,0:01:41.918
there are a lot of people[br]who just love to pop off about language

0:01:41.942,0:01:45.561
like they have an equal[br]understanding of it as a linguist,

0:01:45.585,0:01:47.617
because, of course, they speak a language.

0:01:47.641,0:01:50.813
And if you speak a language,[br]that means you have just as much right

0:01:50.837,0:01:52.930
to talk about its function[br]as anybody else.

0:01:52.954,0:01:54.946
Imagine if you were talking to a surgeon,

0:01:54.970,0:01:56.474
and you say, "Listen, buddy.

0:01:56.498,0:01:58.466
I've had a heart for, like, 40 years now.

0:01:58.490,0:02:01.440
I think I know a thing or two[br]about aortic valve replacements.

0:02:01.464,0:02:03.679
I think my opinion[br]is just as valid as yours."

0:02:03.703,0:02:05.498
And yet, that's exactly what happens.

0:02:05.522,0:02:09.949
This is Neil deGrasse Tyson,[br]saying that in the film "Arrival,"

0:02:09.973,0:02:12.124
he would have brought a cryptographer --

0:02:12.148,0:02:15.966
somebody who can unscramble a message[br]in a language they already know --

0:02:15.990,0:02:17.268
rather than a linguist,

0:02:17.292,0:02:18.926
to communicate with the aliens,

0:02:18.950,0:02:21.061
because what would a linguist --

0:02:21.085,0:02:23.299
why would that be useful[br]in talking to somebody

0:02:23.323,0:02:25.229
speaking a language we don't even know?

0:02:25.253,0:02:27.990
Though, of course, the "Arrival" film[br]is not off the hook.

0:02:28.014,0:02:30.077
I mean, come on --[br]listen, film. Hey, buddy:

0:02:30.101,0:02:33.141
there are aliens that come down[br]to our planet in gigantic ships,

0:02:33.165,0:02:36.951
and they want to do nothing[br]except for communicate with us,

0:02:36.975,0:02:39.250
and you hire one linguist?

0:02:39.274,0:02:40.284
(Laughter)

0:02:40.308,0:02:42.652
What's the US government[br]on a budget or something?

0:02:43.029,0:02:44.617
(Laughter)

0:02:44.641,0:02:47.545
A lot of these things can be[br]chalked up to misunderstandings,

0:02:47.569,0:02:51.045
both about what language is[br]and about the formal study of language,

0:02:51.069,0:02:52.380
about linguistics.

0:02:53.568,0:02:57.996
And I think there's something that[br]underlies a lot of these misunderstandings

0:02:58.020,0:03:02.559
that can be summed up[br]by this delightful article in "Forbes,"

0:03:02.583,0:03:06.278
about why high school students[br]shouldn't learn foreign languages.

0:03:06.302,0:03:08.435
I'm going to pull out[br]some quotes from this,

0:03:08.459,0:03:10.517
and I want you to see[br]if you can figure out

0:03:10.541,0:03:14.171
what underlies some[br]of these opinions and ideas.

0:03:14.929,0:03:19.012
"Americans rarely read the classics,[br]even in translation."

0:03:19.036,0:03:21.737
So in other words, why bother[br]learning a foreign language

0:03:21.761,0:03:25.203
when they're not even going to read[br]the classic in the original anyway?

0:03:25.227,0:03:26.411
What's the point?

0:03:26.435,0:03:29.213
"Studying foreign languages in school[br]is a waste of time,

0:03:29.237,0:03:32.897
compared to other things[br]that you could be doing in school."

0:03:33.887,0:03:37.799
"Europe has a lot of language groups[br]clustered in a relatively small space."

0:03:37.823,0:03:41.332
So for Americans, ah, what's the point[br]of learning another language?

0:03:41.356,0:03:44.712
You're not really going to get[br]a lot of bang for your buck out of that.

