0:00:00.490,0:00:03.880
We left off the last video[br]at the end of 1789.

0:00:03.880,0:00:07.580
The Bastille had been stormed in[br]July, as Parisians wanted to

0:00:07.580,0:00:10.340
get the weapons from the[br]Bastille, and free a few

0:00:10.340,0:00:13.150
political prisoners to, in[br]their minds, protect

0:00:13.150,0:00:16.420
themselves from any tyranny[br]from Louis XVI.

0:00:16.420,0:00:22.690
Louis XVI had reluctantly kind[br]of gone behind the scenes and

0:00:22.690,0:00:25.730
said, "OK, National Assembly, I'm[br]not going to get in your way anymore."

0:00:25.730,0:00:28.780
Because he's seen the writing[br]on the wall – that every time

0:00:28.780,0:00:33.364
he's done something, it's only[br]led to even more extreme counteraction.

0:00:33.364,0:00:40.482
So, we're at the end of 1789. Already, [br]chaos has broken loose in a lot of France.

0:00:40.482,0:00:44.340
The National Assembly, they're[br]in process of creating

0:00:44.340,0:00:49.230
a constitution – which won't[br]fully happen until 1791.

0:00:49.230,0:00:51.240
But they're starting to bring[br]things together in order to

0:00:51.240,0:00:52.560
draft that constitution.

0:00:52.560,0:00:56.380
But in August of 1789, they've[br]already done their version of

0:00:56.380,0:00:57.670
the Declaration of[br]Independence.

0:00:57.670,0:01:01.400
The Declaration of the Rights[br]of Man and the Citizen.

0:01:01.400,0:01:06.290
So if everything was well, we[br]would just wait until a few

0:01:06.290,0:01:08.055
years, we'd get a constitution,[br]and maybe we

0:01:08.055,0:01:11.640
would have some type of a[br]constitutional monarchy.

0:01:11.640,0:01:15.580
But unfortunate, especially[br]for Louis XVI,

0:01:15.580,0:01:16.560
things weren't all well.

0:01:16.560,0:01:18.640
As we mentioned, all of this[br]was propagated, all of this

0:01:18.640,0:01:22.520
was started to begin with[br]because people were hungry.

0:01:22.520,0:01:25.080
We have this fiscal crisis,[br]we have a famine.

0:01:25.080,0:01:32.686
And so in October of 1789--[br]we're still in 1789-- October

0:01:32.686,0:01:39.890
of 1789-- rumors started to[br]spread that Marie-Antoinette,

0:01:39.890,0:01:44.840
the King's wife, that she was[br]hoarding grain at Versailles.

0:01:44.840,0:01:48.420
So people started imagining[br]these big stacks of grain at

0:01:48.420,0:01:51.050
Versailles, and this is in a[br]time where people couldn't get

0:01:51.050,0:01:51.550
their bread.

0:01:51.550,0:01:54.060
And bread was the main[br]staple of the diet.

0:01:54.060,0:01:58.330
So there was actually a march[br]of peasant women onto

0:01:58.330,0:01:58.690
Versailles.

0:01:58.690,0:01:59.520
And they were armed.

0:01:59.520,0:02:03.040
This is a depiction of the[br]peasant women marching on

0:02:03.040,0:02:03.830
Versailles.

0:02:03.830,0:02:06.240
And they went to Versailles, and[br]they actually were able to

0:02:06.240,0:02:07.920
get into the building itself.

0:02:07.920,0:02:10.560
And they demanded-- because they[br]were suspicious of what

0:02:10.560,0:02:13.870
Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette[br]were up to at Versailles--

0:02:13.870,0:02:19.860
they demanded that they[br]move to Paris.

0:02:19.860,0:02:21.110
So the women's march.

0:02:27.770,0:02:30.110
And they were able to[br]get their demands.

0:02:30.110,0:02:36.540
It resulted in Louis XVI and[br]wife, Marie-Antoinette, moving

0:02:36.540,0:02:40.080
back to Paris, where[br]they couldn't do

0:02:40.080,0:02:42.000
things like hoard grain.

