0:00:01.014,0:00:03.842
Looking deeply inside nature

0:00:03.842,0:00:06.858
through the magnifying glass of science,

0:00:06.858,0:00:09.073
designers extract principles,

0:00:09.073,0:00:10.700
processes and materials

0:00:10.700,0:00:14.977
that are forming the very[br]basis of design methodology,

0:00:14.977,0:00:17.890
from synthetic constructs that resemble

0:00:17.890,0:00:20.061
biological materials

0:00:20.061,0:00:23.511
to computational methods that[br]emulate neural processes,

0:00:23.511,0:00:27.339
nature is driving design.

0:00:27.339,0:00:30.350
Design is also driving nature.

0:00:30.350,0:00:32.008
In realms of genetics, regenerative medicine

0:00:32.008,0:00:33.887
and synthetic biology,

0:00:33.887,0:00:36.424
designers are growing novel technologies

0:00:36.424,0:00:40.961
not foreseen or anticipated by nature.

0:00:40.961,0:00:45.179
Bionics explores the interplay

0:00:45.179,0:00:47.107
between biology and design.

0:00:47.107,0:00:50.919
As you can see, my legs are bionic.

0:00:50.919,0:00:53.649
Today I will tell human stories

0:00:53.649,0:00:56.566
of bionic integration,

0:00:56.566,0:00:59.495
how electromechanics attached to the body

0:00:59.495,0:01:01.798
and implanted inside the body

0:01:01.798,0:01:04.286
are beginning to bridge the gap

0:01:04.286,0:01:06.999
between disability and ability,

0:01:06.999,0:01:09.810
between human limitation

0:01:09.810,0:01:12.464
and human potential.

0:01:12.464,0:01:15.978
Bionics has defined my physicality.

0:01:15.978,0:01:18.704
In 1982, both of my legs were amputated

0:01:18.704,0:01:20.832
due to tissue damage from frostbite

0:01:20.832,0:01:23.744
incurred during a mountain climbing accident.

0:01:23.744,0:01:26.143
At that time, I didn't view my body

0:01:26.143,0:01:28.034
as broken.

0:01:28.034,0:01:30.719
I reasoned that a human being

0:01:30.719,0:01:33.403
can never be broken.

0:01:33.403,0:01:36.310
Technology is broken.

0:01:36.310,0:01:39.315
Technology is inadequate.

0:01:39.315,0:01:42.177
This simple but powerful idea

0:01:42.177,0:01:43.969
was a call to arms

0:01:43.969,0:01:46.078
to advance technology

0:01:46.078,0:01:48.651
for the elimination of my own disability

0:01:48.651,0:01:52.266
and ultimately the disability of others.

0:01:52.266,0:01:55.379
I began by developing specialized limbs

0:01:55.379,0:01:57.010
that allowed me to return

0:01:57.010,0:01:59.343
to the vertical world of rock and ice climbing.

0:01:59.343,0:02:02.429
I quickly realized that the artificial part of my body

0:02:02.429,0:02:04.313
is malleable,

0:02:04.313,0:02:08.122
able to take on any form, any function,

0:02:08.122,0:02:11.140
a blank slate through which to create

0:02:11.140,0:02:14.595
perhaps structures that could extend beyond

0:02:14.595,0:02:16.899
biological capability.

0:02:16.899,0:02:18.578
I made my height adjustable.

0:02:18.578,0:02:21.469
I could be as short as five feet or as tall as I'd like.

0:02:21.469,0:02:23.652
(Laughter)

0:02:23.652,0:02:26.968
So when I was feeling badly about myself,

0:02:26.968,0:02:30.841
insecure, I would jack my height up,

0:02:30.841,0:02:32.946
but when I was feeling confident and suave,

0:02:32.946,0:02:34.666
I would knock my height down a notch

0:02:34.666,0:02:37.265
just to give the competition a chance.

0:02:37.265,0:02:40.958
(Laughter) (Applause)

0:02:40.958,0:02:43.327
Narrow, wedged feet allowed me to climb

0:02:43.327,0:02:44.691
steep rock fissures

0:02:44.691,0:02:47.039
where the human foot cannot penetrate,

0:02:47.039,0:02:49.389
and spiked feet enabled me to climb

0:02:49.389,0:02:51.184
vertical ice walls

0:02:51.184,0:02:55.204
without ever experiencing muscle leg fatigue.

