[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So many of you have probably seen\Nthe movie "The Martian."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for those of you who did not,\Nit's a movie about an astronaut
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is stranded on Mars\Nand his efforts to stay alive
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the Earth can send a rescue mission\Nto bring him back to Earth.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gladly, they do re-establish communication\Nwith the character, astronaut Watney,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at some point, so that he's not as alone\Non Mars until he can be rescued.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So while you're watching the movie,\Nand even if you haven't,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you think about Mars,\Nyou're probably thinking about
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how far away it is and how distant.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, what might not\Nhave occurred to you is,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what are the logistics really like\Nof working on another planet?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of living on two planets when
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are people on the Earth and\Nthere are rovers or people on Mars?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So think about when you have friends,\Nfamilies and co-workers in California,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the West Coast\Nor in other parts of the world.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you're trying to communicate\Nwith them, one of the things
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you probably first think about is --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wait, what time is it in California?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will I wake them up? Is it okay to call?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So even if you're interacting\Nwith colleagues who are in Europe,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're immediately thinking about,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what does it take to coordinate\Ncommunication when people are far away?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we don't have people on Mars right now,\Nbut we do have rovers.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually right now, on Curiosity,\Nit is 6:10 in the morning on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have four rovers on Mars.\NThe United States has put four rovers
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on Mars since the mid-1990s,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I have been privileged enough\Nto work on three of them.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I am a spacecraft engineer,\Na spacecraft operations engineer,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory\Nin Los Angeles, California.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these rovers are robotic emissaries.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, they are our eyes and our ears\Nand they see the planet for us
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until we can send people.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we learn how to operate\Non other planets through these rovers.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So before we send people, we send robots.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the reason there's a time difference\Non Mars right now,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the time that we're at
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because the Martian day\Nis longer than the Earth day.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our Earth day is 24 hours because that's
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how long it takes the Earth to rotate,\Nhow long it takes to go around once.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our day is 24 hours.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes Mars 24 hours and\Napproximately 40 minutes to rotate once.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that means that the Martian day\Nis 40 minutes longer than the Earth day.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So teams of people who are operating\Nthe rovers on Mars, like this one,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we are doing is we are\Nliving on Earth, but working on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have to think as if we are actually\Non Mars with the Rover.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our job, the job of this team,\Nof which I'm a part of
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to send commands to the rover\Nto tell it what to do the next day.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To tell it to drive or drill or\Ntell her whatever she's supposed to do.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So while she's sleeping --\Nand the rover does sleep at night
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because she needs\Nto re-charge her batteries
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she needs to weather\Nthe cold Martian night.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so she sleeps.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So while she sleeps, we work\Non her program for the next day.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I work the Martian night shift.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in order to come to work on the Earth\Nat the same time every day on Mars --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, let's say I need to be\Nat work at 5:00 pm,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this team needs to be at work\Nat 5:00 pm Mars time every day,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we have to come to work\Non the Earth 40 minutes later every day,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to stay in sync with Mars.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's like moving a time zone every day.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one day you come in at 8:00,\Nthe next day 40 minutes later at 8:40,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next day 40 minutes later at 9:20,\Nthe next day at 10:00,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you keep moving 40 minutes every day,\N
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until soon you're coming to work\Nin the middle of the night --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the middle of the Earth night.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right? So you can imagine\Nhow confusing that is.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hence, the Mars watch.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This watch has been mechanically --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the weights have been mechanically\Nadjusted so that it runs more slowly.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I got this watch in 2004
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Spirit and Opportunity,\Nthe rovers back then,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we didn't start out thinking\Nthat we were going to need Mars watches.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right? We thought, okay,\Nwe'll just have the time on our computers
