WEBVTT 00:00:09.900 --> 00:00:15.713 John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, was born on the 3rd January, 1892. 00:00:15.713 --> 00:00:19.009 He and his brother Hilary, experienced a difficult childhood. 00:00:19.009 --> 00:00:22.494 When Tolkien was just four, they lost their father, Arthur, 00:00:22.494 --> 00:00:24.030 to rheumatic fever. 00:00:24.030 --> 00:00:26.950 As a widow with low income, his mother Mabel, 00:00:26.950 --> 00:00:30.642 home schooled the brothers and played a vital role in their early education 00:00:30.642 --> 00:00:31.827 and development. 00:00:32.987 --> 00:00:38.208 Tolkien was a smart young boy, with a fascination and thirst for languages. 00:00:39.911 --> 00:00:44.039 Tolkien sat the entrance exam for King Edward's School, Birmingham and passed. 00:00:45.209 --> 00:00:49.058 From the Autumn of 1900, for a fee of 12 pounds a year, 00:00:49.058 --> 00:00:51.559 Tolkien would be educated in an environment 00:00:51.559 --> 00:00:54.505 that would help fulfil his academic potential. 00:00:55.485 --> 00:00:58.110 John Garth: Going to King Edward's was vitally important to Tolkien; 00:00:58.110 --> 00:01:00.772 he was an exceptionally talented boy. 00:01:01.442 --> 00:01:04.756 King Edward's offered him a vast amount of scope 00:01:04.756 --> 00:01:09.659 and also the company of other boys who were similarly talented. 00:01:10.159 --> 00:01:13.161 Which was probably quite hard for Tolkien to find. 00:01:15.431 --> 00:01:19.000 Simon Stacey: Not only did he play rugby but he was a leading light 00:01:19.000 --> 00:01:23.285 in the debating society and the literary society. 00:01:23.285 --> 00:01:25.247 He was the life and soul really, 00:01:25.247 --> 00:01:29.725 and he missed the school a great deal, I think, when he finally had to leave. 00:01:30.695 --> 00:01:34.059 VO: At the age of just 11, Tolkien and his brother Hilary 00:01:34.059 --> 00:01:37.491 lose their mother Mabel to diabetes. 00:01:37.491 --> 00:01:40.123 Grief stricken, he plunges himself into school life 00:01:40.123 --> 00:01:43.982 more energetically than before. Academically he excels, 00:01:43.982 --> 00:01:48.687 but in 1905 meets his intellectual rival, Christopher Wiseman. 00:01:50.447 --> 00:01:53.880 John Garth: Tolkien met his greatest friend at King Edward's, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Christopher Wiseman on the rugby pitch. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 A musician, a mathematician; quite different from Tolkien. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 They developed such a strong bond on the rugby field 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that they called themselves; "The Great Twin Brethren", 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 which was a phrase from "Lays of Ancient Rome" by Lord Macauley. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Simon Stacey: They also were friendly rivals in the school, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 both being very academic boys. Wiseman had a formidable intellect 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and he was interested in a lot of the things 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that Tolkien was getting interested in; 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 languages, I think he was looking at Egyptian and was looking at hieroglyphics. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: Tolkien and Wiseman must have helped define each other 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 through their teenage years because they would argue; 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 they would argue strongly about all their beliefs in life. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Simon Stacey: Wiseman was a very talented musician; 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tolkien was supposed to be tone deaf but that didn't stop them getting on! 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 VO: Tolkien also befriends, son of the headmaster, Rob Gilson. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tolkien, Wiseman and Gilson, form a strong bond 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 which will last throughout their school years and beyond. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Outside of King Edward's, Tolkien's life is about to change, yet again. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: Tolkien was living in lodgings with his brother, Hilary, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and when he was 16 he met fellow lodger, Edith Bratt, who was 19 at the time. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And she was a beautiful young girl; talented pianist and also an orphan. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And the two of them bonded on their shared sadnesses 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but also on their hopes and dreams. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The difficulty for Ronald, as she called him, and Edith, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 was that he was a Roman Catholic and she was an Anglican. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 VO: Tolkien's Guardian, Father Francis Morgan, a Catholic Priest, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 feels this is major divide; and also believes that Edith will distract Tolkien 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 from his attempts to get into Oxford University. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: Father Francis Morgan, forbade them from seeing each other, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 or even from communicating. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He was thrown back upon his friendships at King Edward's 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and it was this final phase of his time here, that he began to flourish 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and make the place his own; he and his friends ruled the roost. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 VO: Making the most of his final year at King Edward's 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and the friendships he has formed, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tolkien and his peers create an informal society. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 These young intellectuals gather in the school library 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and do what they are forbidden to do: brew tea. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Outside of school hours, they meet in a cafe at Barrow's Stores in Birmingham 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and so, self-mockingly, they call themselves the "Tea Club and Barrovean Society" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 or the TCBS for short. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 (nostalgic music) 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: The core of the TCBS was probably 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tolkien and Wiseman and the others 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 gravitated around them. There was Robert 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Quilter Gilson, the son of the headmaster 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 here; Rob was a cultured and sociable chap, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 he was perhaps the social glue of the group; 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 he would welcome anyone and find common 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 cause with them. A gentle artistic fellow 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 who loved to sketch. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Simon Stacey: He was a gifted artist and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 had ambitions to be an architect. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 There was a late arrival, Geoffrey Bache Smith, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 who was fascinated by mythology, Celtic 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 mythology; so this gave him common ground 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 with Tolkien; it was another of Tolkien's 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 passions. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Simon Stacey: Smith was quite an accomplished 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and advanced poet who recommended contemporary 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 poetry to Tolkien. When he started writing 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 poetry, Tolkien was to a certain extent, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 inspired by Smith and the wider group. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And that was really the beginnings of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tolkien as a writer. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: From the beginnings which were 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 mostly about fun, later on, during the war years, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 this developed into a fellowship from which 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 each of them drew tremendous strength and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 comfort. