[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.07,0:00:03.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm an astronomer who builds telescopes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.56,0:00:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I build telescopes because,\Nnumber one, they are awesome.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.28,0:00:11.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But number two,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.35,0:00:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe if you want to discover\Na new thing about the universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.09,0:00:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to look at the universe
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.64,0:00:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a new way.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.38,0:00:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New technologies in astronomy --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.25,0:00:23.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things like lenses, photographic plates,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.87,0:00:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the way up to space telescopes --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.31,0:00:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each gave us new ways to see the universe
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.43,0:00:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and directly led to a new understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.16,0:00:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our place in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.66,0:00:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But those discoveries come with a cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.45,0:00:41.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It took thousands of people and 44 years
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.12,0:00:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get the Hubble Space Telescope\Nfrom an idea into orbit.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.38,0:00:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes time,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.93,0:00:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it takes a tolerance for failure,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.77,0:00:50.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it takes individual people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.73,0:00:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,choosing every day not to give up.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.25,0:00:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know how hard that choice is\Nbecause I live it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.22,0:01:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reality of my job is that I fail\Nalmost all the time and still keep going,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.30,0:01:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's how telescopes get built.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.75,0:01:08.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The telescope I helped build is called
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.62,0:01:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the faint intergalactic-medium\Nred-shifted emission balloon,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.90,0:01:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a mouthful,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.54,0:01:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we call it "FIREBall."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.92,0:01:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And don't worry, it is not going\Nto explode at the end of this story.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.14,0:01:24.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been working on FIREBall\Nfor more than 10 years
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.67,0:01:28.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now lead the team\Nof incredible people who built it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.48,0:01:32.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FIREBall is designed to observe\Nsome of the faintest structures known:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.90,0:01:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,huge clouds of hydrogen gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.44,0:01:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These clouds are giant.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.76,0:01:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are even bigger than\Nwhatever you're thinking of.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.32,0:01:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are huge,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.53,0:01:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,huge clouds of hydrogen that we think\Nflow into and out of galaxies.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.52,0:01:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I work on FIREBall
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.39,0:01:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because what I really want\Nis to take our view of the universe
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.60,0:01:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one with just light from stars
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.79,0:01:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to one where we can see and measure\Nevery atom that exists.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.71,0:02:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's all that I want to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.22,0:02:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.23,0:02:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But observing at least some of those atoms
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.47,0:02:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is crucial to our understanding\Nof why galaxies look the way they do.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.26,0:02:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to know
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.63,0:02:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how that hydrogen gas\Ngets into a galaxy and creates a star.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.91,0:02:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My work on FIREBall started in 2008,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.54,0:02:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working not on the telescope\Nbut on the light sensor,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.46,0:02:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the heart of any telescope.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.15,0:02:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This new sensor was being developed\Nby a team that I joined
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.96,0:02:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.71,0:02:33.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And our goal was to prove\Nthat this sensor would work really well
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.89,0:02:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to detect that hydrogen gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.62,0:02:37.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my work on this,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.02,0:02:45.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I destroyed several very,\Nvery, very expensive sensors
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.04,0:02:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before realizing that\Nthe machine I was using
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.17,0:02:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created a plasma that shorted out\Nanything electrical that we put in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.41,0:02:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We used a different machine,\Nthere were other challenges,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.21,0:02:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it took years to get it right.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.21,0:02:58.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when that first sensor worked,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.88,0:03:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was glorious.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.10,0:03:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And our sensors are now 10 times better\Nthan the previous state of the art
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.03,0:03:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are getting put into\Nall kinds of new telescopes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.00,0:03:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our sensors will give us a new way\Nto see the universe and our place in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.04,0:03:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, sensors done,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.14,0:03:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time to build a telescope.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.49,0:03:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And FIREBall is weird\Nas far as telescopes go,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.13,0:03:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's not in space,\Nand it's not on the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.15,0:03:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, it hangs on a cable\Nfrom a giant balloon
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.66,0:03:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and observes for one night only
