[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.12,0:00:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of you have used\Nan electronic spreadsheet,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.55,0:00:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Microsoft Excel?\NVery good.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.88,0:00:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now how many of you have run a business\Nwith a spreadsheet by hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.71,0:00:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like my dad did for his small\Nprinting business in Philadelphia?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.69,0:00:18.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot less.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.72,0:00:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that's the way it was done\Nfor hundreds of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.04,0:00:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In early 1978, I started working\Non an idea that eventually became VisiCalc.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.23,0:00:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the next year it shipped\Nrunning on something new
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.26,0:00:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called an Apple II Personal Computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.32,0:00:37.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could tell that things\Nhad really changed when six years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.66,0:00:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Wall Street Journal ran an editorial
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.95,0:00:41.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that assumed you knew what VisiCalc was\Nand maybe even were using it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.95,0:00:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Steve Jobs back in 1990 said that
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.16,0:00:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spreadsheets propelled\Nthe industry forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.31,0:00:54.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,VisiCalc propelled the success of Apple\Nmore than any other single event.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.87,0:00:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On a more personal note,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.81,0:01:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Steve said that if VisiCalc had been written\Nfor some other computer,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.14,0:01:03.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd be interviewing\Nsomebody else right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.53,0:01:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, VisiCalc was instrumental in getting\Npersonal computers on business desks.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.09,0:01:12.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did it come about? What was it?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.95,0:01:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What did I go through\Nto make it be what it was?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.53,0:01:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I first learned to program\Nback in 1966, when I was 15 --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.58,0:01:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just a couple months after\Nthis photo was taken.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.75,0:01:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Few high schoolers had access\Nto computers in those days
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.94,0:01:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but through luck\Nand an awful lot of perseverance,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.44,0:01:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was able to get\Ncomputer time around the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.50,0:01:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After sleeping in the mud at Woodstock,\NI went off the MIT to go to college,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.47,0:01:42.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where to make money,\NI worked on the Multics Project.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.65,0:01:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now Multics was a trailblazing\Ninteractive time-sharing system.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.59,0:01:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you heard of the\NLenix ad Unix operating systems?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.94,0:01:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They came from Multics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.01,0:01:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I worked on the Multics versions
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.01,0:01:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what are known as\Ninterpreted computer languages,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.68,0:02:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are used by people\Nin non-computer fields
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.06,0:02:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do their calculations while seated\Nat a computer terminal.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.19,0:02:08.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After I graduated from MIT,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.44,0:02:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to work for\NDigital Equipment Corporation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.15,0:02:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At DEC, I worked on software for\Nthe new area of computerized typesetting.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.04,0:02:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I helped newspapers replace\Ntheir reporters' typewriters
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.49,0:02:24.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with computer terminals.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.54,0:02:26.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd write software\Nand then I'd go out in the field
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.97,0:02:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to places like the Kansas City Star where\NI would train users and get feedback.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.58,0:02:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this was real world experience\Nthat is quite different
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.19,0:02:38.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than what I saw in the lab at MIT.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.07,0:02:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After that, I was project leader
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.07,0:02:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the software for DEC's first\Nword processor, again a new field.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.95,0:02:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like with typesetting, the important thing\Nwas crafting a user interface
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.10,0:02:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was both natural and efficient\Nfor non-computer people to use.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.08,0:03:01.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After I was at DEC, I went to work\Nfor a small company
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.98,0:03:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that made microprocessor based electronic\Ncash registers for the fast food industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.39,0:03:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, I had always wanted to start\Na company with my friend Bob Frankston
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.97,0:03:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I met on the Multics project at MIT.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.09,0:03:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I decided to go back to school to learn\Nas much as I could about business.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.18,0:03:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the Fall of 1977, I entered the\NMBA program at Harvard Business School.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.38,0:03:28.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was one of a few students who\Nhad a background in computer programming.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.34,0:03:34.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a picture of me from the yearbook\Nsitting in the front row.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.85,0:03:36.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now at Harvard, \Nwe learned by the case method.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.85,0:03:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do about three cases a day.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.50,0:03:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cases consist of up to a few dozen pages\Ndescribing particular business situations.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.55,0:03:50.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They often have exhibits, and exhibits\Noften have words and numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.76,0:03:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laid out in ways that make sense\Nfor the particular situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.74,0:03:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There usually all somewhat different.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.74,0:03:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's my homework.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.64,0:04:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, numbers, words, laid out\Nin ways that made sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.81,0:04:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lots of calculations --\Nwe got really close to our calculators.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.01,0:04:08.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, here's my calculator.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.10,0:04:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For Halloween, I went\Ndressed up as a calculator.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.08,0:04:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the beginning of each class,\Nthe professor would call on somebody