0:02:42.000,0:02:45.380
And they'll be surrounded[br]by all of the maybe

0:02:45.380,0:02:47.800
not-so-friendly people[br]who could watch

0:02:47.800,0:02:49.050
what they're doing.

0:02:51.470,0:02:54.740
I think the main factor was that[br]people are hungry, rumors

0:02:54.740,0:02:57.000
are spreading that the King[br]is hoarding grain.

0:02:57.000,0:02:59.780
But there were also rumors that[br]the King was being very

0:02:59.780,0:03:06.220
disrespectful to some of the[br]symbols of the new France, of

0:03:06.220,0:03:07.330
the new National Assembly.

0:03:07.330,0:03:09.390
So that also made[br]people angry.

0:03:09.390,0:03:12.480
And across the board everyone[br]kind of knew, and including

0:03:12.480,0:03:15.760
Louis XVI, that he wasn't really[br]into what was going on.

0:03:15.760,0:03:18.970
He wasn't into this kind of[br]constitutional monarchy that

0:03:18.970,0:03:21.740
was forming, this power[br]that was being lost to

0:03:21.740,0:03:22.630
the National Assembly.

0:03:22.630,0:03:25.080
So we have this very[br]uncomfortable situation

0:03:25.080,0:03:31.420
entering into 1790, where the[br]King and Queen are essentially

0:03:31.420,0:03:36.680
in house arrest in a building[br]called the Tuileries in Paris.

0:03:36.680,0:03:39.610
You have this National Assembly[br]drafting this

0:03:39.610,0:03:41.320
constitution.

0:03:41.320,0:03:44.370
They're charted to draft the[br]constitution up there.

0:03:44.370,0:03:47.030
They all pledged at the[br]Tennis Court Oath.

0:03:47.030,0:03:49.070
And at the same time, throughout[br]France, you have

0:03:49.070,0:03:50.480
some counter insurgencies.

0:03:50.480,0:03:51.840
This is France right here.

0:03:51.840,0:03:54.030
Throughout France you have[br]counter insurgencies, people

0:03:54.030,0:03:57.230
who don't like the Revolution[br]that's going on.

0:03:57.230,0:03:58.360
And then those would[br]be subdued.

0:03:58.360,0:04:01.270
And people are all plotting[br]one against each other.

0:04:01.270,0:04:03.630
And then you have some[br]nobility, that says,

0:04:03.630,0:04:04.330
gee, you know what?

0:04:04.330,0:04:06.000
I don't like the way[br]that this is going.

0:04:06.000,0:04:08.120
We've seen already a[br]lot of violence.

0:04:08.120,0:04:09.260
People are angry.

0:04:09.260,0:04:11.910
I'm just going to take my money[br]and whatever I can pack,

0:04:11.910,0:04:14.060
and I'm just going to get[br]out of the country.

0:04:14.060,0:04:16.450
I'm going to emigrate away[br]from the country.

0:04:16.450,0:04:19.170
So you start having nobility[br]starting to leave France.

0:04:19.170,0:04:20.940
They're called the Emigres.

0:04:20.940,0:04:23.760
I know I'm not pronouncing[br]it correctly.

0:04:23.760,0:04:26.120
But you see, you have this[br]notion of gee, I had it good

0:04:26.120,0:04:28.620
in France, I'm not going to have[br]it good much longer, I'd

0:04:28.620,0:04:34.770
better leave. And this same[br]idea, now that we get to 1791.

0:04:34.770,0:04:37.100
So 1790 was just kind of[br]a bunch of unease.

0:04:37.100,0:04:42.300
Now that we're at 1791, the[br]same idea of trying to get

0:04:42.300,0:04:47.060
away from the danger got into[br]the heads of Louis XVI and

0:04:47.060,0:04:47.890
Marie-Antoinette.

0:04:47.890,0:04:49.950
But they couldn't leave[br]the country.

0:04:49.950,0:04:52.420
They didn't trust[br]Great Britain.

0:04:52.420,0:04:56.160
They didn't trust any of these[br]other countries to safely give

0:04:56.160,0:04:57.340
them shelter.

