[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.31,0:00:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if you own a hotel,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.90,0:00:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of the key principles\Nin your mission statement
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.61,0:00:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a commitment to treat\Nall employees and customers equally,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.14,0:00:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including on the basis\Nof gender and religion?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.79,0:00:15.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then a large group\Nbooks an event at your space,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.83,0:00:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when you look at the booking,\Nyou realize it's a religious group,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.17,0:00:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of their key principles\Nis that women should never leave the home
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.97,0:00:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and should have no opportunities for\Nprofessional development outside of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.69,0:00:27.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you do?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.87,0:00:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you host the event\Nand get criticized by some,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.72,0:00:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or refuse and get criticized by others?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.48,0:00:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my work, I counsel organizations\Non how to create rules
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.08,0:00:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to navigate ideological disagreement\Nand controversial speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.34,0:00:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I defend my clients,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.74,0:00:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether in court or from the government,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.76,0:00:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when their actions are challenged.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.45,0:00:47.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The structures I recommend
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.80,0:00:51.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recognize the real harms that can come\Nfrom certain types of speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.02,0:00:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but at the same time, seek to promote\Ndialogue rather than shut it down.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.01,0:00:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason is that we need disagreement.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.79,0:01:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Creativity and human progress
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.56,0:01:02.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depend on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.85,0:01:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While it may be often easier
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.26,0:01:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to speak with someone who agrees\Nwith everything you say,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.00,0:01:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's more enlightening\Nand oftentimes more satisfying
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.57,0:01:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to speak with someone who doesn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.41,0:01:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But disagreement and discord\Ncan have real and meaningful costs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.50,0:01:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Disagreement, particularly\Nin the form of hateful speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.33,0:01:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can lead to deep and lasting wounds\Nand sometimes result in violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.46,0:01:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in a world in which polarization\Nand innovation are increasing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.94,0:01:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at seemingly exponential rates,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.22,0:01:33.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the need to create structures for vigorous\Nbut not violent disagreement
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.38,0:01:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have never been more important.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.72,0:01:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The US Constitution's First Amendment\Nmight seem like a good place to start
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.36,0:01:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go to look for answers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.93,0:01:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You, like I, may have often\Nheard somebody say
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.58,0:01:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that some form of a speech restriction,\Nwhether from an employer, a website,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.48,0:01:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even somebody else,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.81,0:01:50.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"violates" the First Amendment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.96,0:01:54.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in fact, the First Amendment usually\Nhas little if any relevance at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.100,0:01:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The First Amendment only applies
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.64,0:02:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the government is seeking\Nto suppress the speech of its citizens.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.30,0:02:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a result, the First Amendment\Nis by design a blunt instrument.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.33,0:02:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A narrow category of speech\Ncan be banned based on its content.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.15,0:02:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost everything else cannot.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.45,0:02:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the First Amendment has no relevance
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.44,0:02:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when what we're talking about\Nis a private entity regulating speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.05,0:02:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a good thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.54,0:02:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it means private entities\Nhave at their disposal
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.23,0:02:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a broad and flexible set of tools\Nthat don't prohibit speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.20,0:02:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but do make speakers aware\Nof the consequences of their words.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.91,0:02:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here are some examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.66,0:02:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you go to university,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.97,0:02:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a time for the free\Nand unrestricted exchange of ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.94,0:02:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some ideas and the words\Nused to express them
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.61,0:02:39.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can cause discord,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.14,0:02:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it's an intentionally inflammatory\Nevent hosted by a student group
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.85,0:02:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the exploration\Nof a controversial issue in class.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.95,0:02:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to protect\Nboth intellectual freedom
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.21,0:02:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their most vulnerable students,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.13,0:02:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some universities have formed teams\Nthat bring speaker and listener together,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.45,0:02:56.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,free from the possibility of any sanction,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.71,0:02:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hear each other's viewpoints.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.49,0:03:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes students don't want to meet,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.35,0:03:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.52,0:03:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in other circumstances,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.85,0:03:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mediated exposure to an opposing view\Ncan result in acknowledgment,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.97,0:03:09.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recognition of unintended consequences