0:02:55.204,0:02:57.508
Through technological innovation,

0:02:57.508,0:03:00.327
I returned to my sport stronger and better.

0:03:00.327,0:03:02.710
Technology had eliminated my disability

0:03:02.710,0:03:05.328
and allowed me a new climbing prowess.

0:03:05.328,0:03:07.120
As a young man, I imagined a future world

0:03:07.120,0:03:08.975
where technology so advanced

0:03:08.975,0:03:10.844
could rid the world of disability,

0:03:10.844,0:03:12.695
a world in which neural implants would allow

0:03:12.695,0:03:14.800
the visually impaired to see,

0:03:14.800,0:03:17.470
a world in which the paralyzed could walk

0:03:17.470,0:03:20.269
via body exoskeletons.

0:03:20.269,0:03:23.162
Sadly, because of deficiencies in technology,

0:03:23.162,0:03:24.963
disability is rampant in the world.

0:03:24.963,0:03:27.672
This gentleman is missing three limbs.

0:03:27.672,0:03:30.384
As a testimony to current technology,

0:03:30.384,0:03:31.560
he is out of the wheelchair,

0:03:31.560,0:03:35.042
but we need to do a better job in bionics

0:03:35.042,0:03:37.585
to allow one day full rehabilitation

0:03:37.585,0:03:41.464
for a person with this level of injury.

0:03:41.464,0:03:43.711
At the MIT Media Lab, we've established

0:03:43.711,0:03:45.312
the Center for Extreme Bionics.

0:03:45.312,0:03:47.170
The mission of the center

0:03:47.170,0:03:49.821
is to put forth fundamental science

0:03:49.821,0:03:52.519
and technological capability that will allow

0:03:52.519,0:03:55.384
the biomechatronic and regenerative repair of humans

0:03:55.384,0:03:57.264
across a broad range

0:03:57.264,0:04:01.200
of brain and body disabilities.

0:04:01.200,0:04:03.848
Today, I'm going to tell you how my legs function,

0:04:03.848,0:04:05.435
how they work,

0:04:05.435,0:04:08.607
as a case in point for this center.

0:04:08.607,0:04:10.604
Now, I made sure to shave my legs last night,

0:04:10.604,0:04:14.186
because I knew I'd be showing them off.

0:04:14.186,0:04:17.370
Bionics entails the engineering[br]of extreme interfaces.

0:04:17.370,0:04:20.280
There's three extreme interfaces in my bionic limbs:

0:04:20.280,0:04:22.520
mechanical, how my limbs are attached

0:04:22.520,0:04:24.619
to my biological body;

0:04:24.619,0:04:27.942
dynamic, how they move like flesh and bone;

0:04:27.942,0:04:29.216
and electrical, how they communicate

0:04:29.216,0:04:30.812
with my nervous system.

0:04:30.812,0:04:33.652
I'll begin with mechanical interface.

0:04:33.652,0:04:36.776
In the area of design, we still do not understand

0:04:36.776,0:04:40.908
how to attach devices to the body mechanically.

0:04:40.908,0:04:44.254
It's extraordinary to me that in this day and age,

0:04:44.254,0:04:46.402
one of the most mature, oldest technologies

0:04:46.402,0:04:48.661
in the human timeline, the shoe,

0:04:48.661,0:04:51.024
still gives us blisters.

0:04:51.024,0:04:52.490
How can this be?

0:04:52.490,0:04:56.063
We have no idea how to attach things to our bodies.

0:04:56.063,0:04:58.986
This is the beautifully lyrical design work

0:04:58.986,0:05:01.738
of Professor Neri Oxman at the MIT Media Lab,

0:05:01.738,0:05:04.995
showing spatially varying exoskeletal impedances,

0:05:04.995,0:05:06.902
shown here by color variation

0:05:06.902,0:05:09.424
in this 3D-printed model.

