[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.04,0:00:03.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hi there, my name’s John Green, this is\Ncrash course: world history, and today we’re
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.09,0:00:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going to talk about the fall of Rome.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.05,0:00:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr. Green, Mr. Green, Mr. Green!\NWho’s that pretty lady?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.06,0:00:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That lady, me-from-the-past, is Emperor Justinian.\NWe’ll get to him in a minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.00,0:00:14.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music intro]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.39,0:00:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music intro]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.08,0:00:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music intro]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.02,0:00:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music intro]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.06,0:00:19.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music intro]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.09,0:00:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music intro]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.03,0:00:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How and when Rome fell remains the subject\Nof considerable historical debate—
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.00,0:00:28.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but today I’m going to argue that the Rome\Ndidn’t really fully fall until the middle
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.95,0:00:30.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the 15th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.03,0:00:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But first, let me introduce you to The Traditional\NView:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.02,0:00:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Barbarians at the Gates.\NMy, don’t you look traditional?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.32,0:00:37.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you want to be really technical about it,\Nthe city of Rome was
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.31,0:00:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conquered by bar bar bar barbarians in 476\NCE.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.52,0:00:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a last Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus,\Nwho ruled the empire for less than a year
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.20,0:00:48.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before being deposed and sent into exile by\NOdoacer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.41,0:00:51.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was some kind of barbarian- we don’t\Nknow for sure.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.33,0:00:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ostrogoth, Hun, Visigoth, Vandals;\Nthey all looked the same to the Romans.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.45,0:00:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rome had been sacked by barbarians before,\Nmost notably by Alaric the Visigoth in 410-
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.43,0:01:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it Uh-lar-ick or Uh-lair-ick?\NThe dictionary says Uh-lair-ick but
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.08,0:01:06.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Vampire Diaries say Uh-lar-ick so\NI’m going to go with Uh-lar-ick.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.05,0:01:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But anyway, after 476, there was never again\Na “Roman” emperor in Rome.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.98,0:01:14.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then there’s the hipper anti-imperialistic\Nargument—
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.51,0:01:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that’s nice, but if you really want to go\Nfull hipster
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.66,0:01:19.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should probably deny that you’re being\Nhipst—
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.01,0:01:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right, exactly—which goes like this:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.86,0:01:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rome was doomed to fall as soon as it spread\Noutside of Italy
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.51,0:01:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the further the territory is from\Nthe capital,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.16,0:01:27.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the harder it is to govern.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.05,0:01:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus imperialism itself sowed the seeds of\Ndestruction in Rome.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.54,0:01:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the argument put forth by the Roman\Nhistorian Tacitus,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.68,0:01:36.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although he put it in the mouth of a British\Nchieftain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.23,0:01:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That sounded dirty, but it’s not,\Nit’s all about context here on Crash Course:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.51,0:01:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"To robbery, slaughter, plunder, they give\Nthe lying name of empire; they make a desert
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.06,0:01:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and call it peace.”
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.05,0:01:48.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are two ways to overcome this governance\Nproblem:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.03,0:01:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, you rule with the proverbial topaz\Nfist—
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.30,0:01:56.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that’s not the proverb? Really, Stan?\NIt’s an iron fist? But topaz is much harder
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.05,0:01:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than iron.\NDon’t these people know their Mohs scale
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.04,0:01:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of mineral hardness?..
