[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.03,0:00:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of you have used\Nan electronic spreadsheet,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.03,0:00:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Microsoft Excel?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.44,0:00:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very good.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.88,0:00:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, how many of you have run a business\Nwith a spreadsheet by hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.53,0:00:15.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like my dad did for his small\Nprinting business in Philadelphia?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.40,0:00:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot less.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.23,0:00:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that's the way it was done\Nfor hundreds of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.85,0:00:24.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In early 1978,\NI started working on an idea
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.81,0:00:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that eventually became VisiCalc.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.01,0:00:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the next year it shipped\Nrunning on something new
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.62,0:00:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called an Apple II Personal Computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.32,0:00:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could tell that things\Nhad really changed when six years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.38,0:00:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Wall Street Journal ran an editorial
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.85,0:00:43.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that assumed you knew what VisiCalc was\Nand maybe even were using it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.08,0:00:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Steve Jobs back in 1990 said that
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.16,0:00:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"spreadsheets propelled\Nthe industry forward."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.96,0:00:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"VisiCalc propelled the success of Apple\Nmore than any other single event."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.42,0:00:57.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On a more personal note,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.83,0:01:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Steve said that if VisiCalc\Nhad been written for some other computer,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.22,0:01:03.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd be interviewing\Nsomebody else right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.02,0:01:08.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, VisiCalc was instrumental in getting\Npersonal computers on business desks.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.77,0:01:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did it come about? What was it?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.65,0:01:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What did I go through\Nto make it be what it was?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.13,0:01:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I first learned to program\Nback in 1966, when I was 15 --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.32,0:01:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just a couple months after\Nthis photo was taken.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.46,0:01:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Few high schoolers had access\Nto computers in those days
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.57,0:01:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but through luck\Nand an awful lot of perseverance,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.19,0:01:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was able to get\Ncomputer time around the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.34,0:01:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After sleeping in the mud at Woodstock,\NI went off the MIT to go to college,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.47,0:01:42.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where to make money,\NI worked on the Multics Project.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.65,0:01:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now Multics was a trailblazing\Ninteractive time-sharing system.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.59,0:01:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you heard of the\NLenix ad Unix operating systems?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.76,0:01:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They came from Multics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.27,0:01:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I worked on the Multics versions
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.01,0:01:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what are known as\Ninterpreted computer languages,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.62,0:02:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are used by people\Nin non-computer fields
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.28,0:02:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do their calculations while seated\Nat a computer terminal.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.65,0:02:07.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After I graduated from MIT,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.88,0:02:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to work for\NDigital Equipment Corporation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.34,0:02:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At DEC, I worked on software
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.67,0:02:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the new area of\Ncomputerized typesetting.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.93,0:02:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I helped newspapers replace\Ntheir reporters' typewriters
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.28,0:02:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with computer terminals.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.10,0:02:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd write software\Nand then I'd go out in the field
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.65,0:02:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to places like the Kansas City Star where\NI would train users and get feedback.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.17,0:02:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this was real world experience\Nthat is quite different
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.46,0:02:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than what I saw in the lab at MIT.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.07,0:02:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After that, I was project leader
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.92,0:02:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the software for DEC's first\Nword processor, again a new field.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.95,0:02:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like with typesetting, the important thing\Nwas crafting a user interface
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.26,0:02:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was both natural and efficient\Nfor non-computer people to use.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.46,0:03:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After I was at DEC, I went to work\Nfor a small company
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.68,0:03:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that made microprocessor based electronic\Ncash registers for the fast food industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.39,0:03:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, I had always wanted to start\Na company with my friend Bob Frankston
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.13,0:03:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I met on the Multics project at MIT.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.64,0:03:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I decided to go back to school to learn\Nas much as I could about business.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.52,0:03:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the Fall of 1977, I entered the\NMBA program at Harvard Business School.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.83,0:03:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was one of a few students who\Nhad a background in computer programming.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.16,0:03:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a picture of me from the yearbook\Nsitting in the front row.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.93,0:03:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now at Harvard, \Nwe learned by the case method.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.92,0:03:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do about three cases a day.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.29,0:03:44.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cases consist of up to a few dozen pages\Ndescribing particular business situations.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.83,0:03:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They often have exhibits, and exhibits\Noften have words and numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.33,0:03:53.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laid out in ways that make sense\Nfor the particular situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.86,0:03:55.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There usually all somewhat different.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.74,0:03:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's my homework.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.64,0:04:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, numbers, words, laid out\Nin ways that made sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.69,0:04:04.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lots of calculations --\Nwe got really close to our calculators.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.95,0:04:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, here's my calculator.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.34,0:04:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For Halloween, I went\Ndressed up as a calculator.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.68,0:04:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the beginning of each class,\Nthe professor would call on somebody