0:03:44.736,0:03:45.895
This is my favorite,

0:03:45.919,0:03:48.062
"A student in Birmingham[br]would have to travel

0:03:48.086,0:03:50.572
about a thousand miles[br]to get to the Mexican border,

0:03:50.596,0:03:54.604
and even then, there would be enough[br]people who speak English to get around."

0:03:54.628,0:03:57.327
In other words, if you can[br]kind of wave your arms around,

0:03:57.351,0:03:59.171
and you can get to where you're going,

0:03:59.195,0:04:02.251
then there's really no point[br]in learning another language anyway.

0:04:02.275,0:04:07.307
What underlies a lot of these attitudes[br]is the conceptual metaphor,

0:04:07.331,0:04:08.894
language is a tool.

0:04:08.918,0:04:11.878
And there's something that rings[br]very true about this metaphor.

0:04:11.902,0:04:13.149
Language is kind of a tool

0:04:13.173,0:04:16.777
in that, if you know the local language,[br]you can do more than if you didn't.

0:04:16.801,0:04:19.801
But the implication is that[br]language is only a tool,

0:04:19.825,0:04:21.817
and this is absolutely false.

0:04:21.841,0:04:25.142
If language was a tool,[br]it would honestly be a pretty poor tool.

0:04:25.166,0:04:28.776
And we would have abandoned it long ago[br]for something that was a lot better.

0:04:28.800,0:04:30.332
Think about just any sentence.

0:04:30.356,0:04:33.995
Here's a sentence that I'm sure I've said[br]in my life: "Yesterday I saw Kyn."

0:04:34.019,0:04:35.268
I have a friend named Kyn.

0:04:35.292,0:04:38.076
And when I say this sentence,[br]"Yesterday I saw Kyn,"

0:04:38.100,0:04:39.826
do you think it's really the case

0:04:39.850,0:04:43.072
that everything in my mind[br]is now implanted in your mind

0:04:43.096,0:04:44.278
via this sentence?

0:04:44.302,0:04:46.839
Hardly, because there's a lot[br]of other stuff going on.

0:04:46.863,0:04:48.251
Like, when I say "yesterday,"

0:04:48.275,0:04:51.584
I might think what the weather[br]was like yesterday because I was there.

0:04:51.608,0:04:52.758
And if I'm remembering,

0:04:52.782,0:04:56.226
I'll probably remember there was something[br]I forgot to mail, which I did.

0:04:56.250,0:04:59.566
This was a preplanned joke,[br]but I really did forget to mail something.

0:04:59.590,0:05:02.440
And so that means[br]I'm going to have to do it Monday,

0:05:02.464,0:05:04.657
because that's when[br]I'm going to get back home.

0:05:04.681,0:05:06.501
And of course, when I think of Monday,

0:05:06.525,0:05:09.471
I'll think of "Manic Monday"[br]by the Bangles. It's a good song.

0:05:09.495,0:05:12.752
And when I say the word "saw,"[br]I think of this phrase:

0:05:12.776,0:05:15.863
"'I see!' said the blind man[br]as he picked up his hammer and saw."

0:05:15.887,0:05:17.038
I always do.

0:05:17.062,0:05:20.133
Anytime I hear the word "saw" or say it,[br]I always think of that,

0:05:20.157,0:05:22.254
because my grandfather[br]always used to say it,

0:05:22.278,0:05:24.149
so it makes me think of my grandfather.

0:05:24.173,0:05:26.814
And we're back to "Manic Monday"[br]again, for some reason.

0:05:26.838,0:05:30.100
And with Kyn, when I'm saying[br]something like, "Yesterday I saw Kyn,"

0:05:30.124,0:05:33.227
I'll think of the circumstances[br]under which I saw him.

0:05:33.251,0:05:36.030
And this happened to be that day.[br]Here he is with my cat.

