[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last time, we discussed what arguments are
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.18,0:00:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for, their purposes.\NWe saw that arguments have at least three
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.16,0:00:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,purposes,\Nnamely, persuasion, justification, and
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.10,0:00:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,explanation.\NWe also saw that one way to explain
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.24,0:00:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something is to cite its purpose.\NSo, we can understand why Joe went to the
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.20,0:00:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,store by seeing that he went to the store\Nbecause he wanted some milk.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.16,0:00:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So his purpose was to get milk.\NSimilarly, we can understand arguments by
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.86,0:00:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at their purposes, and that's what\Nwe did last time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.46,0:00:36.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this time,\Nwe're looking at a different kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.61,0:00:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,explanation.\NAnd as we saw, one way to explain things
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.76,0:00:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to look at the material.\NSo you want to understand why a MacBook
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.88,0:00:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Air is so light, the answer is, it's made\Nout of aluminum.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.28,0:00:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similarly, if we want to understand\Narguments, we're going to gain understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.27,0:00:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by looking carefully at the material that\Nthey're made out of.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.34,0:01:01.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we saw that arguments are sets of\Nsentences, statements, and propositions.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.33,0:01:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that means they're made out of\Nlanguage.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.16,0:01:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in this lecture, and the next few,\Nwe're going to look at the nature of
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.75,0:01:11.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,language in order to better understand\Narguments.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.97,0:01:17.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if we know that arguments are made out\Nof language, we know that the only
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.17,0:01:21.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creatures who can give arguments are ones\Nthat can use language.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.54,0:01:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now some people think that other animals\Ncan use language, and there's a minimum
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.01,0:01:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of language that other animals can\Nuse.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.02,0:01:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But other animals cannot use language\Nthat's complex enough to make argument
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.28,0:01:37.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with.\NIt might seem that there's some
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.81,0:01:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exceptions.\NHere's one possibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.14,0:01:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But no matter what it sounds
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.08,0:01:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, this goat is not really arguing.\NMaybe he's fighting, maybe he's fending
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.30,0:01:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off what he takes to be an enemy, but he's\Nnot arguing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.01,0:02:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if other animals can use language, we\Ncan't define humans as the animal that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.43,0:02:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talks.\NBut we can define humans as the animal
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.52,0:02:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that argues,\Nor as Aristotle said, the rational animal,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.16,0:02:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the animal that reasons, because other\Nanimals don't do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.28,0:02:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humans are the only one that argues and\Nreasons in this sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.54,0:02:22.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So,\Nwe can understand humans and arguments
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.25,0:02:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better if we understand language better.\NNow I can't tell you everything that needs
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.60,0:02:31.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be said about language.\NYou'd need to take a linguistics course
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.86,0:02:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for that.\NAnd I recommend that you try one,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.57,0:02:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's very interesting.\NBut here I'm only going to be able to make
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.28,0:02:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four basic points about language.\NFirst of all, language is important.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.67,0:02:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, it's conventional.\NThird, it's representational.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.09,0:02:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And fourth, it's social.\NThat should at least get us going in
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.90,0:02:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understanding what arguments are made of.\NFirst, language is important.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.86,0:03:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be extremely difficult to live\Nlife without language.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.50,0:03:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just try to imagine what it would be like.\NIt's really hard to imagine.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.74,0:03:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But think about someone like Helen Keller,\Nwho was born able to see and hear, but
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.94,0:03:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very shortly thereafter lost her ability\Nto see and hear.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.21,0:03:22.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was only much later in life that she\Ngained the ability to use language,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.37,0:03:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because she never had that in her early\Nyears.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.00,0:03:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when she gained that ability, she was\Namazed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.19,0:03:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,W, a, t, e, r, water.\NIt has a name.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.77,0:03:35.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,W, a, t.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.79,0:03:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Helen Keller gained the ability to\Nuse language and to communicate, she
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.42,0:03:52.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't become able to see or hear.\NShe still couldn't see or hear, but she
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.49,0:03:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could do amazing things.\NShe went around the country giving
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.19,0:03:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,presentations.\NShe graduated from Radcliffe College.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.38,0:04:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of that was made available to her,\Nsimply by adding language and
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.64,0:04:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,communication to her life.\NSo language is extremely useful, and that
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.83,0:04:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,explains why it's all around us.\NJust imagine walking down the streets of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.40,0:04:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the city and all the signs that you'd see.\NYou just see words here, there and
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.16,0:04:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everywhere.\NAnd now we have a mystery.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.57,0:04:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we're not paying attention to language,\Nthen how can we use it so well to achieve
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.13,0:04:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so many purposes?\NThe answer to that lies in the second
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.77,0:04:33.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,general feature of language that I want to\Ntalk about, namely, language is
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.61,0:04:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conventional.\NBut what's a convention?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.06,0:04:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember that in the United States people\Ndrive on the right-hand side of the road.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.55,0:04:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's our convention.\NBut what does that mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.53,0:04:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that there's a general pattern of\Nbehavior that most people throughout