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.71,0:03:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from 130,000 feet in the stratosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.49,0:03:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the very edge of space.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.28,0:03:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is partly because the edge of space\Nis much cheaper than actual space.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.18,0:03:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.45,0:03:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So building it, of course, more failures:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.91,0:03:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mirrors that failed,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.10,0:03:50.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scratched mirrors that had to be remade;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.67,0:03:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cooling system failures,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.96,0:03:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an entire system that had to be remade;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.73,0:04:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,calibration failures, we ran tests\Nagain and again and again and again;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.85,0:04:03.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,failures when you literally\Nleast expect them:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.29,0:04:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had an adorable but super angry\Nbaby falcon that landed
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.22,0:04:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on our spectrograph tank one day.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.14,0:04:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.20,0:04:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although to be fair,\Nthis was the greatest day
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.41,0:04:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the history of this project.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.03,0:04:15.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.23,0:04:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really loved that falcon.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.21,0:04:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But falcon damage fixed, we got it built
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.38,0:04:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for an August 2017 launch attempt --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.63,0:04:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then failed to launch,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.79,0:04:30.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,due to six weeks of continuous rain\Nin the New Mexico desert.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.59,0:04:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.14,0:04:35.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our spirits dampened, we showed up again,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.13,0:04:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,August 2018, year 10.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.25,0:04:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on the morning of September 22nd,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.61,0:04:47.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we finally got the telescope launched.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.50,0:04:52.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.24,0:04:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have put so much of myself --\Nmy whole life -- into this project,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.98,0:04:59.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I, like, still can't believe\Nthat that happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.66,0:05:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I have this picture that's taken\Nright around sunset on that day
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.40,0:05:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our balloon,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.18,0:05:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FIREBall hanging from it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.38,0:05:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the nearly full moon.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.04,0:05:11.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I love this picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.31,0:05:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,God, I love it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.09,0:05:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I look at it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.27,0:05:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it makes me want to cry,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.75,0:05:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because when fully inflated,\Nthese balloons are spherical,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.04,0:05:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this one isn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.58,0:05:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's shaped like a teardrop.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.58,0:05:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's because there is a hole in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.10,0:05:33.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes balloons fail, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.86,0:05:36.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FIREBall crash-landed\Nin the New Mexico desert,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.23,0:05:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we didn't get the data that we wanted.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.56,0:05:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the end of that day,\NI thought to myself,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.52,0:05:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Why am I doing this?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.54,0:05:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've thought a lot\Nabout why since that day.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.20,0:05:53.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've realized that all of my work\Nhas been full of things
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.66,0:05:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that break and fail,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.16,0:05:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we don't understand and they fail,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.74,0:06:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we just get wrong the first time,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.02,0:06:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so they fail.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.51,0:06:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think about the thousands\Nof people who built Hubble
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.11,0:06:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how many failures they endured.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.09,0:06:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were countless failures,\Nheartbreaking failures,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.24,0:06:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even when it was in space.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.95,0:06:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And none of those failures\Nwere a reason for them to give up.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.54,0:06:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think about why I love my job.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.11,0:06:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to know what\Nis happening in the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.56,0:06:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You all want to know\Nwhat's happening in the universe, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.38,0:06:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to know what's going on\Nwith that hydrogen.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.89,0:06:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I've realized\Nthat discovery is mostly a process
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.39,0:06:31.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of finding things that don't work,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.26,0:06:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and failure is inevitable when\Nyou're pushing the limits of knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.02,0:06:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what I want to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.01,0:06:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm choosing to keep going.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.96,0:06:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And our team is going to do
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.67,0:06:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what everyone who has ever\Nbuilt anything before us has done:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.87,0:06:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to try again,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.13,0:06:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 2020.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.65,0:06:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it might feel like a failure today --\Nand it really does --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.63,0:06:55.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's only going to stay a failure
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.93,0:06:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I give up.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.56,0:06:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.81,0:07:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)