0:05:36.054,0:05:37.879
And of course, if I'm thinking of Kyn,

0:05:37.903,0:05:40.371
I'll think he's going to[br]Long Beach State right now,

0:05:40.395,0:05:43.032
and I'll remember that[br]my good friend John and my mother

0:05:43.056,0:05:44.830
both graduated from Long Beach State,

0:05:44.854,0:05:47.698
my cousin Katie is going to[br]Long Beach State right now.

0:05:47.722,0:05:49.156
And it's "Manic Monday" again.

0:05:49.180,0:05:51.962
But this is just a fraction[br]of what's going on in your head

0:05:51.986,0:05:54.278
at any given time while you are speaking.

0:05:54.302,0:05:56.897
And all we have to represent[br]the entire mess

0:05:56.921,0:05:59.815
that is going on in our head, is this.

0:05:59.839,0:06:01.141
I mean, that's all we got.

0:06:01.165,0:06:02.329
(Laughter)

0:06:02.353,0:06:04.958
Is it any wonder[br]that our system is so poor?

0:06:04.982,0:06:07.460
So imagine, if I can give you an analogy,

0:06:07.484,0:06:10.626
imagine if you wanted to know[br]what is it like to eat a cake,

0:06:10.650,0:06:13.006
if instead of just eating the cake,

0:06:13.030,0:06:16.252
you instead had to ingest[br]the ingredients of a cake,

0:06:16.276,0:06:17.807
one by one,

0:06:17.831,0:06:19.343
along with instructions

0:06:19.367,0:06:22.752
about how these ingredients[br]can be combined to form a cake.

0:06:22.776,0:06:24.680
You had to eat the instructions, too.

0:06:24.704,0:06:25.768
(Laughter)

0:06:25.792,0:06:27.851
If that was how we had to experience cake,

0:06:27.875,0:06:29.386
we would never eat cake.

0:06:30.485,0:06:34.045
And yet, language is[br]the only way -- the only way --

0:06:34.069,0:06:38.263
that we can figure out[br]what is going on here, in our minds.

0:06:38.287,0:06:40.141
This is our interiority,

0:06:40.165,0:06:41.609
the thing that makes us human,

0:06:41.633,0:06:44.871
the thing that makes us different[br]from other animals,

0:06:44.895,0:06:46.728
is all inside here somewhere,

0:06:46.752,0:06:50.696
and all we have to do to represent it[br]is our own languages.

0:06:50.720,0:06:53.835
A language is our best way of showing[br]what's going on in our head.

0:06:53.859,0:06:56.110
Imagine if I wanted to ask[br]a big question, like:

0:06:56.134,0:06:58.467
"What is the nature of human[br]thought and emotion?"

0:06:58.491,0:06:59.581
What you'd want to do

0:06:59.605,0:07:02.768
is you'd want to examine[br]as many different languages

0:07:02.792,0:07:04.387
as possible.

0:07:04.411,0:07:06.426
One isn't just going to do it.

0:07:06.450,0:07:07.812
To give you an example,

0:07:07.836,0:07:10.685
here's a picture I took of little Roman,

0:07:10.709,0:07:13.688
that I took with a 12-megapixel camera.

0:07:13.712,0:07:17.144
Now, here's that same picture[br]with a lot fewer pixels.

0:07:17.168,0:07:21.051
Obviously, neither[br]of these pictures is a real cat.

0:07:21.075,0:07:24.709
But one gives you a lot better sense[br]of what a cat is than the other.

0:07:26.649,0:07:28.633
Language is not merely a tool.

0:07:28.657,0:07:29.816
It is our legacy,

0:07:29.840,0:07:32.282
it's our way of conveying[br]what it means to be human.

0:07:32.306,0:07:36.697
And of course, by "our" legacy,[br]I mean all humans everywhere.

0:07:36.721,0:07:41.786
And losing even one language[br]makes that picture a lot less clear.

0:07:41.810,0:07:45.855
So as a job for the past 10 years

0:07:45.879,0:07:49.164
and also as recreation, just for fun,

0:07:49.188,0:07:50.899
I create languages.