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.02,0:04:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to present the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.91,0:04:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they would do is\Nthey would explain what was going on
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.81,0:04:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then dictate information\Nthat the professor would transcribe
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.36,0:04:29.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto the many motorized blackboards\Nin the front of the class
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.14,0:04:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we'd have a discussion.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.57,0:04:34.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The frustrating thing is when\Nyou've done all of your homework,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.22,0:04:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you come in the next day only to find out\Nthat you made an error
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.21,0:04:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of the other numbers\Nyou did were wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.36,0:04:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you couldn't participate as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.36,0:04:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were marked by class participation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.54,0:04:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, sitting there with 87 other people\Nin the class, I got to daydream a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.84,0:04:56.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most programmers in those days\Nworked on mainframes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.13,0:05:00.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building things like inventory systems,\Npayroll systems and bill paying systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.72,0:05:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I had worked on\Ninteractive word processing\N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.59,0:05:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on-demand personal computation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.59,0:05:11.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of thinking about\Npaper print outs and punch cards,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.91,0:05:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I imagined a magic blackboard
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.02,0:05:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if you erased one number\Nand wrote a new thing in,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.11,0:05:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the other numbers\Nwould automatically change,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.14,0:05:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like word processing with numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.14,0:05:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I imagined that my calculator had\Nmouse hardware on the bottom of it
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.73,0:05:31.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a head-up display like in a fighter plane.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.82,0:05:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I could type some numbers in\Nand circle it and press the sum button.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.20,0:05:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And right in the middle of a negotiation,\NI'd be able to get the answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.09,0:05:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I just had to take my fantasy\Nand turn it into reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.10,0:05:45.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My father taught me about prototyping.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.23,0:05:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He showed me mock-ups\Nthat he'd make
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.86,0:05:50.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to figure out the placement\Non the page
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.86,0:05:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the things for the brochures\Nhe was printing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.55,0:05:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he'd use it to get feedback\Nfrom customers
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.40,0:06:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and OKs before he sent the job\Noff to the presses.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.15,0:06:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The act of making a simple, working\Nversion of what you're trying to build,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.17,0:06:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forces you to uncover key problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.12,0:06:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it lets you find solutions to\Nthose problems much less expensively.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.14,0:06:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I decided to build a prototype.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.18,0:06:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to a video terminal connected to\NHarvard's time-sharing system
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.18,0:06:23.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and got to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.25,0:06:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the first problems\Nthat I ran into was:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.41,0:06:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do you represent values in formulas?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.81,0:06:31.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me show you what I mean.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.38,0:06:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought that you would point somewhere,\Ntype in some words,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.15,0:06:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then type in somewhere else,\Nand put in some numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.90,0:06:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some more numbers,\Npoint where you want the answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.20,0:06:46.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then point to the first, press minus;\Npoint to the second, and get the result.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.86,0:06:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem was,\Nwhat should I put in the formula?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.00,0:06:52.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It had to be something\Nthe computer what knew to put in,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.99,0:06:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you looked at the formula,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.88,0:06:58.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you needed to know\Nwhere on the screen it referred to.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.81,0:07:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the first thing I thought was\Nthe programmer way of doing it,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.74,0:07:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first time you pointed to somewhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.34,0:07:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer would ask you\Nto type in a unique name. \N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.18,0:07:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It became pretty clear, pretty fast that\Nthat was going to be too tedious.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.75,0:07:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The computer had to automatically make up\Nthe name and put it inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.53,0:07:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I thought, why not make it be the order\Nin which you create them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.82,0:07:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I tried that. Value 1, Value 2.\NPretty quickly I saw that if you had more