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.59,0:04:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,society obey on a regular basis, and they\Ncriticize people who deviate from that
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.66,0:04:57.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pattern.\NAnd the same applies to language.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.26,0:05:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have certain patterns of using words in\Ncertain ways, and when people deviate from
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.64,0:05:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those patterns we criticize them.\NWe say they're misspeaking or it's
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.94,0:05:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ungrammatical.\NOf course, conventions can vary.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.47,0:05:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody knows that there are many\Ncountries around the world where people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.49,0:05:17.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't drive on the right-hand side of the\Nroad, they drive on the left-hand side of
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.89,0:05:20.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the road.\NUnited Kingdom's one of them, but there
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.43,0:05:23.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are lots more.\NAnd the same applies to language.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.03,0:05:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can have the same word that's used to\Nmean very different things in different
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.66,0:05:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,languages.\NMost notorious example is football.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.49,0:05:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the United States it's used to refer to\NAmerican Football whereas in the rest of
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.92,0:05:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world it's used to refer to what\NAmericans call soccer.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.73,0:05:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people in the rest of the world think\Nthat America is kind of silly because you
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.16,0:05:50.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't use your feet on the ball except for\Npunting and placekicking in football.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.33,0:05:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But whether it makes sense or not the\Npoint here is simply that the conventions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.50,0:05:58.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can vary from one part of the world to the\Nother.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.67,0:06:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, you can do that with any\Nword.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.54,0:06:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could, in English, use the word, money\Nto refer to socks. At least the English
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.89,0:06:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,language could've done that.\NIt could've done that.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.34,0:06:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It didn't, but it could've.\NSo, in this way, conventions seem to be
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.52,0:06:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of arbitrary.\NThey could've been very different.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.91,0:06:22.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But language is far from completely\Narbitrary, because the conventions of
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.59,0:06:27.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,language have limits, and two of these\Nlimits that I want to emphasize come from
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.49,0:06:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fact that language is also\Nrepresentational and social.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.10,0:06:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So first language is representational.\NWhen we use language, we're often trying
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.09,0:06:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to refer to objects in the world, and\Ndescribe facts in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.44,0:06:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can't change those objects or\Nthose facts merely by changing your
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.38,0:06:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,language.\NOne good story to illustrate this is about
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.06,0:06:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the young Lincoln.\NWhen he was a lawyer, he supposedly
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.80,0:06:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,examined a witness during a trial, and he\Nsaid,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.08,0:07:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, how many legs does a horse have?\NAnd the witness said, Four.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.63,0:07:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then Lincoln said, Well,\Nif we call a tail a leg, then how many
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.30,0:07:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,legs does a horse have?\NAnd the witness said, Well,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.82,0:07:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then I suppose the horse would have five\Nlegs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.12,0:07:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Lincoln said, Absolutely not.\NThat's wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.36,0:07:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Calling a tail a leg doesn't make it a\Nleg.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.45,0:07:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the point of this story, whether it's\Ntrue historically or not, is that language
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.41,0:07:29.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot change the facts of the world.\NIt can't make horses have five legs, if
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.87,0:07:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you merely change your language.\NHere's another example.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.30,0:07:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suppose that you don't have much money,\NBut you happen to have a lot of socks in
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.23,0:07:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your drawer.\NWell, you could say, I'm going to use the
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.86,0:07:49.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,word money to refer to socks.\NAnd now all of a sudden I've got lots of
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.05,0:07:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,money.\NI'm not poor anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.05,0:07:55.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It ain't going to work,\Nand that's because language, again, can't
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.49,0:08:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,change your financial situation\Nbecause that's a fact about the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.90,0:08:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not about how you're using the word socks\Nor the word money.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.35,0:08:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the other limit on the conventions of\Nlanguage comes from the fact that language
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.16,0:08:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is social.\NSure, sometimes we talk to ourselves and
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.58,0:08:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use language to write things down, write\Nnotes to ourselves, for example, without
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.99,0:08:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other people around but basically language\Nevolved because of its social function.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.60,0:08:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What that means is that there's a point in\Nfollowing the conventions of the language
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.41,0:08:35.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as shared by the rest of that society that\Nspeaks that language.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.79,0:08:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've always thought that it was\Nkind of silly that grapefruits are called
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.04,0:08:44.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grapefruits.\NSure, they're fruits, but they don't look
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.33,0:08:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like grapes at all.\NThey look more like lemons.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.24,0:08:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're like really big lemons, and\Nthat's why I think they ought to be called
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.33,0:08:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mega lemons.\NBut If I went to a restaurant, and I
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.24,0:09:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wanted to order grapefruit juice, so I\Nturned to the service person and
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.33,0:09:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said, I'd like some mega lemon juice, I\Nprobably wouldn't get what I wanted.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.09,0:09:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so even if I think the language is not\Nusing the right conventions, there's a
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.37,0:09:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,point in following the conventions of the\Nlanguage in order to be able to