0:07:50.923,0:07:52.783
These are called "conlangs,"

0:07:52.807,0:07:54.942
short for "constructed languages."

0:07:54.966,0:07:57.045
Now, presenting these facts back to back,

0:07:57.069,0:07:59.047
that we're losing languages on our planet

0:07:59.071,0:08:00.890
and that I create brand-new languages,

0:08:00.914,0:08:03.696
you might think that there's[br]some nonsuperficial connection

0:08:03.720,0:08:04.886
between these two.

0:08:04.910,0:08:07.826
In fact, a lot of people have drawn a line[br]between those dots.

0:08:07.850,0:08:09.877
This is a guy who got[br]all bent out of shape

0:08:09.901,0:08:12.715
that there was a conlang[br]in James Cameron's "Avatar."

0:08:12.739,0:08:14.446
He says,

0:08:14.470,0:08:16.692
"But in the three years[br]it took James Cameron

0:08:16.716,0:08:18.969
to get Avatar to the screen,[br]a language died."

0:08:18.993,0:08:20.921
Probably a lot more than that, actually.

0:08:20.945,0:08:24.389
"Na'vi, alas, won't fill the hole[br]where it used to be ..."

0:08:24.413,0:08:26.725
A truly profound and poignant statement --

0:08:26.749,0:08:29.366
if you don't think about it at all.

0:08:29.390,0:08:30.545
(Laughter)

0:08:30.569,0:08:32.612
But when I was here at Cal,

0:08:32.636,0:08:34.015
I completed two majors.

0:08:34.039,0:08:36.840
One of them was linguistics,[br]but the other one was English.

0:08:36.864,0:08:39.452
And of course, the English major,[br]the study of English,

0:08:39.476,0:08:42.438
is not actually the study[br]of the English language, as we know,

0:08:42.462,0:08:43.857
it's the study of literature.

0:08:43.881,0:08:45.678
Literature is just a wonderful thing,

0:08:45.702,0:08:49.493
because basically, literature,[br]more broadly, is kind of like art;

0:08:49.517,0:08:51.180
it falls under the rubric of art.

0:08:51.204,0:08:52.752
And what we do with literature,

0:08:52.776,0:08:57.855
authors create new,[br]entire beings and histories.

0:08:57.879,0:09:00.895
And it's interesting to us to see

0:09:00.919,0:09:06.006
what kind of depth and emotion[br]and just unique spirit

0:09:06.030,0:09:08.638
authors can invest[br]into these fictional beings.

0:09:08.662,0:09:11.283
So much so, that, I mean --[br]take a look at this.

0:09:11.307,0:09:13.561
There's an entire series of books

0:09:13.585,0:09:15.824
that are written[br]about fictional characters.

0:09:15.848,0:09:19.815
Like, the entire book is just about one[br]fictional, fake human being.

0:09:19.839,0:09:22.010
There's an entire book[br]on George F. Babbitt

0:09:22.034,0:09:23.871
from Sinclair Lewis's "Babbitt,"

0:09:23.895,0:09:26.562
and I guarantee you,[br]that book is longer than "Babbitt,"

0:09:26.586,0:09:27.784
which is a short book.

0:09:27.808,0:09:29.547
Does anybody even remember that one?

0:09:29.571,0:09:32.762
It's pretty good, I actually think[br]it's better than "Main Street."

0:09:32.786,0:09:34.156
That's my hot take.

0:09:34.180,0:09:37.889
So we've never questioned the fact[br]that literature is interesting.

0:09:38.434,0:09:39.989
But despite the fact,

0:09:40.013,0:09:44.077
not even linguists are actually interested[br]in what created languages can tell us

0:09:44.101,0:09:47.968
about the depth of the human spirit[br]just as an artistic endeavor.

0:09:48.520,0:09:51.397
I'll give you a nice little example here.