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.09,0:04:18.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to present the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.20,0:04:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they would do is\Nthey would explain what was going on
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.40,0:04:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then dictate information\Nthat the professor would transcribe
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.82,0:04:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto the many motorized blackboards\Nin the front of the class
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.76,0:04:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we'd have a discussion.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.30,0:04:34.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The frustrating thing is when\Nyou've done all of your homework,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.80,0:04:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you come in the next day only to find out\Nthat you made an error
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.92,0:04:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of the other numbers\Nyou did were wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.34,0:04:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you couldn't participate as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.36,0:04:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were marked by class participation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.53,0:04:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, sitting there with 87 other people\Nin the class, I got to daydream a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.60,0:04:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most programmers in those days\Nworked on mainframes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.40,0:05:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building things like inventory systems,\Npayroll systems and bill paying systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.59,0:05:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I had worked on\Ninteractive word processing\N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.32,0:05:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on-demand personal computation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.65,0:05:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of thinking about\Npaper print outs and punch cards,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.100,0:05:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I imagined a magic blackboard
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.93,0:05:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if you erased one number\Nand wrote a new thing in,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.43,0:05:19.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the other numbers\Nwould automatically change,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.14,0:05:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like word processing with numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.71,0:05:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I imagined that my calculator had\Nmouse hardware on the bottom of it
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.22,0:05:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a head-up display\Nlike in a fighter plane.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.01,0:05:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I could type some numbers in\Nand circle it and press the sum button.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.99,0:05:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And right in the middle of a negotiation,\NI'd be able to get the answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.85,0:05:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I just had to take my fantasy\Nand turn it into reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.89,0:05:45.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My father taught me about prototyping.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.93,0:05:48.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He showed me mock-ups\Nthat he'd make
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.25,0:05:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to figure out the placement\Non the page
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.63,0:05:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the things for the brochures\Nhe was printing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.55,0:05:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he'd use it to get feedback\Nfrom customers
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.20,0:05:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and OKs before he sent the job\Noff to the presses.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.61,0:06:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The act of making a simple, working\Nversion of what you're trying to build,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.69,0:06:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forces you to uncover key problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.72,0:06:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it lets you find solutions to\Nthose problems much less expensively.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.98,0:06:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I decided to build a prototype.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.77,0:06:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to a video terminal connected to\NHarvard's time-sharing system,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.56,0:06:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and got to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.25,0:06:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the first problems\Nthat I ran into was:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.24,0:06:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do you represent values in formulas?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.45,0:06:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me show you what I mean.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.06,0:06:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought that you would point somewhere,\Ntype in some words,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.32,0:06:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then type in somewhere else,\Nand put in some numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.77,0:06:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some more numbers,\Npoint where you want the answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.76,0:06:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then point to the first, press minus;\Npoint to the second, and get the result.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.56,0:06:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem was,\Nwhat should I put in the formula?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.88,0:06:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It had to be something\Nthe computer what knew to put in,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.77,0:06:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you looked at the formula,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.90,0:06:57.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you needed to know\Nwhere on the screen it referred to.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.86,0:07:00.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first thing I thought was\Nthe programmer way of doing it,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.95,0:07:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first time you pointed to somewhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.24,0:07:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer would ask you\Nto type in a unique name. \N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.88,0:07:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It became pretty clear, pretty fast that\Nthat was going to be too tedious.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.17,0:07:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The computer had to automatically make up\Nthe name and put it inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.91,0:07:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I thought, why not make it be the order\Nin which you create them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.60,0:07:23.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I tried that. Value 1, Value 2.\NPretty quickly I saw that if you had more