0:05:09.424,0:05:11.312
Imagine a future where clothing

0:05:11.312,0:05:14.156
is stiff and soft where you need it,

0:05:14.156,0:05:17.630
when you need it, for optimal support and flexibility,

0:05:17.630,0:05:19.944
without ever causing discomfort.

0:05:19.944,0:05:23.152
My bionic limbs are attached to my biological body

0:05:23.152,0:05:25.233
via synthetic skins

0:05:25.233,0:05:27.263
with stiffness variations

0:05:27.263,0:05:31.961
that mirror my underlying tissue biomechanics.

0:05:31.961,0:05:33.311
To achieve that mirroring,

0:05:33.311,0:05:35.438
we first developed a mathematical model

0:05:35.438,0:05:37.014
of my biological limb.

0:05:37.014,0:05:40.148
To that end, we used imaging tools such as MRI

0:05:40.148,0:05:41.816
to look inside my body

0:05:41.816,0:05:43.946
to figure out the geometries and locations

0:05:43.946,0:05:45.503
of various tissues.

0:05:45.503,0:05:47.149
We also took robotic tools.

0:05:47.149,0:05:49.622
Here's a 14-actuator circle

0:05:49.622,0:05:52.565
that goes around the biological limb.

0:05:52.565,0:05:55.220
The actuators come in, find the surface of the limb,

0:05:55.220,0:05:57.619
measure its unloaded shape,

0:05:57.619,0:05:59.218
and then they push on the tissues

0:05:59.218,0:06:01.272
to measure tissue compliances

0:06:01.272,0:06:03.349
at each anatomical point.

0:06:03.349,0:06:05.873
We combine these imaging and robotic data

0:06:05.873,0:06:07.337
to build a mathematical description

0:06:07.337,0:06:09.189
of my biological limb, shown on the left.

0:06:09.189,0:06:11.138
You see a bunch of points, or nodes.

0:06:11.138,0:06:14.117
At each node, there's a color that[br]represents tissue compliance.

0:06:14.117,0:06:16.120
We then do a mathematical transformation

0:06:16.120,0:06:18.240
to the design of the synthetic skin

0:06:18.240,0:06:19.831
shown on the right,

0:06:19.831,0:06:21.890
and we've discovered optimality is

0:06:21.890,0:06:25.132
where the body is stiff, the[br]synthetic skin should be soft,

0:06:25.132,0:06:28.848
where the body is soft, [br]the synthetic skin is stiff,

0:06:28.848,0:06:29.994
and this mirroring occurs

0:06:29.994,0:06:32.425
across all tissue compliances.

0:06:32.425,0:06:34.153
With this framework,

0:06:34.153,0:06:35.372
we produced bionic limbs

0:06:35.372,0:06:38.963
that are the most comfortable limbs I've ever worn.

0:06:38.963,0:06:40.766
Clearly in the future,

0:06:40.766,0:06:43.951
our clothing, our shoes, our braces,

0:06:43.951,0:06:46.180
our prostheses, will no longer be designed

0:06:46.180,0:06:48.569
and manufactured using artisan strategies,

0:06:48.569,0:06:51.735
but rather data-driven quantitative frameworks.

0:06:51.735,0:06:53.906
In that future, our shoes

0:06:53.906,0:06:56.984
will no longer give us blisters.

0:06:56.984,0:06:59.840
We're also embedding sensing and smart materials

0:06:59.840,0:07:01.290
into the synthetic skins.

0:07:01.290,0:07:02.573
This is a material

0:07:02.573,0:07:05.831
developed by SRI International, California.

0:07:05.831,0:07:09.060
Under electrostatic effect, it changes stiffness.

0:07:09.060,0:07:12.698
So under zero voltage, the material is compliant.

0:07:12.698,0:07:14.026
It's floppy like paper.

0:07:14.026,0:07:16.251
Then the button's pushed, a voltage is applied,

0:07:16.251,0:07:19.941
and it becomes stiff as a board.

0:07:21.533,0:07:24.338
We embed this material into the synthetic skin

0:07:24.338,0:07:27.471
that attaches my bionic limb to my biological body.