0:04:57.340,0:05:00.070
So one of their generals, who[br]was sympathetic to their

0:05:00.070,0:05:02.690
cause, said, hey, at least[br]come here to the frontier

0:05:02.690,0:05:04.770
areas and you could hide[br]from all of the unrest

0:05:04.770,0:05:05.820
that's going on.

0:05:05.820,0:05:12.110
So dressed as actual servants--[br]and it shows you

0:05:12.110,0:05:13.690
what type of people they were--

0:05:13.690,0:05:14.940
they dressed as servants.

0:05:19.330,0:05:21.840
And they actually made their[br]servants dress as nobility to

0:05:21.840,0:05:27.010
make them the targets in case[br]they were ambushed anyway on

0:05:27.010,0:05:29.475
their way trying to[br]escape from Paris.

0:05:29.475,0:05:33.930
Dressed as servants, the King[br]and Queen-- the King tried to

0:05:33.930,0:05:36.360
escape to this general's[br]estate.

0:05:36.360,0:05:39.810
But when they were in Varennes,[br]right here, they

0:05:39.810,0:05:41.700
were actually spotted.

0:05:41.700,0:05:44.680
And then the people essentially[br]took them captive

0:05:44.680,0:05:46.970
and brought them[br]back to Paris.

0:05:46.970,0:05:49.940
So this is called, or you could[br]imagine this is the

0:05:49.940,0:05:52.520
flight to Varennes, or the[br]flight away from Paris, or

0:05:52.520,0:05:53.620
however you want to do it.

0:05:53.620,0:05:57.520
So already, Louis XVI[br]started to see the

0:05:57.520,0:05:58.110
writing on the wall.

0:05:58.110,0:05:59.220
They tried to get away.

0:05:59.220,0:06:02.470
But people brought them back.

0:06:02.470,0:06:04.560
Now you can imagine, a lot[br]of people already did

0:06:04.560,0:06:05.380
not like the King.

0:06:05.380,0:06:08.340
They didn't like the notion[br]of even having a king.

0:06:08.340,0:06:12.070
And the most revolutionary,[br]the most radical elements,

0:06:12.070,0:06:13.320
were called the Jacobins.

0:06:16.240,0:06:19.440
And after the King and Queen[br]tried to escape and came back,

0:06:19.440,0:06:21.250
they were like hey, gee,[br]what's the use of

0:06:21.250,0:06:22.230
even having a king?

0:06:22.230,0:06:25.020
You National Assembly, why are[br]you even trying to write some

0:06:25.020,0:06:27.860
type of constitution that[br]gives any power

0:06:27.860,0:06:29.520
whatsoever to a king?

0:06:29.520,0:06:30.770
We should have a republic.

0:06:35.240,0:06:37.790
Which is essentially-- there's[br]a lot of kind of nuanced

0:06:37.790,0:06:40.660
definitions of what a republic[br]is, but the most simple one is

0:06:40.660,0:06:43.180
it's a state without[br]a king, without an

0:06:43.180,0:06:44.810
emperor, without a queen.

0:06:44.810,0:06:46.670
So they're saying, we don't[br]need, you know-- you National

0:06:46.670,0:06:48.030
Assembly, you think you're[br]being radical.

0:06:48.030,0:06:49.410
But you're not being[br]radical enough.

0:06:49.410,0:06:52.160
We want to eliminate the idea[br]of having a monarchy

0:06:52.160,0:06:53.160
altogether.

0:06:53.160,0:06:59.170
And the fact that Louis XVI[br]actually tried to run away, we

0:06:59.170,0:07:03.190
view that as him abdicating[br]the throne.

0:07:03.190,0:07:04.680
Abdication, or essentially[br]quitting.

0:07:07.810,0:07:10.790
And they actually started[br]to organize in Paris.

0:07:10.790,0:07:16.380
This right here is the[br]Champ-de-Mars.

0:07:16.380,0:07:19.190
I know I'm saying it[br]completely wrong.

0:07:19.190,0:07:20.610
This is a current[br]picture of it.

0:07:27.230,0:07:29.850
And so they started taking[br]signatures in this kind of

0:07:29.850,0:07:32.820
public park in Paris to[br]essentially say, we

0:07:32.820,0:07:33.620
don't need a king.