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on the mission control screens\Nand that would be enough.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, not so much.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we weren't just\Nworking on Mars time,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were actually living on Mars time.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we got just instantaneously confused\Nabout what time it was.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you really needed something\Non your wrist to tell you, alright,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what time is it on the Earth,\Nwhat time is it on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it wasn't just the time on Mars\Nthat was confusing,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we also needed to be able\Nto talk to each other about it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a "sol" is a Martian day --\Nagain, 24 hours and 40 minutes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when we're talking about something\Nthat's happening on the earth,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will say, today.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for Mars, we say, "tosol."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yesterday became 'yestersol' for Mars.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, we didn't start out thinking,\N"oh let's invent a language."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was just very confusing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember someone\Nwalked up to me and said,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I would like to do this activity\Non the vehicle tomorrow, on the rover."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I said, "tomorrow, tomorrow,\Nor Mars tomorrow?" Right?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We started this terminology because\Nwe needed a way to talk to each other.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tomorrow became "nextersol" or "solorrow"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because people had different preferences\Nfor the words they use.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of you might say soda\Nand some of you might say pop.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have people who say\Nnextersol or solorrow.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then something that I noticed after\Na few years of working on these missions,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that the people who work\Non the rovers, we say "tosol."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people who work on the\Nlanding missions that don't rove around,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they say "tosol."\N[Different vowel sound]
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I could actually tell what mission\Nyou worked on from your Martian accent.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have the watches and the language\Nand you're detecting a theme here, right?.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that we don't get confused.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even the Earth daylight\Ncould confuse us.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think that right now,\Nyou've come to work
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's the middle of the Martian night\Nand there's light streaming in
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the windows,\Nthat's confusing as well.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see from\Nthis image of the control room
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all of the blinds are down.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that there's no light to distract us.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The blinds went down all over the building\Nabout a week before landing
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they didn't go up\Nuntil we went off Mars time.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this also works\Nfor the house, for at home.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I've been on Mars time three times,\Nand my husband is like, okay,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're getting ready for Mars time.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so he'll put foil all over the windows\Nand dark curtains and shades
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it also affects your families.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so here I was living in kind of \Nhis darkened environment but so was he,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he'd gotten used to it,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then I would get these plaintive\Nemails from him when he was at work.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Should I come home? Are you awake?\NWhat time is it on Mars?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I decided, okay,\Nso he needs a Mars watch.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Laughter]
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of course, it's 2016,\Nso there's an app for that.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now instead of the watches,\Nwe can also use our phones.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the impact on families\Nwas just across the board,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it wasn't just those of us\Nwho were working on the rovers
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but our families as well.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is David O,\None of our flight directors,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he's at the beach in Los Angeles\Nwith his family at 1:00 in the morning.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So because we landed in August
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his kids didn't have to\Ngo back to school until September,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they actually went on to Mars time\Nwith him for one month.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They got up 40 minutes later every day
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were on dad's work schedule.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they lived on Mars time for a month\Nand had these great adventures,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like going bowling\Nin the middle of the night
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or going to the beach.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the things\Nthat we all discovered
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that you can get\Nanywhere in Los Angeles
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at 3:00 in the morning\Nwhen there's no traffic.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we would get off work and --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know we didn't want to go home\Nand bother our families --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we were hungry,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so instead of going locally\Nto eat something, we'd go,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"wait, there's this great\Nall-night deli in Long Beach,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can get there in 10 minutes."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was like the 60s, no traffic.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we would drive down there,\Nand the restaurant owners would go,.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"who are you people ,and why are you\Nat my restaurant at 3:00 in the morning?"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they came to realize that\Nthere were these packs of Martians,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,roaming the LA freeways,\Nin the middle of the night,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the middle of the Earth night.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we did actually start calling ourselves Martians. So those of us who were on Mars time would refer to ourselves as Martians and everyone else as Earthlings. And that's because when you're moving a time-zone every day, you start to really feel separated from everyone else. You're literally in your own world. So I have this button on that says, "I survived Mars time. Sol 0-90" and there's a picture of it up on the screen. So the reason we got these buttons is because we work on Mars time in order to be as efficient as possible with the rover on Mars, to make the best use of our time. But we don't stay on Mars time for more than three to four months. Eventually, we'll move to a modified Mars time, which is what we're working now. And that's because it's hard on your bodies, it's hard on your families -- in fact, there were sleep researchers who actually were studying us because it was so unusual for humans to try to extend their