0:07:27.471,0:07:28.882
When I walk here,

0:07:28.882,0:07:30.247
it's no voltage.

0:07:30.247,0:07:32.314
My interface is soft and compliant.

0:07:32.314,0:07:33.842
The button's pushed, voltage is applied,

0:07:33.842,0:07:35.234
and it stiffens,

0:07:35.234,0:07:36.691
offering me a greater maneuverability

0:07:36.691,0:07:38.829
of the bionic limb.

0:07:38.829,0:07:40.775
We're also building exoskeletons.

0:07:40.775,0:07:43.607
This exoskeleton becomes stiff and soft

0:07:43.607,0:07:45.978
in just the right areas of the running cycle

0:07:45.978,0:07:47.830
to protect the biological joints

0:07:47.830,0:07:50.736
from high impacts and degradation.

0:07:50.736,0:07:53.447
In the future, we'll all be wearing exoskeletons

0:07:53.447,0:07:56.735
in common activities such as running.

0:07:56.735,0:07:58.376
Next, dynamic interface.

0:07:58.376,0:08:01.498
How do my bionic limbs move like flesh and bone?

0:08:01.498,0:08:04.019
At my MIT lab, we study how humans

0:08:04.019,0:08:06.895
with normal physiologies stand, walk and run.

0:08:06.895,0:08:08.581
What are the muscles doing,

0:08:08.581,0:08:11.310
and how are they controlled by the spinal cord?

0:08:11.310,0:08:13.898
This basic science motivates what we build.

0:08:13.898,0:08:16.480
We're building bionic ankles, knees and hips.

0:08:16.480,0:08:19.399
We're building body parts from the ground up.

0:08:19.399,0:08:23.041
The bionic limbs that I'm wearing are called BiOMs.

0:08:23.041,0:08:26.623
They've been fitted to nearly 1,000 patients,

0:08:26.623,0:08:29.905
400 of which have been U.S. wounded soldiers.

0:08:29.905,0:08:32.797
How does it work? At heel[br]strike, under computer control,

0:08:32.797,0:08:34.943
the system controls stiffness

0:08:34.943,0:08:38.112
to attenuate the shock of the limb hitting the ground.

0:08:38.112,0:08:40.372
Then at mid-stance, the bionic limb outputs

0:08:40.372,0:08:43.231
high torques and powers to lift the person

0:08:43.231,0:08:44.639
into the walking stride,

0:08:44.639,0:08:48.658
comparable to how muscles work in the calf region.

0:08:48.658,0:08:51.252
This bionic propulsion is very important

0:08:51.252,0:08:52.677
clinically to patients.

0:08:52.677,0:08:54.362
So, on the left you see the bionic device

0:08:54.362,0:08:55.928
worn by a lady --

0:08:55.928,0:08:58.887
on the right a passive device worn by the same lady

0:08:58.887,0:09:01.395
that fails to emulate normal muscle function --

0:09:01.395,0:09:03.800
enabling her to do something

0:09:03.800,0:09:05.440
everyone should be able to do,

0:09:05.440,0:09:07.239
go up and down their steps at home.

0:09:07.239,0:09:10.760
Bionics also allows for extraordinary athletic feats.

0:09:10.760,0:09:15.544
Here's a gentleman running up a rocky pathway.

0:09:15.544,0:09:18.131
This is Steve Martin, not the comedian,

0:09:18.131,0:09:22.074
who lost his legs in a bomb blast in Afghanistan.

0:09:22.074,0:09:25.083
We're also building exoskeletal structures

0:09:25.083,0:09:26.918
using these same principles

0:09:26.918,0:09:29.890
that wrap around a biological limb.

0:09:29.890,0:09:32.588
This gentleman does not have

0:09:32.588,0:09:35.546
any leg condition, any disability.

0:09:35.546,0:09:37.449
He has a normal physiology,

0:09:37.449,0:09:39.504
so these exoskeletons are applying

0:09:39.504,0:09:42.271
muscle-like torques and powers

0:09:42.271,0:09:44.442
so that his own muscles need not apply

0:09:44.442,0:09:46.893
those torques and powers.