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 VO: Later that year, Tolkien's time at 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 King Edward's comes to an end and he begins 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 his first term at Oxford, having successfully 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 gained entrance. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 On the eve of his 21st birthday, and his 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 independence from Father Francis Morgan, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tolkien writes to Edith and less than a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 week later, they are re-united. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Edith is engaged to marry another man, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but despite almost certain ridicule, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 she agrees to break the engagement to be 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 with her Ronald. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Over the next few months, a growing sense of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 trouble brews across Europe and on the 28th 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of June, 1914, everything changes. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 (gun shot sound) 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 (solemn music) 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Gavrillo Princip is arrested for the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 A diplomatic crisis ensues and within weeks, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Europe's major powers are at war. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Germany invades Belgium and Britain declares 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 war on Germany. Parliament issues a call 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to arms from the British public. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Paul Golightly: There isn't a rush to the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 colours straight away. It becomes much more 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 obvious that people are willing to join 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 up when atrocity stories start to emerge, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 then you get a much more concerted rush 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to join. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: There was an air of excitement 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 about the war, there was a naive sense that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 this would allow young men to fulfil their 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 potential in a way that wasn't possible in 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 peace time. There was a tremendous sense 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of patriotism and a sense of duty towards 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 whatever England, or Britain, stood for. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Paul Golightly: They are attracted to the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 idea of a settling of accounts with the Germans, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 or at least some of them will be. On the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 whole, they thought they were going to give 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the Germans a bloody nose. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: "The Germans has been dastardly" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and needed to dealt with and shown their place. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Paul Golightly: Men join up out of economic 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 necessity and you'll find that in any war. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Life is not very exciting and the romance 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and colour of joining the army and being 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 part of something very big indeed, I'm sure 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 has some allure. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 (solemn music) And they see things 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in rather romantic ways, which of course is 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 doomed to fail; we all know what the First 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 World War turns into. It's not a war of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 movement, of dash and élan; it's not cavalry 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 charges and distant trumpets; I'm afraid 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 it's the pitter-patter of machine gun fire 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and the crump of artillery that's going to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 dominate. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So they, I think, have expectations about what 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the war will be like, and I think their main 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 emotion was, will it be over before I can 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 get to France. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: Tolkien, who's reading covered 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 ancient heroic literature, that is surprisingly 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 frank about what happens in war, went into 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the war much more open-eyed. He described 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 himself as a "young man with too much 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 imagination" and so he did not relish battle 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in any sense. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Paul Golightly: And I think that applies 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to, not just men like Tolkien who fought in it, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but also the politicians and generals who 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 directed it; I think a lot of people 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 understood that this war could be terrible. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Simon Stacey: What you get in the letters 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 between Gilson, Tolkien and Wiseman and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 then in Smith's poetry, is a serious 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 determination to do their duty and that they 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 should be prepared to give their lives. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 A realistic appreciation that this is a dark time 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and that they've got to come through it. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 VO: G.B. Smith and Rob Gilson both join 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the army in 1914, Tolkien's brother, Hilary, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 signs up as a bugler and Christopher Wiseman 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 joins the navy. Tolkien however, faces a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 dilemma. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Simon Stacey: Tolkien was in a difficult 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 position when war broke out; he had a year 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of his degree at Oxford to run and Tolkien 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 needed a degree badly because he wanted to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 pursue an academic career; he didn't have 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 any money in his family unlike Gilson and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 therefore, having committed three years to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the degree it was very important that he 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 completed it. So he discovered a scheme 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 whereby he could undergo some training 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in the Officer Training Core whilst 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 completing his degree, which he did triumphantly 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 with a first at Oxford. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 VO: He follows good friend, G.B.Smith, into 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the Lancashire Fusiliers in the hope of being 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 posted to the same battalion. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: Tolkien was looking for something 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in the army through which he could use his 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 particular talents, and his particular talents 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 were languages and writing systems; he was 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 fascinated by codes and so forth. So it was 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 only natural that he would train up as a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 signaller. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Paul Golightly: It would have meant that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tolkien was exposed to the technology 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 available at the time and it must have 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 interested him; so the use of the radio, the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 use of signals, of semaphore. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Simon Stacey: He learnt morse code, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 he learnt how to use signalling lamps, field 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 telephones; which of course went on largely 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to be ineffective or not to work. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: He became Battalion Signalling 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Officer for his Battalion. Tolkien had to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 oversee the communications of a Battalion 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of between 600 and 1,000 men depending on 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 manpower at the time. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Paul Golightly: His basic job of course 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 was to act as a link between the various 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 layers of command, and that he would be 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 responsible for incoming orders and making sure 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that the right people got those and of course 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 he'd be responsible for telling command further 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 up the line about the situation on his sector. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: So he was an absolute lynch pin 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in a war which depended absolutely on how 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 much information you had about your enemies 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 position. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 VO: In March of 1916 as his training nears 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 its completion, both Tolkien and Edith 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 become aware that he will soon be sent to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the Front. They marry and just over two 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 months later, Tolkien is shipped off to France. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The two of them part, not knowing if they 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 will ever see each other again. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 (Loud battle sounds, Guns Firing, Shouting) 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 (ominous music) 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 VO: When Tolkien arrives at the Front, the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 War has been raging for almost two years. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The cost of the War is clear; 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the countryside is scarred and the casualties 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 high. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 After a virtual stalemate of trench warfare 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 throughout 1915, and with a new wave of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 thousands of freshly trained recruits, it is 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 clear the Big Push is imminent. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 (marching feet) 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tolkien's Battalion remains in reserve, but 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 he fears for the lives of his old school 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 friends who are at the Front. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Within a month of his arrival in France 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the Allies launch the Somme Offensive. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 At 7.30am, on Saturday 1st of July, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the troops in the British Frontline, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 go over the top. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 (whistle sound echoes) 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 On the first day of the Offensive alone, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 20,000 men are killed, 35,000 are wounded 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and over 2,000 are reported missing. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Paul Golightly: The first casualty was 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the plan. It started to fall apart very 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 rapidly. Tragically for the men caught out 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in the open, it was a death sentence. 1 in 5 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 men who went into combat on the 1st of July 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 was killed. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: It was the most disastrous day 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in the history of the British Army, and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 a tragedy for the entire country. There were 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 villages that had lost all their young men. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Paul Golightly: It's marked as a loss of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 innocence, that the 20,000 that were killed 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 represent a turning point in British 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 consciousness and the relationship perhaps 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 between those who make decisions and those 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 who are forced to carry them out. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 (soft piano music) 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 VO: Among the many men that are lost on that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 day, is dear friend and TCBS member, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Robert Gilson. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: He led his Platoon over the top 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 took charge of his Company, but was shot 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in the middle of No Man's Land. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Paul Golightly: He was in the fourth wave. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He saw the first wave go in and fail, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the second wave go in and fail, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the third wave go in and fail. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And he, as a part of the fourth wave, had 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to go in; and they still went. And that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I think is the most poignant and probably 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the most tragic thing about the 1st of July 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 1916. That this generation, had so much faith 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in their superiors, probably had so much 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 commitment to their fellows that they were 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 prepared to go, even though it meant certain 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 death. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: Tolkien heard about this 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 after his first action on the Somme a couple 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of weeks later; and he was devastated. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 It shook him to the foundations of his 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 beliefs. He had, as all of the members of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the TCBS had, built up their group as a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 fellowship, with ideas and a spirit that had 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 something to give to the World. In which 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 all four of them were vital parts, and now 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 one of them was dead. So what did that mean 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 about their overall purpose? And also his 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 purpose. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Simon Stacey: Geoffrey Smith wrote him a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 letter in which, clearly Smith experiences 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 feelings of devastation and a sense that the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 fellowship had been broken. Rob would never 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 become an architect, he would never fulfil 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 his part in whatever they dreamed of. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garthm: And I think it took him quite 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 some time to recover from that. The other 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 two members, Wiseman and Smith, were 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 determined to persuade him that, no, the TCBS 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 purpose continued and I think eventually 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tolkien took heart from that. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 VO: Tolkien writes to Rob's father, Headmaster 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 at King Edward's school to offer his 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 condolences. The TCBS lost a bright young 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 man, a talented artist and most painfully 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of all; a dear friend. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tolkien's war has well and truly started and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 over the coming months he is subject to the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 many hardships of trench warfare. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: He spent his time in and out 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of the trenches. Battalions would be rotated 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 from the Frontline to the reserve trenches 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to rest, as they laughably called it, but 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 it wasn't really rest, it was training. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tolkien talked about the universal weariness 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of all this war. But during this period he 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 was involved in three attacks, he was 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 very fortunate not to have to go through the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 first day of the Somme; he was a few miles 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 back from the Frontline at that time. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 His Battalion moved forward for a second 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 wave of attacks, they were launched against a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 village called Ovillers; which had been the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 German Frontline. One of the first things that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 he encountered was, complete chaos in the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 battlefield communications system. It was very 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 primitive. It was only partly built; damaged 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 by the fortunes of battle. He had signallers 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 going across No Man's Land carrying flares 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to say, we have arrived. Further flares - 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "we have taken prisoners", they carried 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 pigeons; pigeons were about the most reliable 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 method of communication. One of Tolkien's 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 signallers won a military medal for managing 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to get his pigeons across No Man's Land and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 do the job correctly. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 VO: The attack is a success and many 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 prisoners are captured. Of all the combat 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tolkien encounters, one of the most significant 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 battles is also one of his last; an attack 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 on Regina Trench. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: This was in October, by which 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 time the battlefield had been reduced to mud. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The attack had been delayed by heavy rain 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but on October 21st there was a cold snap 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 so the ground was frozen hard and the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 attack was able to go ahead. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 (Deep boom. Loud Artillery Fire) 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 (Gunfire, bullets zipping by) 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 (solemn music) 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: He saw violent death, he also 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 saw and felt extreme terror. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He never, as far as we know, described at 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 length what trench warfare was like but he 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 summed it up in two words, in one of his 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 letters, and this was; "animal horror". 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 It would reduce you from humanity and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 turn you into a retched beast desperate only 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to cower and survive. And it's very 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 interesting if you look in The Lord of The Rings 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 whenever the characters are in situations of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 extreme fear, they're always described as 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 stooping and stupefied, un-manned by terror. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Paul Golightly: A lot of British trenches 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 were deliberately uncomfortable because 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the Generals wanted the men to believe 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that they were only temporary, that they 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 would be advancing beyond this, that this 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 wasn't their home. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 VO: Out on the Western Front, Tolkien feels 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 isolated from home and letters to, and from, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Edith are a lifeline. For reasons of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 strategic importance Tolkien is forbidden 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 from sharing his location in his letters, so 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 he devises a code of dots to keep Edith 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 informed of where he is. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: He simply found the letters 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of the alphabet within what he wrote to her 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and put a dot above the relevant ones to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 spell out the name of the place where he was 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 currently located. And Edith kept a map 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 on her wall and pins to show where he was 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 at that time. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 VO: After the successful attack on Regina 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Trench, the Battalion is withdrawn from the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 front and paraded in front of the top brass. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tolkien however, falls ill. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: It was trench fever. And this 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 was a louse born disease due to the unhygienic 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 conditions in the trenches. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Paul Golightly: It spread through contact 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 with lice and it symptoms aren't very pleasant 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 It gives you a headache, you can have stomach 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 cramps, you can have pain in you joints 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and in your bones, you can get lesions on 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 your skin; it's not fatal but it can become 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 very debilitating. So debilitating you can't 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 be an effective soldier. Tolkien got a very 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 bad case, so bad that he had to be invalided 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "back to Blighty" as they put it. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And in fact it was the end of his war. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: It saved Tolkien's life, it took 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 him out of the battlefield and back to Britain. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He was shipped home to Birmingham, to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The First Southern General Hospital as it 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 was called at the time, which was actually set 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 up in the grounds of Birmingham University. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And it was there that Tolkien was re-united 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 with his wife, Edith and where he began 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 writing the first stories of Middle-Earth. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 His re-union with Edith was deeply emotional 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and was an inspiration for various pieces of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 writing in his mythology, notably the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 story of Luthien and Beren; which features 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in the Silmarillion and is mentioned in 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The Lord of The Rings. A love story between 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 a mortal man and an immortal elf. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 (Gentle Piano Music) 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 VO: However, Tolkien's respite is short lived. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Shortly after returning to Birmingham, Tolkien 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 learns from Christopher Wiseman, that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 good friend G.B.Smith has been killed. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: The Battle of the Somme was 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 over, and Smith had been organising a 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 football match for his men about four miles 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 behind the Frontline, when a stray shell 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 exploded near him. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He was hit by shrapnel and developed what 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 they called Gas Gangrene, which killed 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 him within a few days. Early in 1916, while 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tolkien was still in training, he had a letter 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 G.B.Smith, who by that time was in the trenches 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in France. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 VO: Smith was about to go out on Night Patrol. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The officer who had led the patrol the night before 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 had been captured and most likely killed. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: It was about the most dangerous 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 activity that you could do on the Western Front 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and Smith was about to go into it and he took 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the opportunity to write to Tolkien, and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 tell him; "I'm about to go out on Night Patrol, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I am a wild and wholehearted admirer of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 what you've written and what you will write" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He told Tolkien, "you I'm sure are chosen, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and you must publish." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Smith was essentially the first Middle-Earth 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 fan. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Simon Stacey: Smith says in the letter that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 death couldn't put an end to the TCBS, to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the "immortal four" as he put it, that Tolkien 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 may say the things that he had wanted to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 say, long after he is there to say them. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 That's very moving because Tolkien, although 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 very much his own individual artistic self, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I think did see his later career as an 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 attempt to fulfil the artistic dreams that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 they'd shared. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: He was able to gather his strength 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and perhaps see Smith as an ideal to be lived up to. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 VO: In the summer of 1918, Tolkien and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Wiseman gather some of Smith's poems and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 have them published in a small volume, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 entitled; "A Spring Harvest". 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tolkien's war is over, but the impact of his 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 experiences will stay with him forever, and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 will even feature in his future writings. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: The whole experience of the War 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 had an ongoing affect on much of Tolkien's 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 mythology. As soon as Tolkien returned from 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the Somme he started writing a story called, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "The Fall of Gondolin" which was the first 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 element of his mythology that dealt with battle. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And the fascinating thing about it is that the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 attacking forces use things that are termed 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 by Tolkien, "dragons" or "beasts" or "monsters" 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but they're described as metallic and rolling 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and they spout fire and some of them have 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 troops inside them, and it's pretty clear that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 this is a kind of mythologising of the Tank. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Which was Britains secret weapon, which 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 had just been launched on the Somme while 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tolkien was there. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The Lord of The Rings focusses on a fellowship, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 they're separated on different battlefronts, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 much like the TCBS were. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Simon Stacey: It's almost unimaginable that, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in writing of the breaking of the fellowship, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in The Lord of The Rings, that Tolkien wouldn't 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 have been influenced by his own loss during 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the First World War and the breaking of the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 TCBS fellowship. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 There is a late letter in which he mentions 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that the dead marshes, through which Frodo, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Sam and Gollum travel, owe something to 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 northern France, in the area of the Somme 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 where he fought. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: Frodo and Sam are very much 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the equivalent of an officer and his batman; his 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 servant. And Tolkien actually said that, "my 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Sam Gamgee is inspired by the Privates and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Batmen I knew in the First World War". 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Frodo represents really, the feelings of a young 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 man like Tolkien himself, thrown into a war 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 unwillingly and having to shoulder a terrible 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 burden; a burden of duty. You can see that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Frodo develops symptoms of what we would now 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 call Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 War Trauma, or what they called then, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Shell Shock. He becomes withdrawn from 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the World, increasingly enclosed within himself 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 he says he can't remember what grass was like, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 what sunlight was like. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 When the war is over in The Lord of The Rings, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Frodo does not strut his stuff as a hero, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 he is visibly traumatised by the whole 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 experience. This was very true of many of the 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 soldiers who returned from the Western 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Front, unable to talk about the experiences 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that had affected them so deeply. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 (retrospective piano music) 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Paul Golightly: The generation that fights 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the First World War, should be called courageous. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Simon Stacey: The sacrifice of that generation 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 was extraordinary. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: It was a tragic loss not only for 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 families, for friends, but for civilisation as 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 a whole. It shook long-held beliefs and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 assumptions in honour and glory. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Simon Stacey: It is the first thorough 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 going war of the machines. So many 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 thousands and ultimately millions of men 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 could be wiped out, could be destroyed without 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 necessarily facing their individual enemy. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Paul Golightly: These men don't have 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the privilege of dying one at a time, they die 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 on mass; and it's those numbers that I think 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 traumatise us so much. That's why we have 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the memorials at Thiepval and Menin Gate; 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 where it's just one long list of names. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 These bodies have simply disappeared, and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 they're all separate lives but they've all 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 vanished at once. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: When you read the King Edward's 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 School Chronicle, as I have to research 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Tolkien's life here, you get to know the boys 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 with whom he grew up and you see their 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 achievements, you see what they were learning, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 you see how wonderfully intelligent, potentially 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 creative and brilliant they were. And then 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the First World War; and you see that they're 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 heading for this. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Paul Golightly: These young men, with their 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 whole lives in front of them, have, yes it's 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 a phrase that we all know, have been cut off 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in their prime. They were full of potential, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 full of life, full of vigour, full of plans, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 full of ambition; wanting to do all kinds of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 things with their professional lives and 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 their personal lives, and denied that opportunity. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 John Garth: When you look at the fortunes 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of war, it's quite astonishing that Tolkien 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 survived and went on to produce the great 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 works of literature that he did; works that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 have shaped our culture. And one does 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 wonder how many others didn't survive, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 what potential was locked inside them that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 they never had time to bring out of themselves. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So there is an uncountable loss there. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Simon Stacey: G.B.Smith gives a brief glimpse 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of a young life snuffed out and only very 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 incompletely communicating its dreams. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Paul Golightly: This is a generation that did 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 not talk about the way it felt. So in that 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 sense I think the psychological affect was 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 long lasting. A number of veterans surived 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the war only to find that they couldn't survive 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the peace. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 VO: In the chapel at King Edward's School, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 eight brass plaques hold the names of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 245 Old Edwardians who lost their lives during 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the First World War. Tolkien and his TCBS 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 friends, are just four of almost 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 fifteen hundred Old Edwardians who answered 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 their country's call and fought in The Great War, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and each of their stories is worth telling. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Paul Golightly: The graveyards that you can 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 walk around in northern France now have become 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 almost 21st century cathedrals; where some 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 really important questions need to be ask about 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the nature of war and the nature of 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 sacrifice, and in the First World War's case, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 the scale of that sacrifice. Whether any war 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 could be worth that.