0:09:51.421,0:09:54.144
There was an article written about me

0:09:54.168,0:09:57.008
in the California alumni[br]magazine a while back.

0:09:57.032,0:09:58.633
And when they wrote this article,

0:09:58.657,0:10:01.077
they wanted to get somebody[br]from the opposing side,

0:10:01.101,0:10:03.561
which, in hindsight,[br]seems like a weird thing to do.

0:10:03.585,0:10:05.275
You're just talking about a person,

0:10:05.299,0:10:08.442
and you want to get somebody[br]from the opposing side of that person.

0:10:08.466,0:10:09.742
(Laughter)

0:10:09.766,0:10:12.425
Essentially, this is just[br]a puff piece, but whatever.

0:10:12.449,0:10:14.972
So, they happened to get

0:10:14.996,0:10:17.321
one of the most brilliant[br]linguists of our time,

0:10:17.345,0:10:20.371
George Lakoff, who's a linguist[br]here at Berkeley.

0:10:20.395,0:10:23.957
And his work has basically forever changed[br]the fields of linguistics

0:10:23.981,0:10:25.458
and cognitive science.

0:10:25.482,0:10:28.757
And when asked about my work[br]and about language creation in general,

0:10:28.781,0:10:32.426
he said, "But there's a lot of things[br]to be done in the study of language.

0:10:32.450,0:10:35.206
You should spend the time[br]on something real."

0:10:35.230,0:10:36.381
Yeah.

0:10:36.405,0:10:38.864
"Something real."[br]Does this remind you of anything?

0:10:38.888,0:10:42.627
To use the very framework[br]that he himself invented,

0:10:42.651,0:10:45.346
let me refer back[br]to this conceptual metaphor:

0:10:45.370,0:10:46.638
language is a tool.

0:10:46.662,0:10:50.093
And he appears to be laboring[br]under this conceptual metaphor;

0:10:50.117,0:10:54.184
that is, language is useful[br]when it can be used for communication.

0:10:54.208,0:10:57.506
Language is useless[br]when it can't be used for communication.

0:10:57.530,0:11:00.372
It might make you wonder:[br]What do we do with dead languages?

0:11:00.396,0:11:01.612
But anyway.

0:11:01.636,0:11:03.043
So, because of this idea,

0:11:03.067,0:11:06.929
it might seem like[br]the very height of absurdity

0:11:06.953,0:11:10.366
to have a Duolingo course[br]on the High Valyrian language

0:11:10.390,0:11:12.938
that I created for HBO's[br]"Game of Thrones."

0:11:12.962,0:11:16.586
You might wonder what, exactly,[br]are 740,000 people learning?

0:11:17.368,0:11:19.630
(Laughter)

0:11:19.654,0:11:21.717
Well, let's take a look at it.

0:11:21.741,0:11:23.376
What are they learning?

0:11:23.400,0:11:25.760
What could they possibly be learning?

0:11:25.784,0:11:28.583
Well, bearing in mind that[br]the other language for this --

0:11:28.607,0:11:31.141
it's for people that speak English --

0:11:31.165,0:11:33.220
English speakers are learning quite a bit.

0:11:33.244,0:11:36.558
Here's a sentence that they will probably[br]never use for communication

0:11:36.582,0:11:37.746
in their entire lives:

0:11:37.770,0:11:39.336
"Vala ābre urnes."

0:11:39.360,0:11:40.733
"The man sees the woman."

0:11:40.757,0:11:42.647
The little middle line is the gloss,

0:11:42.671,0:11:44.887
so it's word for word,[br]that's what it says.

0:11:44.911,0:11:47.700
And they're actually learning[br]some very fascinating things,

0:11:47.724,0:11:49.600
especially if they're English speakers.

0:11:49.624,0:11:52.854
They're learning that a verb can come[br]at the very end of a sentence.

0:11:52.878,0:11:55.846
Doesn't really do that in English[br]when you have two arguments.