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.06,0:02:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Regardless,\Nthe Romans couldn’t do this because their
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.02,0:02:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whole identity was wrapped up in an idea\Nof justice that precluded indiscriminate violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.01,0:02:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other strategy is to try to incorporate\Nconquered people into the empire more fully:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.10,0:02:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Rome’s case,\Nto make them Romans.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.02,0:02:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This worked really well in the early days\Nof the Republic
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.03,0:02:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even at the beginning of the Empire.\NBut it eventually led to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.05,0:02:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Barbarians inside the Gates.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.00,0:02:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The decline of the legions started long before\NRome started getting sacked.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.08,0:02:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It really began with the extremely bad decision\Nto incorporate Germanic warriors into the
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.85,0:02:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roman Army.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.21,0:02:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rome had a long history of absorbing people\Nfrom the empire’s fringes into the polity
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.60,0:02:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first by making them allies and then\Neventually by granting them full citizenship
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.01,0:02:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.60,0:02:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But usually these “foreign” citizens had\Ndeveloped ties to Rome itself;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.08,0:02:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they learned Latin, they bought into the whole\Nidea of the aristocratic republic.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.02,0:02:49.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But by the 3rd and 4th centuries CE, though,\Nthe empire had been forced to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.21,0:02:53.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allow the kind of riffraff into their army\Nwho didn’t really care about the idea of
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.77,0:02:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rome itself.\NThey were only loyal to their commanders.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.02,0:02:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,—And as you no doubt remember from the historical\Nexamples of
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.88,0:03:04.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Caesar, Pompey, Marius, contemporary Afghanistan—\Nthis is not a recipe for domestic bliss.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.33,0:03:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here is Rome,\Nstuck with a bunch of expensive and bloody
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.02,0:03:11.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wars against Germanic peoples who were really\Ngood at fighting
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.19,0:03:14.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they had a great idea:\NWhy not fight with these guys?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.09,0:03:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they essentially hired them\Nand soon the Roman Legions were teeming with
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.08,0:03:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these mercenaries\Nwho were loyal mostly to gold,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.04,0:03:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,secondarily to their commanders,\Nand not at all to Rome
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.33,0:03:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a place that very few of them ever\Neven saw.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.32,0:03:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, why would they give a crap about the\Nhealth and well-being of the empire?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.00,0:03:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Am I allowed to say crap, Stan?\NNice.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.47,0:03:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was of course a recipe for civil war,\Nand that’s exactly what happened with general
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.08,0:03:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after general after general\Ndeclaring himself Emperor of Rome.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.44,0:03:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there was very little stability in the\NWest.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.97,0:03:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, between 235 and 284 CE, 41 different\Npeople were either emperor or claimed to be
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.96,0:03:48.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,emperor.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.99,0:03:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after the year 200,\Nmany of the generals who were powerful enough
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.72,0:03:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to proclaim themselves emperors weren’t\Neven Roman.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.03,0:03:56.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, a lot of them didn’t speak much\NLatin.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.61,0:04:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oddly enough, one of the best symbols of the\Nnew face of the Roman Empire was sartorial.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.72,0:04:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of the traditional tunic and toga\Nof the glory days of the Senate,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.00,0:04:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the new general-emperors adopted that\Nmost practical and most barbaric of garments:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.32,0:04:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pants.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.10,0:04:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, which reminds me,\Nit’s time for the Open Letter.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.21,0:04:20.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An Open Letter to Pants:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.03,0:04:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dear Pants,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.00,0:04:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although you eventually became a symbol of\Npatriarchal oppression,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.10,0:04:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in your early days you were worn by both men\Nand women.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.02,0:04:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the days of the Roman Republic, they\Nhated you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.01,0:04:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They thought you barbarous.\NThey thought that people wearing you was
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.06,0:04:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the definition of people lacking civilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.02,0:04:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They ventured north and the wind blew up through\Ntheir togas
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.06,0:04:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lo and behold, they adopted pants.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.06,0:04:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there’s a history lesson in that, pants,\Nwhich is that when people have to choose between
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.04,0:04:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,civilization and warm genitals,\Nthey choose warm genitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.04,0:04:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Best Wishes,\NJohn Green
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.08,0:05:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now a note from our sponsor:\NToday’s episode of crash course is brought
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.06,0:05:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,o you by\Nthe all-new Oldsmobile Byzantium,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.03,0:05:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mixing power and luxury in a way-\NReally? Oldsmobile isn’t a company anymore?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.00,0:05:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Byzantium is a place?\NAre you sure?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.02,0:05:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So remember when I said the Roman Empire survived\Ntil the 15th century?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.10,0:05:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well that was the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly\Nknown as the Byzantine Empire
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.07,0:05:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(although not by the people who lived in it\Nwho identified themselves as Romans).