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.38,0:07:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than a few values, you'd never remember\Non the screen where things were.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.21,0:07:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then I said, why not instead of\Nallowing you to put values anywhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.91,0:07:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll restrict you to a grid?\NThen when you pointed to a cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.50,0:07:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer could put\Nthe row and column in as a name.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.94,0:07:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, if I did it like a map and put ABC\Nacross the top and numbers along the side,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.01,0:07:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you saw B7 in a formula, you'd know\Nexactly where it was on the screen.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.54,0:07:56.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you had to type the formula yourself,\Nyou'd know what to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.75,0:08:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Restricting you to a grid\Nhelped solve my problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.95,0:08:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also opened up new capabilities,\Nlike the ability to have ranges of cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.66,0:08:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it wasn't too restrictive --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.06,0:08:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could still put any value,\Nany formula, in any cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.42,0:08:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the way we do it to this day,\Nalmost 40 years later.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.51,0:08:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My friend Bob and I decided that we were\Ngoing to build this product together.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.23,0:08:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I did more work figuring out exactly how\Nthe program was supposed to behave.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.23,0:08:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wrote a reference card\Nto act as documentation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.08,0:08:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also helped me ensure that\Nthe user interface I was defining
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.78,0:08:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be explained concisely\Nand clearly to regular people.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.82,0:08:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bob worked in the attic of the apartment\Nhe rented in Arlington, Massachusettes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.57,0:08:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the inside of the attic.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.84,0:08:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bob bought time on the MIT Multics System
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.55,0:08:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to write computer code\Non a terminal like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.89,0:08:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then he would download test versions\Nto a borrowed Apple II over a phone line
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.72,0:09:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using an acoustic coupler\Nand then we would test.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.41,0:09:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, for one of these tests I prepared\Nfor this case about the Pepsi challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.83,0:09:11.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Print wasn't working yet,\Nso I had to copy everything down.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.72,0:09:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Save wasn't working,\Nso every time it crashed,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.88,0:09:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had to type in all of the formulas\Nagain, over and over again.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.10,0:09:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next day in class, I raised my hand.\NI got called on and I presented the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.64,0:09:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I did five-year projections.\NI did all sorts of different scenarios.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.70,0:09:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I aced the case.\NVisiCalc was already useful.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.48,0:09:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The professor said, how did you do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.99,0:09:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I didn't want to tell him\Nabout our secret program, so I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.34,0:09:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well I took this and added this and \Nmultiplied by this and subtracted that.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.50,0:09:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, well, why didn't you use a ratio?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.95,0:09:47.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hah! A ratio that wouldn't\Nhave been as exact.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.57,0:09:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I didn't say was,\Ndivide isn't working yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.51,0:09:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, though, we did finish\Nenough of VisiCalc to be able
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.28,0:10:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to show it to the public.\NMy dad printed up a sample reference card
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.99,0:10:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we could use as marketing material.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.06,0:10:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In June of 1979, our publisher announced\NVisiCalc to the world, in a small booth
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.51,0:10:15.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the giant National Computer Conference\Nin New York City.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.61,0:10:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now The New York Times had\Na humorous article about the conference.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.73,0:10:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The machines perform what seem\Nreligious rites...
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.56,0:10:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even as the believers gather,\Nthe painters in the Colosseum sign room
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.08,0:10:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are adding to the Pantheon,\Ncarefully lettering VisiCalc
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.66,0:10:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in giant black on yellow.\NAll Hail Visicalc.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.75,0:10:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Gasp) New York Times. \NAll Hail VisiCalc.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.19,0:10:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the last mention of\Nthe electronic spreadsheet in
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.55,0:10:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the popular business press\Nfor about two years.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.32,0:10:48.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people didn't get it yet.\NBut some did.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.51,0:10:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In October of 1979, we shipped VisiCalc.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.16,0:10:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It came in a packaging\Nthat looked like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.94,0:11:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it looked like this\Nrunning on the Apple II.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.83,0:11:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the rest, as they say, is history.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.05,0:11:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there's an awful lot\Nmore to this story,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.21,0:11:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that'll have to wait for another day.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.61,0:11:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One thing, though, Harvard remembers.\NHere's that classroom.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.11,0:11:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They put up a plaque to commemorate\Nwhat happened there. (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.84,0:11:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it also serves as a reminder --\Nthat you too should take
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.75,0:11:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your unique background, skills and needs\Nand build prototypes to discover
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.73,0:11:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and work out the key problems\Nand through that change the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.26,0:11:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.