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.37,0:07:26.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than a few values, you'd never remember\Non the screen where things were.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.98,0:07:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then I said, why not instead of\Nallowing you to put values anywhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.02,0:07:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll restrict you to a grid?\NThen when you pointed to a cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.28,0:07:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer could put\Nthe row and column in as a name.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.76,0:07:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, if I did it like a map and put ABC\Nacross the top and numbers along the side,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.63,0:07:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you saw B7 in a formula, you'd know\Nexactly where it was on the screen.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.01,0:07:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you had to type the formula yourself,\Nyou'd know what to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.75,0:08:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Restricting you to a grid\Nhelped solve my problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.32,0:08:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also opened up new capabilities,\Nlike the ability to have ranges of cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.38,0:08:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it wasn't too restrictive --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.28,0:08:13.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could still put any value,\Nany formula, in any cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.20,0:08:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the way we do it to this day,\Nalmost 40 years later.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.15,0:08:23.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My friend Bob and I decided that we were\Ngoing to build this product together.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.27,0:08:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I did more work figuring out exactly how\Nthe program was supposed to behave.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.23,0:08:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wrote a reference card\Nto act as documentation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.76,0:08:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also helped me ensure that\Nthe user interface I was defining
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.51,0:08:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be explained concisely\Nand clearly to regular people.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.51,0:08:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bob worked in the attic of the apartment\Nhe rented in Arlington, Massachusettes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.14,0:08:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the inside of the attic.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.42,0:08:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bob bought time on the MIT Multics System
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.34,0:08:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to write computer code\Non a terminal like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.49,0:08:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then he would download test versions\Nto a borrowed Apple II over a phone line
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.34,0:09:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using an acoustic coupler\Nand then we would test.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.01,0:09:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, for one of these tests I prepared\Nfor this case about the Pepsi challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.63,0:09:11.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Print wasn't working yet,\Nso I had to copy everything down.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.57,0:09:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Save wasn't working,\Nso every time it crashed,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.03,0:09:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had to type in all of the formulas\Nagain, over and over again.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.44,0:09:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next day in class, I raised my hand.\NI got called on and I presented the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.38,0:09:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I did five-year projections.\NI did all sorts of different scenarios.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.26,0:09:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I aced the case.\NVisiCalc was already useful.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.13,0:09:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The professor said, how did you do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.59,0:09:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I didn't want to tell him\Nabout our secret program,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.54,0:09:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.80,0:09:42.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I took this and added this and \Nmultiplied by this and subtracted that.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.19,0:09:44.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, well, why didn't you use a ratio?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.53,0:09:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hah! A ratio -- \Nthat wouldn't have been as exact.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.41,0:09:50.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I didn't say was,\Ndivide isn't working yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.51,0:09:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.51,0:09:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, though, we did finish\Nenough of VisiCalc
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.98,0:09:59.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to\Nshow it to the public.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.44,0:10:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My dad printed up a sample reference card
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.78,0:10:04.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we could use as marketing material.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.56,0:10:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In June of 1979, our publisher announced\NVisiCalc to the world, in a small booth
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.12,0:10:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the giant National Computer Conference\Nin New York City.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.04,0:10:18.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now The New York Times had\Na humorous article about the conference.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.56,0:10:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The machines perform what seem\Nreligious rites...
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.97,0:10:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even as the believers gather,\Nthe painters in the Colosseum sign room
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.34,0:10:28.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are adding to the Pantheon,\Ncarefully lettering VisiCalc
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.11,0:10:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in giant black on yellow.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.40,0:10:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All hail VisiCalc!
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.59,0:10:35.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Gasp) New York Times. \NAll Hail VisiCalc.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.78,0:10:40.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the last mention of\Nthe electronic spreadsheet
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.03,0:10:44.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the popular business press\Nfor about two years.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.96,0:10:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people didn't get it yet.\NBut some did.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.13,0:10:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In October of 1979, we shipped VisiCalc.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.04,0:10:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It came in a packaging\Nthat looked like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.24,0:10:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it looked like this\Nrunning on the Apple II.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.15,0:11:02.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the rest, as they say, is history.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.59,0:11:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there's an awful lot\Nmore to this story,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.99,0:11:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that'll have to wait for another day.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.14,0:11:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One thing, though, Harvard remembers.\NHere's that classroom.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.26,0:11:15.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They put up a plaque to commemorate\Nwhat happened there.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.45,0:11:20.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.47,0:11:29.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it also serves as a reminder --\Nthat you too should take
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.65,0:11:35.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your unique background, skills and needs\Nand build prototypes to discover
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.03,0:11:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and work out the key problems\Nand through that, change the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.26,0:11:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.