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.07,0:05:23.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So while the Western empire descended into\Nchaos,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.09,0:05:27.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the eastern half of the Empire had its capital\Nin Byzantium,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.05,0:05:32.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a city on the Bosporus Strait that Constantine\Nwould later rename Constantinople,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.05,0:05:35.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thereby paving the way for\NThey Might Be Giants only mainstream hit.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.09,0:05:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Constantine had lots of reasons to move his\Ncapitol east.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.08,0:05:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For one thing he was born in modern-day Croatia,\Nalso he probably spoke better Greek than Latin,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.08,0:05:52.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and plus the eastern provinces were a lot\Nricher than the Western provinces and
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.09,0:05:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a looting perspective,\Nyou just want to be closer to where the good
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.02,0:05:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,warring is.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.02,0:06:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The enemies in the East, like the Persian\NParthians and the Persian Sassanians,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.06,0:06:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were real empires,\Nnot just bands of warriors.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.04,0:06:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And no matter who you were in world history,\Nif you wanted to make a name for yourself
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.08,0:06:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of war,\Nyou really needed to be up against the Persians.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.05,0:06:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,EVEN IF you were—\Nwait for it—
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.07,0:06:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Mongols.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.07,0:06:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not this time, friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.10,0:06:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the political center of the Roman Empire\Nshifted east,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.04,0:06:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Constantine also tried to re-orient his new\Nreligion, Christianity, toward the east,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.05,0:06:26.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,holding the first Church council in Nicaea\Nin 325.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.09,0:06:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea was to get all Christians to believe\Nthe same thing-
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.05,0:06:31.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that worked-\Nbut it did mark the beginning of the emperor
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.09,0:06:34.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having greater control over the Church.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.06,0:06:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That trend would of course later lead to tensions\Nbetween the church centered at Constantinople
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.04,0:06:41.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the one centered in Rome.\NBut, more on that in a bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.03,0:06:42.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To give you a sense of how dramatic this shift\Nwas,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.09,0:06:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the 4th century CE, Constantinople’s\Npopulation had soared
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.01,0:06:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while Rome’s had gone from 500,000 to 80,000.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.06,0:06:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And although the Byzantines spoke Greek not\NLatin, they considered themselves Romans
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.05,0:06:57.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if they did then we probably should too.\NLet’s go to the Thought Bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.05,0:07:00.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a lot of continuity between the\Nold, Western Roman Empire,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.03,0:07:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the new, Eastern one.\NPolitically, each was ruled by a single
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.00,0:07:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(sometimes there were two, and once there\Nwere four– but let’s forget about them
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.03,0:07:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for now)\Nwho wielded absolute military power.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.04,0:07:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,War was pretty much constant as the Byzantines\Nfought the Persian Sassanian Empire
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.04,0:07:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then various Islamic empires.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.01,0:07:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Trade and valuable agricultural land that\Nyielded high taxes meant that the Byzantine
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.05,0:07:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Empire was like the Western Roman Empire,\Nexceptionally rich,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.06,0:07:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was slightly more compact as a territory\Nthan its predecessor and much more urban,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.04,0:07:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,containing as it did all of those once independent\NGreek city states,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.03,0:07:34.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which made it easier to administer.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.03,0:07:38.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also like their Western counterparts, the\NByzantines enjoyed spectacle and sport.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.08,0:07:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chariot races in Constantinople were huge,\Nwith thousands turning out at the Hippodrome
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.03,0:07:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to cheer on their favorites.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.07,0:07:47.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Big bets were placed and there was a huge\Nrivalry not just about sports
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.05,0:07:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also about political affiliations between\Nthe two main teams,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.06,0:07:53.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Blues and the Greens-\NThanks for putting us on the Greens, Thought
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.09,0:07:56.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bubble.\NThat rivalry was so heated that riots often
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.07,0:08:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,broke out between them.\NIn one such riot, an estimated 30,000 people
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.00,0:08:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were killed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.07,0:08:05.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks Thought Bubble.\NBut perhaps the most consistently Roman aspect
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.01,0:08:08.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Byzantine society was that they followed\NRoman law.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.05,0:08:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Romans always prided themselves on being\Nruled by laws,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.01,0:08:13.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not by men,\Nand even though that’s not actually the
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.01,0:08:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,case after the second century BCE,\Nthere’s no question that the Eastern Roman
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.08,0:08:20.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Empire’s codification of Roman laws\Nwas one of it’s greatest achievements.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.09,0:08:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And much of the credit for that goes to the\Nmost famous Byzantine Emperor,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.02,0:08:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least after Constantine,\NJustinian.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.08,0:08:28.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I like your brooch, sir.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.09,0:08:36.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 533 Justinian published the Digest, an\N800,000-word condensation of 1,528 Latin law
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.82,0:08:37.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,books.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.01,0:08:39.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to go along with this he published the\NInstitutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.59,0:08:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was like a curriculum for the Roman\Nlaw schools that existed all through the Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.77,0:08:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Justinian, incidentally, was by far the most\Nawesome of the Byzantine emperors.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.52,0:08:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was like the David Tennant of doctors.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.06,0:08:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was born a peasant somewhere in the Balkans\Nand than rose to became emperor in 527.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.40,0:08:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He ruled for almost 30 years and in addition\Nto codifying Roman law,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.15,0:09:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he did a lot to restore the former glory of\Nthe Roman Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.94,0:09:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He took Carthage back,\Nhe even took Rome back from the Goths,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.88,0:09:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although not for long.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.94,0:09:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he’s responsible for the building of\None of the great churches in all of time—