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.12,0:03:10.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a broadening of perspectives.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.49,0:03:12.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's an example.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.94,0:03:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On a college campus, a group of students\Nsupporting the Israelis
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.46,0:03:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those supporting the Palestinians
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.27,0:03:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were constantly reporting each other
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.08,0:03:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for disrupting events,\Ntearing down posters
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.79,0:03:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and engaging in verbal confrontations.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.01,0:03:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Recognizing that most of\Nwhat the students were reporting
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.72,0:03:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did not violate the university's\Ndisciplinary code,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.55,0:03:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the university invited\Nboth groups to sit down
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.81,0:03:36.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a so-called "restorative circle,"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.87,0:03:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they could hear\Neach other's viewpoints,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.06,0:03:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,free from the possibility of sanction.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.48,0:03:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the meeting,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.74,0:03:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ideological disagreements\Nbetween the groups
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.12,0:03:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remained as stark as ever,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.93,0:03:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the rancor between them\Nsignificantly dissipated.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.61,0:03:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, obviously, this doesn't\Nalways happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.94,0:03:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But by separating reactions to speech\Nfrom the disciplinary system,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.03,0:03:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,institutions of higher education\Nhave created a space
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.93,0:04:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for productive disagreement\Nand a broadening of perspectives.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.12,0:04:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're all biased.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.46,0:04:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't mean that in a bad way.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.44,0:04:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of us are influenced, and rightly so,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.38,0:04:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by our family background,\Nour education, our lived experience
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.60,0:04:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a million other things.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.19,0:04:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Organizations, too, have influences,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.40,0:04:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most importantly, the beliefs\Nof their members,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.82,0:04:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also the laws\Nunder which they're governed
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.01,0:04:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the marketplace in which they compete.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.76,0:04:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These influences can form a critical part\Nof a corporate identity,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.60,0:04:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they can be vital\Nfor attracting and retaining talent.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.32,0:04:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But these "biases," as I'm calling them,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.80,0:04:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can also be a challenge,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.14,0:04:38.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly when what we're talking about
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.36,0:04:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is drawing lines for allowing some speech\Nand not allowing others.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.78,0:04:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The temptation to find speech\Nharmful or disruptive
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.36,0:04:46.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply because we disagree with it
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.02,0:04:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is real.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.20,0:04:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But equally real is the harm that can come\Nfrom certain types of expression.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.45,0:04:54.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this situation, third parties can help.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.41,0:04:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember the hotel,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.58,0:05:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to decide whether or not to allow\Nthe religious group to host its event?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.47,0:05:03.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather than having to make\Na complex, on-the-spot decision
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.91,0:05:06.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about that group's identity and message,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.45,0:05:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the hotel could instead\Nrely on a third party,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.37,0:05:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.57,0:05:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Southern Poverty Law Center,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.17,0:05:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has a list of hate groups\Nin the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.70,0:05:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or indeed even its own\Noutside group of experts
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.32,0:05:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brought together from diverse backgrounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.49,0:05:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By relying on third parties
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.43,0:05:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to draw lines outside the context\Nof a particular event,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.60,0:05:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,organizations can make content decisions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.12,0:05:31.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without being accused of acting\Nin self-interest or bias.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.76,0:05:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The line between facts\Nand opinions is a hazy one.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.93,0:05:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The internet provides the opportunity\Nto publish almost any position
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.59,0:05:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on any topic under the sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.36,0:05:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in some ways, that's a good thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.23,0:05:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It allows for the expression\Nof minority viewpoints
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.08,0:05:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for holding\Nthose in power accountable.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.63,0:05:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the ability to self-publish freely
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.65,0:05:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means that unverified\Nor even flat-out false statements
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.08,0:05:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can quickly gain circulation and currency,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.43,0:05:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is very dangerous.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.61,0:06:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The decision to take down a post\Nor ban a user is a tough one.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.06,0:06:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It certainly can be appropriate at times,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.25,0:06:05.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are other tools\Navailable as well
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.31,0:06:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to foster productive\Nand yet responsible debate.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.30,0:06:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twitter has recently\Nstarted labeling tweets