0:07:33.620,0:07:36.900
We want to essentially create[br]our own republic.

0:07:36.900,0:07:40.210
That this National Assembly,[br]they're not radical enough.

0:07:40.210,0:07:43.630
And so people started gathering[br]over here in the

0:07:43.630,0:07:47.070
Champ-de-Mars and things[br]got a little ugly.

0:07:47.070,0:07:51.700
So the actual troops were[br]sent in to kind of

0:07:51.700,0:07:52.840
calm everyone down.

0:07:52.840,0:07:54.500
And these were actually[br]troops controlled by

0:07:54.500,0:07:56.280
the National Assembly.

0:07:56.280,0:07:58.190
The people who are[br]mainly controlled

0:07:58.190,0:07:59.450
by the Third Estate.

0:07:59.450,0:08:01.190
But things got a little crazy.

0:08:01.190,0:08:02.870
Rocks were thrown at[br]some of the troops.

0:08:02.870,0:08:04.800
Some of the troops, at[br]first, they started

0:08:04.800,0:08:05.430
firing in the air.

0:08:05.430,0:08:07.230
But eventually when things[br]got really crazy, they

0:08:07.230,0:08:09.290
fired into the crowd.

0:08:09.290,0:08:10.720
And about 50 people died.

0:08:10.720,0:08:13.870
And this was the massacre.

0:08:13.870,0:08:16.930
Or the Champ-de-Mars Massacre.

0:08:16.930,0:08:18.690
I know I'm saying it wrong.

0:08:18.690,0:08:22.150
This isn't a video on French[br]pronunciation.

0:08:22.150,0:08:25.180
But you could imagine, now[br]people are even angrier.

0:08:25.180,0:08:26.460
People are still starving.

0:08:26.460,0:08:27.910
That problem has[br]not gone away.

0:08:27.910,0:08:32.140
The King and Queen has been[br]kind of very reluctantly--

0:08:32.140,0:08:34.159
everyone is suspicious of the[br]fact that they're probably

0:08:34.159,0:08:35.650
going to try to come[br]back to power.

0:08:35.650,0:08:37.179
They tried to run away.

0:08:37.179,0:08:40.549
When the Jacobins, or[br]in general kind of

0:08:40.549,0:08:43.150
revolutionaries, but they're led[br]by the Jacobins, when they

0:08:43.150,0:08:46.340
start to suggest that, hey,[br]we should have a republic.

0:08:46.340,0:08:47.780
We shouldn't even have a king.

0:08:47.780,0:08:50.290
And they gather people here,[br]all of a sudden, the troops

0:08:50.290,0:08:52.510
that are controlled by the[br]current National Assembly

0:08:52.510,0:08:55.650
actually fire on the crowd, and[br]actually kill civilians

0:08:55.650,0:08:56.510
for throwing rocks.

0:08:56.510,0:08:57.990
And they might have[br]been big rocks.

0:08:57.990,0:09:01.400
But you can imagine, this is[br]going to anger already hungry

0:09:01.400,0:09:04.220
and already suppressed[br]people even more.

0:09:04.220,0:09:07.940
And to make people even more[br]paranoid that the King and

0:09:07.940,0:09:10.820
Queen might eventually come[br]back to power, you had two

0:09:10.820,0:09:14.110
major powers all of a sudden[br]trying to insert certain

0:09:14.110,0:09:16.530
themselves into the[br]French Revolution.

0:09:16.530,0:09:18.000
I'm going to do a little[br]bit of an aside here.

0:09:18.000,0:09:20.810
Because this is something, at[br]least you when I first learned

0:09:20.810,0:09:23.370
European history, I found[br]the most confusing.

0:09:23.370,0:09:27.120
You have these states,[br]you can call them.

0:09:27.120,0:09:31.820
You have Austria, which I've[br]highlighted in orange.

0:09:31.820,0:09:34.700
The kind of map here[br]is a modern map.

0:09:34.700,0:09:39.370
But in orange, I've kind of[br]shown what Austria was at that

0:09:39.370,0:09:40.080
point in time.