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.04,0:09:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is now a mosque—\Nthe Hagia Sophia or Church of Saint Wisdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.04,0:09:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So after one of those sporting riots destroyed\Nthe previous church,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.01,0:09:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he built this,\Nwhich with its soaring domes became a symbol
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.06,0:09:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the wealth and opulence of his empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.01,0:09:25.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Romans were remarkable builders and engineers\Nand the Hagia Sophia is no exception:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.09,0:09:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a dome its equal wouldn’t be build for another\N500 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.40,0:09:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you would never mistake it for a Roman\Ntemple;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.33,0:09:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn’t have the austerity or the emphasis\Non engineering that you see, for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.04,0:09:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Coliseum.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.33,0:09:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this building in many ways functions a\Nsymbol for the ways the
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.04,0:09:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eastern Roman Empire was both Roman and not.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.02,0:09:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But maybe the most interesting thing Justinian\Never did was
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.05,0:09:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be married to his controversial Theater Person\Nof a wife,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.96,0:09:50.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Theodora.\NHey Danica, can we get Theodora up here?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.09,0:09:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wow that is perfect.\NIt’s funny how married couples always look
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.06,0:09:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.00,0:09:58.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Theodora began her career as an actress, dancer,\Nand possible prostitute before become Empress.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.05,0:10:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she may have saved her husband’s rule\Nby convincing him not to flee the city during
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.08,0:10:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,riots\Nbetween the Blues and Greens.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.50,0:10:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She also mentored a eunuch\Nwho went on to become a hugely important general-
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.09,0:10:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mentoring a eunuch sounds like a euphemism,\Nbut it’s not.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.90,0:10:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she fought to expand the rights of women\Nin divorce and property ownership,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.10,0:10:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even had a law passed taking the bold\Nstance
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.05,0:10:20.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that adulterous women should not be executed.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.59,0:10:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in short,\Nthe Byzantines continued the Roman legacy
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.00,0:10:27.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of empire and war and law\Nfor almost 1000 years after Romulus Augustus
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.09,0:10:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was driven out of Rome.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.90,0:10:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Byzantines may not have spoken Latin,\Nand few of their emperors came from Rome,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.71,0:10:38.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in most important ways they were Romans.\NExcept one REALLY IMPORTANT way.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.03,0:10:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Byzantines followed a different form of\NChristianity,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.65,0:10:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the branch we now call Eastern or sometimes\NGreek Orthodox.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.96,0:10:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How there came to be a split between the Catholic\Nand Orthodox traditions is complicated –
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.25,0:10:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might even say Byzantine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.96,0:10:51.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What matters for us are the differences between\Nthe churches,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.33,0:10:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the main doctrinal one being about the dating\Nof Easter,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.26,0:10:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the main political one being about who\Nrules whom.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.02,0:11:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did I get my whom right there, Stan?\NYES!
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.00,0:11:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the West there was a Pope and in the East\Nthere was a Patriarch.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.02,0:11:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Pope is the head of the Roman Catholic\NChurch.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.39,0:11:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He sort of serves as god’s regent on earth\Nand he doesn’t answer to any secular ruler.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.02,0:11:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And ever since the fall of Rome,\Nthere has been a lot of tension in Western
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.71,0:11:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europe between Popes and kings\Nover who should have the real power.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.84,0:11:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the Orthodox church they didn’t have\Nthat problem
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.08,0:11:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the Patriarch was always appointed\Nby the Emperor.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.06,0:11:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it was pretty clear who had control over\Nthe church,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.52,0:11:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so much that they even have a word for it-\Ncaesaropapism: Caesar over Pope.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.78,0:11:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the fact that in Rome there was no emperor\Nafter 476 meant there was no one to challenge
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.82,0:11:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Pope,\Nwhich would profoundly shape European history
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.05,0:11:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the next, like, 1200 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.88,0:11:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I would argue that in some important ways,\Nthe Roman Empire survived for a thousand years
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.57,0:11:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after it left Rome,\Nbut in some ways it still survives today.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.00,0:11:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It survives in our imagination when we think\Nof this as east
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.19,0:11:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this as west;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.63,0:11:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It survives in football rivalries that have\Ntheir roots in religious conflicts;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.10,0:11:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it survives in the Justinian law code\Nwhich continues to be
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.96,0:11:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the basis for much of civil law in Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.51,0:12:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next week we’ll talk about the emergence\Nof Islam over here...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.10,0:12:06.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How’d I do, Stan?\NWell, you can’t win ‘em all.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.03,0:12:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks for watching.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.59,0:12:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan\NMuller,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.44,0:12:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our script supervisor is Danica Johnson.\NThe show is written by my high school history
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.94,0:12:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,teacher Raoul Meyer and myself and\Nour graphics team is Thought Bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.04,0:12:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last week’s Phrase of the Week was\N“Aristotelian logic”.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.02,0:12:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can guess this week’s Phrase of the\NWeek or suggest new ones in Comments,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.01,0:12:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you can also ask questions that our\Nteam of historians will endeavor to answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.04,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks for watching, and as we say in my hometown,\NDon’t forget to be awesome.