0:09:46.893,0:09:49.505
This is the first exoskeleton in history

0:09:49.505,0:09:52.137
that actually augments human walking.

0:09:52.137,0:09:55.330
It significantly reduces metabolic cost.

0:09:55.330,0:09:57.985
It's so profound in its augmentation

0:09:57.985,0:09:59.587
that when a normal, healthy person

0:09:59.587,0:10:01.352
wears the device for 40 minutes

0:10:01.352,0:10:03.011
and then takes it off,

0:10:03.011,0:10:04.647
their own biological legs

0:10:04.647,0:10:07.682
feel ridiculously heavy and awkward.

0:10:07.682,0:10:09.623
We're beginning the age in which

0:10:09.623,0:10:11.474
machines attached to our bodies

0:10:11.474,0:10:13.298
will make us stronger and faster

0:10:13.298,0:10:15.428
and more efficient.

0:10:15.428,0:10:17.114
Moving on to electrical interface,

0:10:17.114,0:10:18.537
how do my bionic limbs communicate

0:10:18.537,0:10:20.454
with my nervous system?

0:10:20.454,0:10:22.517
Across my residual limb are electrodes

0:10:22.517,0:10:25.125
that measure the electrical pulse of my muscles.

0:10:25.125,0:10:27.229
That's communicated to the bionic limb,

0:10:27.229,0:10:29.974
so when I think about moving my phantom limb,

0:10:29.974,0:10:33.740
the robot tracks those movement desires.

0:10:33.740,0:10:35.457
This diagram shows fundamentally

0:10:35.457,0:10:38.286
how the bionic limb is controlled,

0:10:38.286,0:10:40.964
so we model the missing biological limb,

0:10:40.964,0:10:43.728
and we've discovered what reflexes occurred,

0:10:43.728,0:10:45.228
how the reflexes of the spinal cord

0:10:45.228,0:10:47.036
are controlling the muscles,

0:10:47.036,0:10:49.735
and that capability is embedded

0:10:49.735,0:10:52.741
in the chips of the bionic limb.

0:10:52.741,0:10:54.710
What we've done, then, is we modulate

0:10:54.710,0:10:56.796
the sensitivity of the reflex,

0:10:56.796,0:10:58.508
the modeled spinal reflex,

0:10:58.508,0:11:00.019
with the neural signal,

0:11:00.019,0:11:03.565
so when I relax my muscles in my residual limb,

0:11:03.565,0:11:06.233
I get very little torque and power,

0:11:06.233,0:11:07.785
but the more I fire my muscles,

0:11:07.785,0:11:09.181
the more torque I get,

0:11:09.181,0:11:11.724
and I can even run.

0:11:11.724,0:11:13.362
And that was the first demonstration

0:11:13.362,0:11:16.907
of a running gait under neural command.

0:11:16.907,0:11:18.420
Feels great.

0:11:18.420,0:11:22.396
(Applause)

0:11:23.555,0:11:25.558
We want to go a step further.

0:11:25.558,0:11:28.418
We want to actually close the loop

0:11:28.418,0:11:32.141
between the human and the bionic external limb.

0:11:32.141,0:11:33.864
We're doing experiments where we're growing

0:11:33.864,0:11:35.909
nerves, transected nerves,

0:11:35.909,0:11:38.031
through channels, or micro-channel rays.

0:11:38.031,0:11:39.847
On the other side of the channel,

0:11:39.847,0:11:42.200
the nerve then attaches to cells,

0:11:42.200,0:11:44.706
skin cells and muscle cells.

0:11:44.706,0:11:47.303
In the motor channels we can sense

0:11:47.303,0:11:49.070
how the person wishes to move.

0:11:49.070,0:11:52.045
That can be sent out wirelessly to the bionic limb,

0:11:52.045,0:11:54.494
then sensors on the bionic limb

0:11:54.494,0:11:57.140
can be converted to stimulations

0:11:57.140,0:11:59.690
in adjacent channels, sensory channels.

0:11:59.690,0:12:01.571
So, when this is fully developed

0:12:01.571,0:12:03.970
and for human use,

0:12:03.970,0:12:06.630
persons like myself will not only have

0:12:06.630,0:12:09.814
synthetic limbs that move like flesh and bone,

0:12:09.814,0:12:13.930
but actually feel like flesh and bone.