0:09:40.080,0:09:43.630
Around 1789, 1790, 1791.

0:09:43.630,0:09:46.990
In this red color,[br]I have Prussia.

0:09:46.990,0:09:48.860
I want to show you that these[br]are very different than our

0:09:48.860,0:09:50.470
current notions of[br]one, Austria.

0:09:50.470,0:09:53.090
Austria today is this modern[br]country right here.

0:09:53.090,0:09:56.240
And Prussia doesn't even exist[br]as a modern country.

0:09:56.240,0:09:59.120
And then you had this notion[br]of the Holy Roman Empire,

0:09:59.120,0:10:04.020
which overlaps with these other[br]kingdoms, or empires, or

0:10:04.020,0:10:05.110
whatever you want[br]to call them.

0:10:05.110,0:10:07.730
And I want to do a little[br]bit of a sideview.

0:10:07.730,0:10:11.240
The Holy Roman Empire, as[br]Voltaire famously said, is

0:10:11.240,0:10:27.060
neither Holy, nor Roman,[br]nor an empire.

0:10:27.060,0:10:28.780
And he was right.

0:10:28.780,0:10:32.710
It was really kind of a very[br]loose confederation of German

0:10:32.710,0:10:35.090
kingdoms and states-- mainly[br]German kingdoms and states.

0:10:35.090,0:10:38.300
As you can see, it kind of[br]coincides with modern Germany.

0:10:38.300,0:10:41.770
And the two most influential[br]powers in the Holy Roman

0:10:41.770,0:10:47.310
Empire, or actually the most[br]influential power in the Holy

0:10:47.310,0:10:49.260
Roman Empire, was[br]the Austrians.

0:10:49.260,0:10:52.080
And the ruler of the Austrians[br]had the title

0:10:52.080,0:10:53.690
of Holy Roman Emperor.

0:10:53.690,0:10:54.940
And that was Leopold II.

0:10:54.940,0:11:07.310
So Leopold II was the Holy Roman Emperor.

0:11:07.310,0:11:11.430
But it's not like he was like[br]the Roman Emperors of old.

0:11:11.430,0:11:13.310
The Roman Emperors of old[br]actually came out of Rome.

0:11:13.310,0:11:17.880
Notice, nothing in the Holy[br]Roman Empire at that time, it

0:11:17.880,0:11:18.890
had no control of Rome.

0:11:18.890,0:11:20.870
So it was not Roman, we're[br]not talking about

0:11:20.870,0:11:22.700
people who spoke Latin.

0:11:22.700,0:11:25.960
We're talking about people who[br]spoke Germanic languages.

0:11:25.960,0:11:27.340
And it wasn't an empire.

0:11:27.340,0:11:32.040
That it wasn't a tightly knit[br]kind of governance structure.

0:11:32.040,0:11:34.560
It was this loose confederation[br]of states.

0:11:34.560,0:11:40.400
But what was the most[br]influential was the region

0:11:40.400,0:11:43.640
that was under control of the[br]Habsburgs of Austria, or

0:11:43.640,0:11:45.660
Leopold II.

0:11:45.660,0:11:48.180
And not only was he in control,[br]or not only did he

0:11:48.180,0:11:50.470
have the title of Holy Roman[br]Empire, and essentially had

0:11:50.470,0:11:55.420
control of the Austrian, I guess[br]you could say Empire, at

0:11:55.420,0:11:56.300
that point in time.

0:11:56.300,0:11:58.390
He was also Marie-Antoinette's[br]brother.

0:12:01.570,0:12:04.340
Leopold II, that's[br]her brother.

0:12:04.340,0:12:10.780
So Leopold II and Frederick[br]William II of Prussia, which

0:12:10.780,0:12:13.330
is another mainly[br]Germanic state.

0:12:13.330,0:12:14.650
Let me do that in[br]a better color.

0:12:23.350,0:12:26.950
They issued the Declaration[br]of Pillnitz.

0:12:26.950,0:12:27.940
Let me write this down.