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.58,0:06:14.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as misleading, deceptive\Nor containing unverified information.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.26,0:06:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather than block access to those tweets,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.74,0:06:21.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twitter instead links to a source\Nthat contains more information
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.38,0:06:23.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the claims made.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.11,0:06:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A good and timely example\Nis its coronavirus page,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.24,0:06:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has up-to-the-minute information\Nabout the spread of the virus
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.48,0:06:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what to do if you contract it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.54,0:06:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To me, this approach makes a ton of sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.03,0:06:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather than shutting down dialogue,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.26,0:06:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this brings more ideas,\Nfacts and context to the forum.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.58,0:06:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, if you know that your assertions\Nare going to be held up
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.48,0:06:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against more authoritative sources,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.47,0:06:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it may create incentives
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.84,0:06:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for more responsible speech\Nin the first place.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.83,0:06:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me end with a hard truth:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.67,0:06:54.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the structures I've described\Ncan foster productive debate
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.67,0:06:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while isolating truly harmful speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.04,0:07:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But inevitably, some speech\Nis going to fall in a grey area,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.12,0:07:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps deeply offensive
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.71,0:07:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also with the potential\Nto contribute to public debate.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.54,0:07:06.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this situation,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.97,0:07:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think as a general matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.43,0:07:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the tie should go to allowing\Nmore rather than less speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.86,0:07:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's why.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.33,0:07:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For one, there's always the risk
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.14,0:07:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that an innovative\Nor creative idea gets squelched
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.75,0:07:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it seems unfamiliar or dangerous.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.21,0:07:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost by definition,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.78,0:07:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,innovative ideas challenge orthodoxies\Nabout how things should be.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.05,0:07:28.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if an idea seems\Noffensive or dangerous,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.39,0:07:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it could be because it is,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.95,0:07:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it might simply be\Nbecause we're scared of change.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.15,0:07:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let me suggest that even if\Nspeech has little to no value at all,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.25,0:07:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that deficiency should be shown\Nthrough open debate
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.58,0:07:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than suppression.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.15,0:07:44.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To be very clear:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.35,0:07:48.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,false speech can lead\Nto devastating real-world harms,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.15,0:07:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the burning of women\Naccused of being witches in Europe
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.03,0:07:52.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the 15th century
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.41,0:07:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the lynching of African Americans\Nin the American South,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.26,0:07:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Rwandan Genocide.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.27,0:08:00.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea that the remedy\Nfor false speech is more speech
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.06,0:08:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't always true.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.56,0:08:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I do think more often than not,\Nmore speech can help.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.15,0:08:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A famous story from First Amendment\Ncase law shows why.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.83,0:08:12.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1977, a group of neo-Nazis\Nwanted to stage a march
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.91,0:08:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the leafy, peaceful suburb\Nof Skokie, Illinois,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.75,0:08:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,home to a significant number\Nof Holocaust survivors.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.64,0:08:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The City Council immediately passed\Nordinances trying to block the Nazis,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.48,0:08:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Nazis sued.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.06,0:08:26.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The case made it all the way\Nup to the US Supreme Court
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.75,0:08:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and back down again.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.18,0:08:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The courts held that the neo-Nazis\Nhad the right to march,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.40,0:08:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that they could\Ndisplay their swastikas
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.46,0:08:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and give their salutes while doing so.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.60,0:08:37.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when the day for the march came,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.37,0:08:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after all that litigation,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.29,0:08:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just 20 neo-Nazis showed up
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.94,0:08:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in front of the Federal Building\Nin Chicago, Illinois,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.49,0:08:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were met\Nby 2,000 counter-protesters
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.57,0:08:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,responding to the Nazis' messages of hate
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.89,0:08:50.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with ones of inclusion.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.82,0:08:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the Chicago Tribune noted,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.74,0:08:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Nazi march sputtered\Nto an unspectacular end after 10 minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.42,0:09:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The violence in Charlottesville, Virginia,\Nand indeed around the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.80,0:09:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shows this isn't always\Nhow these stories end.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.12,0:09:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to me, the Skokie story is a good one,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.18,0:09:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one that shows that the fallacy\Nand moral bankruptcy of hateful speech
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.58,0:09:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can best be responded to\Nnot through suppression
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.25,0:09:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but through the righteous power\Nof countervailing good and noble ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.25,0:09:19.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.