0:12:13.930,0:12:16.194
This video shows Lisa Mallette

0:12:16.194,0:12:19.066
shortly after being fitted with two bionic limbs.

0:12:19.066,0:12:21.038
Indeed, bionics is making

0:12:21.038,0:12:23.237
a profound difference in people's lives.

0:12:23.237,0:12:27.298
(Video) Lisa Mallette: Oh my God.

0:12:27.298,0:12:32.145
Oh my God, I can't believe it.

0:12:32.145,0:12:36.338
It's just like I've got a real leg.

0:12:36.338,0:12:38.200
Now, don't start running.

0:12:38.230,0:12:39.742
Man: Now turn around,

0:12:39.742,0:12:41.410
and do the same thing walking up.

0:12:41.410,0:12:43.346
Walk up, get on your heel to toe,

0:12:43.346,0:12:44.886
like you would normally just walk on level ground.

0:12:44.886,0:12:47.589
Try to walk right up the hill.

0:12:49.083,0:12:51.699
LM: Oh my God.

0:12:51.699,0:12:53.088
Man: Is it pushing you up?

0:12:53.088,0:12:58.285
LM: Yes! I'm not even -- I can't even describe it.

0:12:58.285,0:13:00.609
Man: It's pushing you right up.

0:13:00.609,0:13:03.180
Hugh Herr: Next week, I'm visiting the center's —

0:13:03.180,0:13:07.485
(Applause) Thank you, thank you.

0:13:07.485,0:13:09.842
Thank you. Next week I'm visiting

0:13:09.842,0:13:12.654
the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services,

0:13:12.654,0:13:15.311
and I'm going to try to convince CMS

0:13:15.311,0:13:17.900
to grant appropriate code language and pricing

0:13:17.900,0:13:19.852
so this technology can be made available

0:13:19.852,0:13:22.485
to the patients that need it.

0:13:22.485,0:13:27.707
Thank you. (Applause)

0:13:27.707,0:13:29.604
It's not well appreciated, but over half

0:13:29.604,0:13:31.583
of the world's population

0:13:31.583,0:13:33.674
suffers from some form of cognitive,

0:13:33.674,0:13:36.259
emotional, sensory or motor condition,

0:13:36.259,0:13:37.921
and because of poor technology,

0:13:37.921,0:13:40.513
too often, conditions result in disability

0:13:40.513,0:13:42.811
and a poorer quality of life.

0:13:42.811,0:13:45.204
Basic levels of physiological function

0:13:45.204,0:13:47.846
should be a part of our human rights.

0:13:47.846,0:13:49.816
Every person should have the right

0:13:49.816,0:13:51.704
to live life without disability

0:13:51.704,0:13:53.719
if they so choose --

0:13:53.719,0:13:56.522
the right to live life without severe depression;

0:13:56.522,0:13:57.895
the right to see a loved one

0:13:57.895,0:14:00.129
in the case of seeing impaired;

0:14:00.129,0:14:02.042
or the right to walk or to dance,

0:14:02.042,0:14:03.530
in the case of limb paralysis

0:14:03.530,0:14:05.277
or limb amputation.

0:14:05.277,0:14:09.084
As a society, we can achieve these human rights

0:14:09.084,0:14:11.412
if we accept the proposition

0:14:11.412,0:14:15.389
that humans are not disabled.

0:14:15.389,0:14:18.192
A person can never be broken.

0:14:18.192,0:14:21.199
Our built environment, our technologies,

0:14:21.199,0:14:23.098
are broken and disabled.

0:14:23.098,0:14:26.122
We the people need not accept our limitations,

0:14:26.122,0:14:28.353
but can transcend disability

0:14:28.353,0:14:30.221
through technological innovation.

0:14:30.221,0:14:32.088
Indeed, through fundamental advances

0:14:32.088,0:14:33.958
in bionics in this century,

0:14:33.958,0:14:36.481
we will set the technological foundation

0:14:36.481,0:14:38.453
for an enhanced human experience,

0:14:38.453,0:14:41.155
and we will end disability.