0:12:27.940,0:12:31.240
So this is going to add even[br]more insult to injury to just

0:12:31.240,0:12:33.670
the general population[br]of France.

0:12:33.670,0:12:35.090
The Declaration of Pillnitz.

0:12:47.170,0:12:50.890
And this was done in August. so[br]I just want to make it very

0:12:50.890,0:12:51.910
clear what happened.

0:12:51.910,0:12:55.220
In June of 1791, they tried[br]to escape, they

0:12:55.220,0:12:56.700
were captured at Varennes.

0:12:56.700,0:13:01.400
Then in July of 1791, you have[br]the Champ-de-Mars Massacre.

0:13:01.400,0:13:04.270
So already, people are very[br]wary of the royals.

0:13:04.270,0:13:06.810
The idea that we don't need[br]them is spreading.

0:13:06.810,0:13:08.050
And people are getting[br]angrier.

0:13:08.050,0:13:09.960
And then you have the[br]Declaration of Pillnitz by

0:13:09.960,0:13:12.580
these foreign powers, one of[br]whom is essentially the

0:13:12.580,0:13:15.290
brother of the current[br]French royalty.

0:13:15.290,0:13:18.400
And that declaration is[br]essentially saying that they

0:13:18.400,0:13:25.090
intend to bring the French[br]monarchy back to power.

0:13:25.090,0:13:26.730
They don't say that they're[br]definitely going to do it in

0:13:26.730,0:13:27.990
military terms or whatever.

0:13:27.990,0:13:30.950
But it's a declaration that they[br]do not approve of what's

0:13:30.950,0:13:31.880
going on in France.

0:13:31.880,0:13:34.140
And even though they themselves[br]might have not

0:13:34.140,0:13:36.920
taken it too seriously, the[br]people of France took it

0:13:36.920,0:13:37.370
really seriously.

0:13:37.370,0:13:42.140
You have these huge powers on[br]their border right here.

0:13:42.140,0:13:48.670
You had the Austrians[br]and the Prussians.

0:13:48.670,0:13:51.200
So this wasn't anything[br]that people

0:13:51.200,0:13:52.920
could take very lightly.

0:13:52.920,0:13:56.330
So it only increased the fear[br]that the royals were going to

0:13:56.330,0:13:59.040
do something to come back[br]to full power and

0:13:59.040,0:14:00.250
really suppress people.

0:14:00.250,0:14:04.000
And it really gave even more[br]fuel for the Jacobins to kind

0:14:04.000,0:14:07.530
of argue for some type[br]of a republic.

0:14:07.530,0:14:09.080
So I'm going to leave you[br]there in this video.

0:14:09.080,0:14:12.710
As you can see, we saw in the[br]first video, things got bad.

0:14:12.710,0:14:14.960
Now they're getting really[br]worst. Chaos is

0:14:14.960,0:14:15.740
breaking out in France.

0:14:15.740,0:14:17.470
People are questioning[br]whether they even

0:14:17.470,0:14:18.970
need a king or queen.

0:14:18.970,0:14:21.520
Foreign powers are getting[br]involved, saying hey, they

0:14:21.520,0:14:23.880
don't like what they're seeing[br]there, with kings and queens

0:14:23.880,0:14:24.670
getting overthrown.

0:14:24.670,0:14:26.690
Maybe that'll give ideas[br]to their people.

0:14:26.690,0:14:28.630
And by the way, I'm your[br]brother, so I want to

0:14:28.630,0:14:29.470
help you out too.

0:14:29.470,0:14:31.080
That scares people even more.

0:14:31.080,0:14:33.560
The current National Assembly,[br]which is kind of the beginning

0:14:33.560,0:14:36.820
of the Revolution, they[br]themselves are on some level

0:14:36.820,0:14:38.310
massacring people.

0:14:38.310,0:14:42.850
So it's really leading to a[br]really tense and ugly time in

0:14:42.850,0:14:43.480
French history.

0:14:43.480,0:14:45.540
And you're going to see that[br]that's going to culminate with

0:14:45.540,0:14:47.220
what's called the[br]Reign of Terror.

0:14:47.220,0:14:50.110
And we're going to see that[br]in the next video.