0:11:55.870,0:11:57.608
They're learning that sometimes

0:11:57.632,0:12:01.490
a language doesn't have an equivalent[br]for the word "the" -- it's totally absent.

0:12:01.514,0:12:03.133
That's something language can do.

0:12:03.157,0:12:06.942
They're learning that a long vowel[br]can actually be longer in duration,

0:12:06.966,0:12:08.927
as opposed to different in quality,

0:12:08.951,0:12:12.133
which is what our long vowels do;[br]they're actually the same length.

0:12:12.157,0:12:15.657
They're learning that[br]there are these little inflections.

0:12:15.681,0:12:16.836
Hmm? Hmm?

0:12:16.860,0:12:20.172
There are inflections called "cases"[br]on the end of nouns --

0:12:20.196,0:12:21.212
(Laughter)

0:12:21.236,0:12:24.537
that tell you who does what[br]to whom in a sentence.

0:12:24.561,0:12:27.588
Even if you leave the order[br]of the words the same

0:12:27.612,0:12:29.334
and switch the endings,

0:12:29.358,0:12:32.350
it changes who does what to whom.

0:12:32.374,0:12:38.138
What they're learning is that languages[br]do things, the same things, differently.

0:12:38.513,0:12:40.845
And that learning languages can be fun.

0:12:41.997,0:12:45.767
What they're learning is respect[br]for Language: capital "L" Language.

0:12:45.791,0:12:49.974
And given the fact that 88 percent[br]of Americans only speak English at home,

0:12:49.998,0:12:52.609
I don't think that's[br]necessarily a bad thing.

0:12:52.633,0:12:56.436
You know why languages die on our planet?

0:12:56.796,0:13:02.018
It's not because government imposes[br]one language on a smaller group,

0:13:02.042,0:13:04.556
or because an entire group[br]of speakers is wiped out.

0:13:04.580,0:13:07.656
That certainly has happened in the past,[br]and it's happening now,

0:13:07.680,0:13:09.705
but it's not the main reason.

0:13:10.268,0:13:13.046
The main reason is that[br]a child is born to a family

0:13:13.070,0:13:16.625
that speaks a language that[br]is not widely spoken in their community,

0:13:16.649,0:13:18.656
and that child doesn't learn it.

0:13:18.680,0:13:19.965
Why?

0:13:19.989,0:13:24.291
Because that language is not valued[br]in their community.

0:13:24.315,0:13:26.228
Because the language isn't useful.

0:13:26.252,0:13:31.236
Because the child can't go and get a job[br]if they speak that language.

0:13:31.260,0:13:35.291
Because if language is just a tool,

0:13:35.315,0:13:37.692
then learning their native language

0:13:37.716,0:13:39.961
is about as useful[br]as learning High Valyrian,

0:13:39.985,0:13:41.449
so why bother?

0:13:43.387,0:13:44.537
Now ...

0:13:46.514,0:13:50.903
Maybe language study isn't going to lead[br]to a lot more linguistic fluency.

0:13:50.927,0:13:53.177
But maybe that's not such a big deal.

0:13:53.855,0:13:56.966
Maybe if more people[br]are studying more languages,

0:13:56.990,0:13:59.608
it will lead to more linguistic tolerance

0:13:59.632,0:14:01.520
and less linguistic imperialism.

0:14:01.949,0:14:04.933
Maybe if we actually respect[br]language for what it is --

0:14:04.957,0:14:09.849
literally, the greatest invention[br]in the history of humankind --

0:14:09.873,0:14:11.079
then in the future,

0:14:11.103,0:14:14.992
we can celebrate endangered languages[br]as living languages,

0:14:15.016,0:14:16.683
as opposed to museum pieces.

0:14:17.182,0:14:18.968
(High Valyrian) Kirimvose.[br]Thank you.

0:14:18.992,0:14:20.388
(Applause)