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.20,0:09:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,communicate with other people and get what\NI want.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.46,0:09:25.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, the great philosophers Monty\NPython saw this very well, when they
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.35,0:09:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produced their little clip called, The Man\NWho Speaks Only In Anagrams.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.14,0:09:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our first guest into the studio tonight is\Na man who talks entirely in anagrams.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.11,0:09:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Patsee Greot.\NDo you enjoy this?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.35,0:09:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I dom certainlyodd revychumso.\NWhat's your name?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.16,0:09:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hamrack, Hamrack Yeterot.\NSo the point is obvious.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.83,0:09:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Language is shared and once it's shared\Nthen it make sense to actually follow the
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.66,0:09:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conventions of society even if you don't\Nlike them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.76,0:10:02.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Overall then, language is important, and\Nit's conventional in ways that might seem
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.87,0:10:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arbitrary,\Nbut actually, is limited in important ways
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.01,0:10:11.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the fact that language is also\Nrepresentational and social.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.69,0:10:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's kind of cheap to say language is\Nconventional.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.86,0:10:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which are the conventions?\NWhich are the rules that language follows?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.10,0:10:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is actually extremely complex,\Nbecause language follows rules or
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.46,0:10:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conventions at many different levels.\NJust take a real simple example.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.58,0:10:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You walk into a pizza shop and you say,\NGimme pepperoni.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.99,0:10:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the person then fixes a pepperoni\Npizza.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.73,0:10:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you pay for it.\NBut how did that work?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.93,0:10:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That you said, Gimme pepperoni.\NWell, first of all notice, that you had to
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.35,0:10:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use words that were meaningful to the\Nperson you were speaking to.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.04,0:10:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gimme wasn't a word in English, a long\Ntime ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.38,0:10:56.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this person understands gimme as a\Nword, and therefore they can understand
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.54,0:10:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it.\NBut in addition to those semantic
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.98,0:11:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,constraints, you also have to have\Nphysical production constraints.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.35,0:11:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to say it loud enough.\NIf the pizza shop is really noisy, then
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.98,0:11:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to speak pretty loudly to get the\Nperson behind the counter, to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.66,0:11:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you're saying.\NYou also have to put the words in the
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.44,0:11:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right order.\NIf, instead of saying, gimme a pepperoni
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.81,0:11:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pizza, you said,\NPizza a gimme pepperoni,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.98,0:11:27.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they might not understand at all what\Nyou're saying.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.07,0:11:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there are structural combination rules\Nthat you have to follow as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.35,0:11:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are also etiquette rules. In\Nsome pizza places if you just said,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.98,0:11:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gimme pepperoni, the waiter might say,\NWell, forget it, sir.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.18,0:11:41.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't serve such impolite\Npeople.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.90,0:11:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I certainly would say that to my son if my\Nson said, Gimme pepperoni.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.23,0:11:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wouldn't get him a piece.\NI'd say, you need to ask me properly.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.32,0:11:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So rules of etiquette can also get in the\Nway of communication and cooperation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.40,0:11:58.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So language operates at all of these\Nlevels.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.12,0:12:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Physical production, semantics, or the\Nmeanings of words, syntax, or the rules of
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.95,0:12:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grammar, and etiquette.\NNow all of this might seem obvious to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.58,0:12:13.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it probably should be obvious to you.\NBut the rules of language are not always
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.95,0:12:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,obvious.\NAnd that's what we're going to be learning
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.92,0:12:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throughout this course.\NI'll start with a simple example.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.28,0:12:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's this?\NWell, that is a finger.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.92,0:12:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay.\NBut what's this?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.55,0:12:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aaaah.\NThat is a singer.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.34,0:12:31.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not a finger.\NThat's not a singer.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.53,0:12:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do we pronounce the word finger with a\Nhard G and the word singer with a soft G?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.35,0:12:46.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a rule that we all follow, but very\Nfew people know the rule behind that
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.71,0:12:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pronunciation.\NSo, do you know the rule?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.25,0:12:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take a little while and think about it.\N.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.02,0:13:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you got it yet?\NOkay, I'll tell you the answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.92,0:13:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When a word ends in N, G, E, R, and it's\Nderived from a verb that ends in NG, then
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.76,0:13:22.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get a soft G, like singer.\NBut when the word that ends in N, G, E, R,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.83,0:13:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not derived from a verb that ends in\NNG, then you get either a hard G, like
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.83,0:13:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finger,\NOr a kind of medium G like plunger or
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.33,0:13:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,danger.\NNow when you get that medium G or that
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.22,0:13:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hard G that's a trickier question.\NAnd I don't know the answer to that one,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.53,0:13:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which shows that we can all use language\Naccording to rules, without knowing what
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.26,0:13:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rules are.\NWe don't have to be conscious of the rules
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.58,0:13:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at all.\NAnd a lot of what we're going to be doing
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.44,0:13:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this course is looking behind our\Nlanguage to try to figure out the rules
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.93,0:14:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that govern the way we use language,\Nespecially when we're making arguments in
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.48,0:14:03.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,order to better understand what we're\Ndoing.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.05,0:14:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the answers we give will be\Nobvious once you mention them.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.90,0:14:10.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, I bet you hadn't thought of him\Nbefore.