0:14:41.155,0:14:43.455
I'd like to finish up with one more story,

0:14:43.455,0:14:45.219
a beautiful story,

0:14:45.219,0:14:47.905
the story of Adrianne Haslet-Davis.

0:14:47.905,0:14:49.896
Adrianne lost her left leg

0:14:49.896,0:14:52.562
in the Boston terrorist attack.

0:14:52.562,0:14:54.241
I met Adrianne when this photo was taken

0:14:54.241,0:14:56.591
at Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital.

0:14:56.591,0:14:59.017
Adrianne is a dancer, a ballroom dancer.

0:14:59.017,0:15:01.928
Adrianne breathes and lives dance.

0:15:01.928,0:15:04.349
It is her expression. It is her art form.

0:15:04.349,0:15:06.605
Naturally, when she lost her limb

0:15:06.605,0:15:08.332
in the Boston terrorist attack,

0:15:08.332,0:15:11.313
she wanted to return to the dance floor.

0:15:11.313,0:15:13.776
After meeting her and driving home in my car,

0:15:13.776,0:15:16.721
I thought, I'm an MIT professor.

0:15:16.721,0:15:19.450
I have resources. Let's build her a bionic limb

0:15:19.450,0:15:22.833
to enable her to go back to her life of dance.

0:15:22.833,0:15:25.471
I brought in MIT scientists with expertise

0:15:25.471,0:15:27.918
in prosthetics, robotics, machine learning

0:15:27.918,0:15:29.229
and biomechanics,

0:15:29.229,0:15:31.631
and over a 200-day research period,

0:15:31.631,0:15:33.105
we studied dance.

0:15:33.105,0:15:37.001
We brought in dancers with biological limbs,

0:15:37.001,0:15:39.666
and we studied how do they move,

0:15:39.666,0:15:43.166
what forces do they apply on the dance floor,

0:15:43.166,0:15:44.717
and we took those data

0:15:44.717,0:15:48.516
and we put forth fundamental principles of dance,

0:15:48.516,0:15:50.327
reflexive dance capability,

0:15:50.327,0:15:51.852
and we embedded that intelligence

0:15:51.852,0:15:53.674
into the bionic limb.

0:15:53.674,0:15:55.950
Bionics is not only about making people

0:15:55.950,0:15:57.411
stronger and faster.

0:15:57.411,0:15:59.753
Our expression, our humanity

0:15:59.753,0:16:02.956
can be embedded into electromechanics.

0:16:02.956,0:16:06.011
It was 3.5 seconds

0:16:06.011,0:16:07.660
between the bomb blasts

0:16:07.660,0:16:09.446
in the Boston terrorist attack.

0:16:09.446,0:16:12.479
In 3.5 seconds, the criminals and cowards

0:16:12.479,0:16:15.461
took Adrianne off the dance floor.

0:16:15.461,0:16:18.152
In 200 days, we put her back.

0:16:18.152,0:16:20.953
We will not be intimidated, brought down,

0:16:20.953,0:16:23.253
diminished, conquered or stopped

0:16:23.253,0:16:25.061
by acts of violence.

0:16:25.061,0:16:28.754
(Applause)

0:16:32.782,0:16:35.236
Ladies and gentlemen, please allow me to introduce

0:16:35.236,0:16:37.154
Adrianne Haslet-Davis,

0:16:37.154,0:16:40.038
her first performance since the attack.

0:16:40.038,0:16:42.541
She's dancing with Christian Lightner.

0:16:42.541,0:16:49.233
(Applause)

0:16:53.579,0:17:00.970
(Music: "Ring My Bell" performed by Enrique Iglesias)

0:17:39.267,0:17:46.490
(Applause)

0:18:10.244,0:18:11.344
Ladies and gentlemen,

0:18:11.344,0:18:12.962
members of the research team,

0:18:12.962,0:18:17.353
Elliott Rouse and Nathan Villagaray-Carski.

0:18:17.776,0:18:20.187
Elliott and Nathan.

0:18:20.187,0:18:26.772
(Applause)